高考英语一轮复习讲义练习Unit 1　Nature in the balance

这是一份高考英语一轮复习讲义练习Unit 1　Nature in the balance，共12页。

① harm sb. 伤害某人
② d/cause harm t 伤害
③ harmful adj. 有害的
be harmful t 对……有害
④ harmless adj. 无害的
【写作金句】 [外研选必三U6P90]She believed that the chemical industry was knwingly causing harm t plants, animals and even humans, and wished t see pesticides used in a mre respnsible, limited and carefully mnitred way. 她认为化学工业有意对植物、动物甚至人类造成伤害，希望看到以更负责任、更有限和更仔细监督的方式使用农药。
length /leŋθ/ n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
① in length 在长度上
倍数词＋the length f 是……的几倍长
at length 详尽地；最后
g t sme/any/great lengths t d sth. 竭尽全力做某事
② lengthen vt. & vi. (使)变长
【写作金句】 We can't d anything abut the length f ur life, but we can d smething abut its width and depth. 我们不能改变生命的长度，但我们可以在生命的宽度和深度上做一些事情。(主旨升华)
variety /və'raɪəti/ n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
① a variety f＝varieties f 种种；各种各样的
② varius adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的
fr varius reasns 由于种种原因
③ vary vi. 变化，不同 vt. (略做)改变
vary 从……到……不等
vary with 随……变化
vary in 在……方面不同
【写作金句】 [译林选必一U1P2]Our cmfrt fds are highly individual. They vary frm persn t persn, depending n ur wn unique experiences that have shaped ur lives. 我们的治愈系食物相当个性化。它们由塑造我们生活的独特经历决定，因人而异。
【特别提醒】 a variety f/varieties f后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the variety f后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
① A variety f meaningful activities are available, ranging frm lectures by well-knwn prfessrs t inspiring grup discussins n classic English pems. 有各种有意义的活动，从著名教授的讲座到激发灵感的经典英语诗歌小组讨论。(活动安排)
② The variety f fds at the restaurant is limited, but the amunt f each dish is fairly large. 这家餐馆中食物的品种有限，但每道菜的分量很大。
survive /sə'vaɪv/ vi. 生存，存活
vt. 幸存，幸免于难
① survive sth. 比……存在的时间长，从……中幸存
survive sb. (by) 比某人活得长(多久……)
survive n 靠……维持生活
survive frm 从……存活下来
② survivr n. 幸存者；生还者
③ survival n. 幸存；生存
【写作金句】
① [北师选必一U3P53]In shrt, if we want t survive, we need t stp destrying the planet that we live n and start t prtect it. 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们就要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。(演讲稿)
② The Xi'an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China's lng histry.
西安古城墙是从中国悠久历史中幸存下来的最完整的城墙。(中国传统文化)
【易错提醒】 survive作“幸存，幸免于难”讲时，为及物动词，其后直接接宾语。
T his relief, his family members were lucky enugh t survive the earthquake. 令他欣慰的是，他的家人很幸运，能够在地震中幸存下来。
in turn相应地，转而；依次，轮流，逐个
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns t d/in ding sth. 轮流做某事
It's ne's turn t d sth. 轮到某人做某事。
wait ne's turn 等着轮到某人
take a turn fr the better 有所好转，变得更好
【写作金句】
① [外研选必一U1P4] Seeing their daughter s much happier has in turn made Lara's parents mre relaxed. 看到女儿快乐多了，反过来也让劳拉的父母更放松了。(情感描写)
② Peple try t avid public transprtatin delays by using their wn cars, which in turn creates mre prblems. 人们试图通过使用他们自己的小汽车来避免公共交通延误，这转而造成了更多的问题。(倡议书)
due /djuː/ adj. 欠着的；预定的；到期的；适当的
due t 由于，因为
be due t d sth./fr sth. 预期要做某事
with all due respect 恕我直言
due date (尤指欠款的)到期日
【写作金句】 [译林必修三U1P3] Over the past 50 years, abut 17 per cent f the rainfrest has disappeared due t human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农业和畜牧业等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失。(发言稿)
【联想发散】 表示“由于”的短语还有wing t、because f、as a result f、thanks t、n accunt f。
extinctin /ɪk'stɪŋkʃn/ n. 灭绝，绝种
① be faced with extinctin 面临绝种
save sth. frm extinctin 使……免于灭绝
② extinct adj. 已灭绝的
an extinct species已灭绝的物种
【写作金句】 [译林必修三U1P8]Human activities have brught many animals clse t extinctin. In the last 500 years, ver 300 species f animals have gne extinct. 人类活动使许多动物濒临灭绝。在过去的500年里，300多种动物已经灭绝。(发言稿)
