高考英语一轮复习讲义练习专题3　简单句的扩写和长难句的破解

这是一份高考英语一轮复习讲义练习专题3　简单句的扩写和长难句的破解，共9页。

考点一 从简单句到名词性从句
通过使用连接词that、what、whether、wh、which、when、where、why、because、hw、whse等将简单句转换成含有名词性从句的复合句或两个简单句合并成一个含有名词性从句的复合句。
(1) 我们期待国际部的学生参加比赛。
We expect students frm the Internatinal Department t take part in the cntest.
→We expect that students frm the Internatinal Department will take part in the cntest. (宾语从句)
(2) 学生们最想知道的是文化差异和沟通技巧。
Students mst want t knw cultural differences and cmmunicatin skills.
→What students mst want t knw are cultural differences and cmmunicatin skills. (主语从句)
→(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Cultural differences and cmmunicatin skills are what students want t knw mst. (表语从句)
(3) 我们刚才听到我们队赢了的消息。
Our team wn. We heard the news just nw.
→We heard the news just nw that ur team had wn. (同位语从句)
(4) 我问他下一步该做什么。
I ask him what t d next.
→I ask him what I shall d next. (宾语从句)
(5) 他今天早上起晚了。结果，他上学迟到了。
He gt up late this mrning. As a result, he was late fr schl.
→He was late fr schl. That's because he gt up late this mrning. (表语从句)
→He gt up late this mrning. That's why he was late fr schl. (表语从句)
→The reasn why he was late fr schl was that he gt up late this mrning. (表语从句)
→He was late fr schl. The reasn was that he gt up late this mrning. (表语从句)
(6) 现在还不知道哪个学校会在英语比赛中获胜。
Which schl will win the English cmpetitin? It is still unknwn.
→It is still unknwn which schl will win the English cmpetitin. (it作形式主语；主语从句)
→Which schl will win the English cmpetitin is still unknwn. (主语从句)
考点二 从简单句到定语从句
通过使用关系代词that、which、wh、whm、whse、as和关系副词when、where、why将含有定语的简单句转换成含有定语从句的复合句或两个简单句合并成一个含有定语从句的复合句。
(1) 和我们英语老师说话的那个人是我们的校长。
The man talking t ur English teacher was ur headmaster.
→The man wh/that was talking t ur English teacher was ur headmaster.
(2) 他在伦敦住了6个月。在那段时间里，他学会了一些英语。
He lived in Lndn fr 6 mnths. During that time, he picked up sme English.
→He lived in Lndn fr 6 mnths, during which time he picked up sme English.
(3) 他是一位经验丰富的老师，我们从他身上学到很多东西。
He is a teacher with rich experience. We learn a lt frm him.
→He is a teacher with rich experience, frm whm we learn a lt.
(4) 在英语俱乐部，我交了很多朋友，他们和我有着同样的兴趣。
In the English club, I made many friends. They shared the same interest with me.
→In the English club, I made many friends, wh shared the same interest with me.
(5) 令我吃惊的是，冈特笑着安慰我。这使我平静了下来。
T my surprise, Gunter cmfrted me with a big smile. This calmed me dwn.
→(2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)T my surprise, Gunter cmfrted me with a big smile, which calmed me dwn.
考点三 从简单句、并列句到状语从句
(1) 天一直下着雨，但我终于成功地把它点燃了。
It had been raining, but I finally succeeded in lighting it.
→(2023重庆二模)Althugh it had been raining, I finally succeeded in lighting it.
(2) 我从未有过这样的经历，所以我不禁想知道是哪里出了问题。
I had never had such experience, s I culdn't help wndering what have gne wrng.
→(2023重庆二模)I culdn't help wndering what have gne wrng because I had never had such experience.
(3) 迈克非常感动。他给了他们每个人一个大大的拥抱。
Mike was deeply mved. He gave each f them a big hug.
→(2023广东汕头一模)Mike was s mved that he gave each f them a big hug.
(4) 虽然很艰难，但没有参赛者半途而废。
It was difficult, but n participants gave up halfway.
→(2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Hwever difficult it was, n participants gave up halfway.
考点四 简单句、复合句与特殊句式之间的转换
(1) (2022全国甲卷)海洋为我们提供了充足的食物。它们也维持着自然的平衡。
The ceans ffer us sufficient fd. They als maintain the balance f nature.
→Nt nly d the ceans ffer us sufficient fd, but they als maintain the balance f nature. (倒装句)
(2) (2022全国甲卷)现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
It's time fr us t devte urselves t prtecting the ceans.
→It is high time that we devted urselves t prtecting the ceans. (It's time that从句)
(3) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我一坐下，公共汽车就开动了。
The bus started t mve as sn as I sat dwn.
→Hardly had I sat dwn when the bus started t mve. (倒装句)
(4) (2023重庆巴蜀中学模拟)直到杰克醒来并发现自己和他的财物都在急诊室里才知道这位女士已经联系了他的家人并悄悄地离开了。
Jack didn't learn that the lady had cntacted his family and quietly left until he came t and fund himself and his belngings in an emergency rm.
→Nt until Jack came t and fund himself and his belngings in an emergency rm did he learn that the lady had cntacted his family and quietly left. (倒装句)
→It was nt until Jack came t and fund himself and his belngings in an emergency rm that he learnt that the lady had cntacted his family and quietly left. (强调句型)
(5) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)如果学生和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的人在一起，他们可能会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Students may feel uncmfrtable r less mtivated if they are paired up with smene they dn't get alng with.
→Students may feel uncmfrtable r less mtivated if paired up with smene they dn't get alng with. (状语从句的省略)
考点五 英语中常见扩句规则
英语中的长难句就是在句子主干的基础上加上各种修饰成分。
1. 加形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等
Tm met a girl.
→Tm accidentally met a beautiful girl.
→Tm accidentally met a beautiful girl in Lndn.
→Tm accidentally met a beautiful girl in Lndn last week.
2. 加从句、介词短语、同位语
→Tm met a beautiful girl in Lndn last week when he was buying a shirt.
→Tm met a beautiful girl in Lndn last week when he was buying a shirt in a clthes shp, where the girl was wrking.
→Tm, the sn f Mr Smith, wh wns 5 big cmpanies in the UK, met a beautiful girl in Lndn last week when he was buying a shirt in a clthes shp, where the girl was wrking.
3. 加并列句、非谓语动词
Tm, the sn f Mr Smith, wh wns 5 big cmpanies in the UK, met a beautiful girl in Lndn last week when he was buying a shirt in a clthes shp, where the girl was wrking, and he sn fell in lve with her, wishing t take care f her during the rest f his life.
考点一 长难句的特征——一并二短三长四特殊
1. 一并(列)：并列结构(如and、but、r、as well as、nt als、等)。
(1) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)(eq \(Then,\s\d10(状语))) eq \(he,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(went t,\s\d10(谓语1)) eq \(lcal pnds and streams,\s\d10(宾语1)) and eq \(brught back,\s\d10(谓语2)) eq \(sme plants and animals,\s\d10(宾语2)).
[主干] He went t lcal pnds and streams and brught back sme plants and animals.
[分析] 此句中并列连词and连接两个并列谓语。
[句意] 然后他去了当地的池塘和溪流，带回了一些植物和动物。
(2) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Taking respnsibility eq \(fr mistakes,\s\d10(主语 )) eq \(is a psitive step,\s\d10(系表结构))， but eq \(dn't beat,\s\d10(谓语)) eq \(yurself,\s\d10(宾语)) eq \(up,\s\d10(宾语补足语)) eq \(abut them,\s\d10(状语)).
[主干] Taking respnsibility is a step, but dn't beat yurself up.
[分析] 此句中并列连词but连接两个并列的简单句，前者为主系表结构，后者为祈使句。
[句意] 为错误承担责任是积极的一步，但不要因此而自责。
(3) (2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷) eq \(Peple,\s\d10(主语1)) eq \(have been bringing,\s\d10(谓语1)) eq \(their children,\s\d10(宾语)) eq \(in,\s\d10(宾语补足语))(eq \(t see the hens,\s\d10(目的状语))) and eq \(residents,\s\d10(主语2))t eq \(cme and si,\s\d10(谓语2)) eq \(utside,\s\d10(状语)) eq \(t watch them,\s\d10(目的状语)).
[主干] Peple have been bringing their children in and residents cme and sit.
[分析] 此句中并列连词and连接两个并列分句。
[句意] 人们带孩子来看母鸡，居民们也来坐在外面看着它们。
2. 二短：形容词、副词、名词和同位语。
eq \(Jack,\s\d10(主语))， (eq \(a student frm the USA,\s\d10(同位语))), eq \(came acrss ,\s\d10(谓语)) an eq \(ld,\s\d10(定语)) eq \(friend,\s\d10(宾语)) (eq \(in Shanghai last week,\s\d10(状语)))．
[主干] Jack came acrss a friend.
[分析] 此句使用了同位语、形容词、介词短语和名词短语。
[句意] 杰克，一个来自美国的学生，上周在上海遇到了一位老朋友。
3. 三长：最常见的三种较长的修饰成分：介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)和三大从句。
(1) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)eq \(The key finding,\s\d10(主语)) (eq \(f the study,\s\d10(定语))) eq \(was that,\s\d10(系表结构)) (when crwds eq \(were further divided int smaller grups,\s\d10(表语从句中的状语从句))) (that were eq \(allwed t have a discussin,\s\d10(定语从句))), eq \(the averages,\s\d10(从句主语)) (frm eq \(these grups,\s\d10(定语))) eq \(were mre accurate,\s\d10(系表结构)) (than thse frm eq \(an equal number f,\s\d10(状语)) independent individuals)．
[主干] The key finding was that the averages were mre accurate.