damage /'dæmIdʒ/ vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
① d/cause (great) damage t 对……造成(很大的)损害
② damage sb.'s career/reputatin/health 损害某人的事业/名誉/健康
【写作金句】 [人教选必三U3P27]There is strng and cmprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led t an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters wrldwide, nt nly causing serius damage, but als csting human lives. 有充分而全面的证据表明，气温上升导致全球极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成严重破坏，而且会造成生命损失。(发言稿)
build up逐渐增加，扩大
build up ne's strength 恢复体力
build up ne's vcabulary 增加词汇量
build up ne's bdy 强身健体
【写作金句】 [北师选必一U1P21]The mst imprtant thing is t build up self-cnfidence, s that it is easier t say “n” t the peer grup. 最重要的是建立自信心，这样更容易对同龄人说“不”。(主旨升华)
cme up with想出，想到
① cme up with a slutin 想出一个解决方法
② “动词＋up＋with”结构的短语还有：
keep up with 跟上；与……保持联系
catch up with 赶上，追上
put up with 忍受；容忍
end up with 以……结束
make up with 与……言归于好
break up with 与……分手
【写作金句】 [外研选必二U5P67]Experts felt it necessary t cme up with a plan t remve all the rabbits frm the island. 专家们认为有必要想出一个计划，把所有的兔子从岛上移走。(投稿)
【特别提醒】 cme up with意为“想出”，主语(人)是想出者，后面的宾语才是被想出的内容；cme up意为“被想出”，主语(物)是被提及的内容，无被动语态。
① [译林必修三U1P14]In the talk, he cmes up with the idea fr cllecting data abut every species living n the Earth. 在演讲中，他提出了收集地球上所有物种数据的想法。
② As sn as the prject came up at the meeting, it attracted many peple's attentin. 那个计划在会上一经提出，就引起了许多人的关注。
call fr (公开)要求；需要
call n sb. 拜访某人
call at sp. 拜访某地
call n sb. t d sth. 号召某人做某事
call in叫来；召来
call sb. up 给某人打电话
call sth. up 使回忆起；使想起
call back 回电话
call ff 取消
【写作金句】 The psitin calls fr related experience in the field and gd skills at using cmputers. 该职位要求具备该领域的相关经验和良好的计算机使用技能。(招聘信)
applicatin /ˌæplɪ'keɪʃn/ n. 应用，运用；申请
① applicatin frm 申请表
② apply vi. 申请；请求 vt. 使用；应用；涂；敷；施
把……运用到……；把……涂到……上
apply t 申请；涉及；适用于
apply (t...) fr (向……)申请……
apply neself t (ding) sth. 努力学习，勤奋工作
③ applicant n. 申请人
【写作金句】 [北师选必三U7P26]In spite f the large number f applicatins the cmpany receives, they nly ask a small number f applicants t cme in fr an interview. 尽管公司收到大量的申请，他们只要求一小部分申请人来面试。
defence /dɪ'fens/ n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
① in defence f 保护，保卫；辩护
in sb.'s defence 为某人说句话
② defend vt. & vi. 保卫，防御；辩解
defend sb./sth. frm/against 保护；辩解
③ defensive adj. 防御的，保护的
【写作金句】 [外研选必三U3P43]Driven by a sense f cmmitment, a great many jined the army t resist the Japanese invaders and defend the hnur f the natin. 在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。(人物介绍)
prcess /'prəʊses/ n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt. 加工，处理
① be in the prcess f (ding) sth. 在(做某事的) 过程中
② prcess the date 处理数据
the fd prcessing industry 食品加工业
prcessed fd加工食品
【写作金句】
① [译林选必一U1P11—12]Each Nanjing salted duck takes several days t prepare, and the prcess includes salting, drying, biling and cling. 每只南京盐水鸭都要经过腌、晾、煮、凉等工序，耗时数天制成。(中国传统文化)
② Life is a prcess f grwing up, where yu knw what t give up and what t hld n t. 生活是一个成长的过程，在这个过程中你知道要放弃什么，坚持什么。(主旨升华)
cnsequence /'kɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 结果，后果；重要性
① as a cnsequence＝in cnsequence因此；结果
as a cnsequence f＝in cnsequence f由于；作为……的结果
take/face the cnsequences f 承担/面对……的后果
② cnsequent adj. 随之发生的；作为结果的
③ cnsequently adv. 因此；所以
【写作金句】As a cnsequence, many peple are embracing seasnal cuisine by cnsuming nly fresh ingredients that are in seasn. 因此，很多人开始接受时令美食，只食用当季的新鲜食材。(报道)
[后练习]
考点1 harm的相关用法
① [人教选必一U5P55]Fr example, pesticides can damage the land by killing nt nly (harm) bacteria and insects, but als helpful nes.