[分析] 表语从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。此句还使用了介词短语作定语。
[句意] 这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体(估算)的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
(2) (Having chsen eq \(family televisin,\s\d10(状语)) prgrammes and wmen's magazines), eq \(the tthpaste marketer,\s\d10(主语))， (eq \(fr instance,\s\d10(插入语))), eq \(must select,\s\d10(谓语)) eq \(the exact televisin prgrammes,\s\d10(宾语1)) and eq \(statins,\s\d10(宾语2)) as well as the specific eq \(wmen's magazines,\s\d10(宾语3 )) (eq \(t be used,\s\d10(定语)))．
[主干] The tthpaste marketer must select the exact televisin prgrammes and statins as well as the specific wmen's magazines.
[分析] 此句使用了现在分词和动词不定式来增加句子的长度和难度。
[句意] 例如，牙膏销售商在选择了家庭电视节目和妇女杂志之后，必须选择要使用的确切的电视节目、电视台以及具体的妇女杂志。
(3) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)eq \(Hwever,\s\d10(状语))， (fr eq \(maximizing learning,\s\d10(状语)) where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr), eq \(educatrs,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(all media are the same,\s\d10(宾语从句))， eq \(even when they cntain identical wrds,\s\d10(状语从句)).
[主干] Educatrs shuldn't assume all media are the same.
[分析] 此句使用了介词短语、宾语从句和状语从句来增加句子的长度和难度。
[句意] 然而，学习需要精神集中和反思，为了最大限度地提高学习效果，教育工作者不应该认为所有媒介效果一样，哪怕它们的内容一样。
4. 四特殊：句中使用了插入语(或分隔结构)、强调句、倒装句、省略句等特殊结构。
(1) (2019全国Ⅰ卷)(As eq \(data,\s\d10( )) and identity theft eq \(becmes mre and mre cmmn,\s\d10(时间状语从句))，eq \(the market,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(is grwing,\s\d10( 谓语)) (eq \(fr bimetric technlgies,\s\d10(状语))) (—like eq \(fingerprint,\s\d10(分隔结构)) scans—) (eq \(t keep thers ut f,\s\d10(目的状语)) private e-spaces)．
[主干] The market is grwing.
[分析] like fingerprint scans前后都用破折号隔开，用例子来解释说明什么是bimetric technlgies，同时把目的状语t keep thers ut f private e-spaces和主句隔离开来。
[句意] 随着数据和身份信息盗取案例越来越普遍，生物识别技术——比如指纹扫描——的市场也在增长，以防他人侵入私密电子空间。
(2) eq \(Rising thrugh the rf,\s\d10(表语)) eq \(is,\s\d10(谓语)) eq \(the Twer f the Sun,\s\d10(主语))， eq \(inside which stands a 160-ft-tall Tree f,\s\d10(非限制性定语从句)) Life)．
[主干] The Twer f the Sun is rising thrugh the rf.
[分析] Rising thrugh the rf is the Twer f the Sun和inside which stands a 160-ft-tall Tree f Life是两个倒装句。
[句意] 穿过屋顶矗立着太阳之塔，在里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。
考点二 破解长难句的技巧——一划二括三会意
1. 一划：用下划线 “ ”标出句子主干，即画出长难句中常见的基本句型，如主谓结构(SV)、主谓宾结构(SVO)、主系表结构(SVP)、主谓状结构(SVA)等。(详见本书专题二)
(1) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)He's ne f a small but grwing number f American veterinarians nw practising “hlistic” medicine—cmbining traditinal Western treatments with acupuncture, chirpractic and herbal medicine.
[主干] He's ne f American veterinarians.
[分析] 此句是主系表结构。nw practising “hlistic” medicine是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰American veterinarians。破折号后的现在分词短语cmbing...作后置定语，修饰“hlistic” medicine。
[句意] 他是正在实行“整体”医学的少数但越来越多的美国兽医之一，这种医学将传统的西方疗法与针灸、按摩疗法和草药结合起来。
(2) (2024新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Such structured thinking, fllwed by glbal regulatin, will enable us t achieve greatness rather than ur dwnfall.
[主干] Such structured thinking will enable us t achieve greatness.
[分析] 过去分词短语fllwed by...作定语。
[句意] 这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败。
(3) Ecnmists frm the University f Sussex analyzed findings frm the Natinal Lngitudinal Study f Adlescent Health, a 15-year research prject charting the frtunes f a grup f thusands f teenagers wh attended high schls in the US in the mid-1990s.
[主干] Ecnmists analyzed findings.
[分析] 句子的主语是Ecnmists，谓语是analyzed，宾语是findings。
[句意] 来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上高中的一组青少年的财产情况。
2. 二括：给修饰语，如介词短语、非谓语动词和从句加“( )”。
(1) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The gal (f this bk) is t make the case fr digital minimalism, (including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks), and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy (if yu decide it's right fr yu)．
[主干] The gal is t make the case fr digital minimalism and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy.