② [外研必修一U2P19]If (harm) actins are the ppsite f harmful actins, why are shameless and shameful behaviurs the same?
③ [写作迁移]我们所知道的是吃太多的垃圾食品对我们的健康有害。
What is knwn t us is
.
考点2 length的相关用法
① [译林选必三U3P30改]Accrding t sme recrds, the largest ships were ver 140 metres in (lng)．
② He was asked t tell the pliceman the accident length.
③ The review says swimming is mre effective at (length) life than walking r cycling.
④ [写作迁移]他最新的小说长度是前一部的两倍。(一句多译)
( the ＋ 名词＋f)
()
考点3 variety的相关用法
① [外研选必二U5P75]It cntains a naturally-balanced envirnment that allws the many and (vary) species t live and prsper.
② [译林选必三U4P44]Unfrtunately, they face a (vary) f dangers and many f them are in urgent need f prtectin.
③ [外研选必三U2P30]Their designs were admirable, (vary) frm grand buildings t public wrks, such as rads and dams.
④ [写作迁移·北师选必四U10P18]表演种类繁多，其中大部分是唱歌和跳舞。

考点4 survive的相关用法
① [外研选必一U2P19]Rwling had spent years surviving little mney, spending all her time writing.
② [译林必修三U2P27]Because f their small size and sharp sense f smell, dgs can lcate (survive) much faster than humans can.
③ [北师选必一U3P53]Of curse, as we humans depend n s many species fr ur
(survive), we wuld als be at risk f dying ut.
④ [写作迁移]幸运的是，这位老妇人在龙卷风中幸存了下来，她的生存是一个奇迹，因为她是这场灾难中唯一的幸存者。
Frtunately, the ld wman the trnad and because she was
.
考点5 in turn及其拓展短语的相关用法
① Leaving hme fr the first time, he felt cheerful and sad turns.
② It was my turn (get) a ticket when smene cut in line.
③ They wanted t pass the driving test as quickly as pssible, s they drve the car by turns. (同义句转换)
＝They wanted t pass the driving test as quickly as pssible, s they
.
④ [写作迁移·译林选必三U1P6]这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会，他们的福利取决于旅游业。
These industries, , give jbs t the lcal ppulatin,
.
考点6 due的相关用法
① 三名宇航员将在不到一小时内抵达国际空间站。
the Internatinal Space Statin in less than an hur.
② [译林必修三U1P8] 部分由于船舶交通和其他人类活动造成的污染，海豚数量大幅下降。
，
the dlphin ppulatin has drpped greatly.
考点7 extinctin的相关用法
① [人教必修二U2P14]地球上的物种正以惊人的速度灭绝。每天有150到200个物种正在灭绝。
Our planet's species is . Between 150 and 200
.
② [北师必修二U5P29]野生动物灭绝不是一个让你有时间弥补错误的过程。

③ [人教必修二U2P16]为了使这个物种免于灭绝，中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。

考点8 damage的相关用法
① [人教必修一U4P54]Hwever, dangerus cnditins and (damage) rads will make it difficult t deliver fd and supplies.