[分析] 句中介词短语f this bk和including a detailed explratin...分别作定语和状语；what it asks和why it wrks是宾语从句；if引导条件状语从句。
[句意] 这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，并教你如何采用这种哲学(如果你认为它适合你的话)。
(2) (2024新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She writes frm the (practical) angle f a business persn (rather than as an academic, making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative and which, by the clse, will make yu feel almst as smart as AI)．
[主干] She writes frm the angle f a business persn.
[分析] 句中making fr...作状语；两个which引导定语从句。
[句意] 她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。
3. 三会意：在前面一划二括的基础上，运用逻辑关系理解句子主要的意思。
(1) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)(In a fllw-eq \(up study,\s\d10(状语)) with 100 university students),eq \(the researchers,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(tried t get,\s\d10(谓语))
eq \(a better sense f what the grup members actually did,\s\d10(宾语)) eq \(in their discussin,\s\d10(状语)).
[主干] The researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did.
[分析] In a fllw-up study with 100 university students和in their discussin均在句中作状语；what the grup members actually did是宾语从句。
[句意] 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。
(2) eq \(Back in 1983,\s\d10(状语))， eq \(as tw scientists reprted,\s\d10(定语从句))，eq \(yung maple trees,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(getting bitten by insects,\s\d10(定语)) eq \(send ut,\s\d10(谓语)) eq \(a particular smell,\s\d10(宾语)) (that eq \(neighburing,\s\d10(定语从句)) plants can get)．
[主干] Yung maple trees send ut a particular smell.
[分析] Back in 1983是介词短语在句中作时间状语；as tw scientists reprted是非限制性定语从句；getting bitten by insects是现在分词短语在句中作后置定语，修饰yung maple trees; that neighburing plants can get是定语从句，修饰a particular smell。
[句意] 早在1983年，两位科学家就报道过，被昆虫咬伤的小枫树会散发出一种特殊的气味，周围的植物也能闻到。
(3)eq \(In examining vide recrdings,\s\d10(状语)) (f parents eq \(interacting with children,\s\d10(定语)) (during everyday eq \(activities at hme,\s\d10(状语))，eq \(researchers,\s\d10(主语)) eq \(fund,\s\d10(谓语)) eq \(children,\s\d10(从句主语)) eq \(wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46,\s\d10(定语从句)) mnths f age) eq \(have,\s\d10(从句谓语)) eq \(better spatial skills,\s\d10(宾语)) eq \(when assessed at 54 mnths f age.,\s\d10(状语从句))
[主干] Researchers fund children have better spatial skills.
[分析] f parents interacting with children在句中作后置定语，修饰vide recrdings；during everyday activities at hme在句中作状语；wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age是定语从句，修饰children；when assessed at 54 mnths f age是状语从句的省略形式。
[句意] 在检视了这些父母与孩子们在家中日常活动的视频记录后，研究人员发现在26—46个月大时玩拼图的孩子在54个月大的时候有更好的空间技能。
【对点微练】
1. 按要求进行句型转换
(1) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I had never gt such a unique experience. It was deeply engraved(雕刻) in my mind and had a prfund influence n me fr the rest f my life. (变成倒装句＋定语从句的复合句)


(2) Undubtedly, the Internet is like an endless cean f knwledge. It can braden ur hrizns. (变成含有非限制性定语从句的复合句)


(3) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I gratefully infrmed him that I didn't miss the imprtant cnference with his assistance. (对画线部分进行强调)


(4) I cntact yu because many students suffer frm anxiety befre the final exam. (变成The that...句型)


2. 使用“一划二括三会意”技巧画出句子主干并翻译
(1) (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Yu'll hear these participants' stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
[句意]

(2) (2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.
[句意]

(3) (2023全国乙卷)The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice.
[句意]

(4) (2024新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure bredm f jgging, I decided that the nly reasn I'd ever run again is if a big dg was running after me!
[句意]

(5) Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the centre f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing.
[句意]


长难句破解口诀
长难句，看仔细，
一划二括三会意。
主谓宾，先注意(一划)
介短非谓和从句(二括)
抓主题，去修饰(三会意)
逻辑关系要注意。