② [人教选必一U5P55]In fact, sme pesticides like DDT have been prhibited in mst cuntries because f the damage they cause peple and the envirnment.
③ [写作迁移]一场暴风雨袭击了中国东南部，对农作物造成严重破坏。
A rainstrm hit the sutheastern part f China, .
考点9 build up的相关用法
① 温室气体继续在大气中积聚，导致全球气温上升。
Greenhuse gases cntinue t
causing the glbal temperature t g up.
② 为了丰富我们的学校生活和锻炼我们的身体，下周末我们学校将在体育场举办体育节。
T enrich ur schl life and ,
a Sprts Festival next weekend.
考点10 “动词＋up＋with”结构的相关用法
① Being creative means new ideas and having creative imaginatin.
② [北师选必四U11P47]Next time, when they try t bully yu, tell them yu are nt ging t it anymre.
③ [人教必修一U1P14]I'm a bit wrried abut the ther students in my advanced curse, and it'll be quite difficult t get used t all the hmewrk.
④ If they take this game lightly, they culd egg n their faces.
⑤ [写作迁移]这个男孩是第一个想出解决这个问题的主意的人。
The by was the first persn .
考点11 call fr及其拓展短语的相关用法
Last weekend, I met with a prblem, which ① my teacher's help. S I planned t ② her, but after ③ her and learning she was ut, I had t ④ the trip.
⑤ [写作迁移·译林必修三U1P6]一些人要求应用现代技术，另一些人要求改变生活方式。

考点12 applicatin的相关用法
① [译林选必二U3P42]Read a bk n DNA t discver mre abut its secrets and the ptential (apply) f genetics.
② [外研选必四U1P14]I wish t apply the psitin f a lcal tur guide as advertised in the Daily News n 30 June.
③ [译林选必四U4P48]In tday's rapidly develping sciety, vcatinal educatin is becming mre and mre valuable and it gives (apply) an advantage in the jb market.
④ [译林选必二U3P30—31]In the near future, geneticists hpe t apply this technlgy (treat) a wide range f health prblems.
⑤ [写作迁移·人教选必二U2P22]大多数申请这个职位的人都被拒绝了，但他却脱颖而出，因为他善于与他人合作。
Mst f the peple were turned dwn, but he std ut .
考点13 defence的相关用法
① [人教必修二U4P40]They use the same flag, knwn as the Unin Jack, as well as share the same currency and military (defend).
② [北师必修一U2P43]Sft martial arts, such as tai chi, teach yu t use yur ppnent's wn frce t (defence) yurself.
③ [写作迁移]我们应该记住那些为保卫国家而献身的军人。
We shuld keep in mind the sldiers .
考点14 prcess的相关用法
① The system is designed t be used in cnjunctin with a wrd (prcess) prgramme.
② I recmmend that yu avid (prcess) fds whenever pssible.
③ [写作迁移·译林选必四U3P40]回顾这个过程，看看你做得好的地方以及还有哪些地方需要改进，这一点也很重要。
It's als vital t see what yu did well and .
考点15 cnsequence的相关用法
① [译林选必四U4P44] (cnsequent), yu will be expsed t many new ideas, beliefs, practices and learning experiences.
② [北师选必一U1P21]If they stp and think abut the (cnsequent), they might make a different decisin.
③ The warming f the Earth and the (cnsequence) climatic changes affect us all.
④ [写作迁移]因此，他们不能集中精力学习，上课时容易犯困。
and tend t be sleepy in class.
mass /mæs/ A. n. 大量 B. n. 团，块，堆
C. n. 一群，一堆 D. n. 群众；平民百姓
E. adj. 大批的，广泛的
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① A mass f snw and rcks were falling dwn the muntain.
② I began sifting thrugh the mass f evidence.
③ [北师选必一U3P52]Many scientists say we are nw entering the Earth's sixth mass extinctin.
④ The page was cvered with a mass f figures.
⑤ The plan didn't wrk because it was against the will f the masses.
track /træk/ A. vt. & vi. 跟踪，追踪
B. n. 足迹，踪迹 C. n. 小道 D. n. 轨道；跑道；路线
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① [译林选必二U2P17] A frmer track and field athlete frm the UK, she wn an Olympic gld medal in her hme cuntry in 2012.
② The track t the remte village became muddy every time it rained.
③ The tracks f the large animal were clearly printed in the sand.
④ The research prject invlves tracking the careers f 400 graduates.
branch /brɑːntʃ/ A. n．(学科及语言的)分支
B. n. 分部，分店 C. n. 树枝 D. n. 支流
E. n. 政府部门，分支机构
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① [译林选必二U4P44]At the basic level, artificial intelligence is a branch f cmputer science that aims t create intelligent machines.
② [人教必修三U1P10]The beautiful flwers n cherry branches are the mst significant sign f the arrival f spring.
③ [人教选必一U3P26]Spreading ut befre me, branches f the Rapa River flw thrugh the valley belw.
④ [译林必修三U1P12]We als wrk hand in hand with ther branches f gvernment t ensure that develpment strategies are fllwed in an envirnmentally friendly way.
⑤ The cmpany has its base in New Yrk, and branch ffices all ver the wrld.
chemical /'kemɪkl/ A. n. 化学制品；化学品 B. adj. 化学的；化学作用的
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Any prgress in reducing chemical weapns is welcme.
② Caffeine, a chemical typically fund in cffee, has caused a lt f cncern.
break dwn A. 分解 B. 消除；克服 C. (身体、精神)垮掉 D. (谈判)失败 E．(机器或车辆)出故障；抛锚
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Talks with business leaders brke dwn because they culdn't reach an agreement.
② [外研必修二U6P91]It takes hundreds f years fr plastic t break dwn, but much less time fr paper.
③ He had t pause frm time t time t wipe the sweat frm his frehead, because the air-cnditining system brke dwn.
④ His health brke dwn under the pressure f wrk.
⑤ His early experience enabled him t break dwn barriers between Scttish Cathlics and Prtestants.
prfit /'prɒfɪt/ A. n. 利润，收益；好处
B. vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处
C. vi. & vt. 对……有益(或有用)
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Despite the decline in prfit, the cmpany still has undergne a perid f rapid expansin.
② Many lcal peple believe the develpment will prfit them.
③ I'm sure that all f yu will prfit frm this special experience.
倍数＋the size f
【课本原句】 With an area f arund 6 millin square kilmetres, the Amazn rainfrest is mre than half the size f China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
常见的倍数表示法
① 倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as
② 倍数＋比较级＋than
③ 倍数＋the＋表示度量的名词(size、weight、length、depth、width...)＋f
④ 倍数＋what从句
【易错提醒】 表示“两倍”时要用duble或twice；表示三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。
【写作迁移】 语法填空/翻译句子
① The prductin f the factry has grwn t twice it was in 1999.
② Since 1992 the number f peple dying has been bigger than f thse being brn by 50%.
③ 他在郊 区有一栋大房子，是我的两倍大。(一句多译)
(the＋名词＋f)
()
while引导让步状语从句
【课本原句】 While a significant number f jaguars survive here, they are nly ne element f this frest's fd chain. 尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。
while引导从句的用法
① while表示“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。
② while表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
While he lves his students, he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。
③ while作并列连词用，意为“然而，而”，表示对比关系。
Sme peple waste fd while thers haven't enugh.
有些人浪费粮食，而有些人却吃不饱。
【特别提醒】
① while引导时间状语从句时，主从句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
While the discussin was still ging n, Gerge came in. 当讨论还在进行时，乔治走了进来。
② while引导时间状语从句时，如果主句的主语和while引导的从句的主语一致时，从句可以省略主语和be动词。
While (I was) shpping in the supermarket yesterday, I met an ld friend f mine.
昨天在超市购物时，我遇到了一位老朋友。
【写作迁移】 句式升级/翻译句子
① I met an ld friend f mine while I was waiting fr a bus. (改成省略句)
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② 克隆植物简单，而克隆动物就非常复杂了。

③ 虽然我承认他有很多缺点，但他也有很多优点。