高考英语【一轮复习】讲义练习选择性必修第二册　UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

这是一份高考英语【一轮复习】讲义练习选择性必修第二册　UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS，共23页。试卷主要包含了2 millin等内容，欢迎下载使用。
用所给词的适当形式填空，并背诵短文。
Chlera, an infectius disease caused by germs, used t affect peple's health 1.severely, thus causing many deaths.Frtunately, chlera was vercme by a brilliant and utstanding dctr called Jhn Snw.
At first, Jhn Snw felt 2.frustrated when many peple came dwn with this disease but he was determined t defeat “King Chlera” nce and fr all．There were then tw cntradictry theries t explain hw chlera spread.Snw subscribed t the secnd thery.But Snw needed prf．Chlera brke ut in Lndn in 1854, and Snw discvered that there were multiple deaths in sme 3.husehlds near a water pump．This shwed there was a link between the cases f chlera and the water.Snw suspected that the water pump was 4.t blame, s he had the handle f the water pump remved.Thanks t Snw's interventin, peple began t drink pure water instead f raw water.Thus, there was a 5.substantial decrease in the threat f , in his use f maps and statistics, Snw 7.transfrmed the way scientists study diseases.His thinking and cncept f disease were quite nvel at that time.
eq \a()
提示：加底纹词汇为本单元复现词汇
eq \a()重难考点
1 blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As the team leader, she felt it was her respnsibility t shulder the blame fr the failure.
②Lts f peple find it hard t get up in the mrning, and put the blame n the alarm clck.
③Phne devices and cmputer screens are t blame (blame)fr the risk f near－sightedness t a certain extent.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④Tim was blamed fr the breakdwn f the system; he felt seized by a burst f sadness and culdn't help crying bitterly.(情感描写)
→Blamed fr the breakdwn f the system, Tim felt seized by a burst f sadness and culdn't help crying bitterly.(用分词作状语升级)
eq \a()
(1)blame sb.fr (ding)sth.
因(做了)某事而责备某人
blame sth.n sb. 把某事归咎于某人
be t blame (fr…)
(因某事)应受责备，(为……)应承担责任
(2)bear/take/accept/shulder the blame (fr sth.) (对某事)承担责任put/lay the blame n sb.(fr sth.)
(因某事)把责任推给某人
[语料积累] ①On n accunt shuld the sldiers be blamed fr what happened.
士兵们绝不该为所发生的事受到责难。
②Dn't always blame yur wn failure n thers.
不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人。
[名师指津] t blame作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。
2 link n．联系；纽带；交通路线vt.把……连接起来；相关联
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2023·全国乙卷)It can bring a new interest and fcus int peple's lives and help t make the link between hme and nature.
②(北师大版选必四U12)Human life n this planet has been transfrmed int a “glbal village”，with all the different cuntries linked (link) in the chain f cmmn interests.
③Linking (link)arms with ne f the instructrs, I helped carry the yung man ut f the water.
[能力提升]——一句多译
④研究表明，暴露在强烈的阳光下与皮肤癌密切相关。
→Studies shw that expsure t strng sunlight is clsely linked t/with skin cancer.(link vt.)
→Studies shw that there is a clse link between expsure t strng sunlight and skin cancer.(link n．)
eq \a()
(1)There is a link between…and…
……和……之间有联系
(2)link…with/t…
把……和……连接/联系起来
be linked with/t…
和……联系在一起
[语料积累] ① indicate a strng causal link
有很强的因果关系
②a high－speed rail link
高速的铁路交通
③Scial custms prvide a vital link between the present and the past.(文化生活)
社会习俗在现在和过去之间起到了重要的纽带作用。
[名师指津] 表示“联系”的短语：
be related t与……有联系
be assciated with 与……有关
be invlved in与……有关联
be cnnected with与……有关系
3 decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week f dieting.
②By 1881, the ppulatin f Ireland had decreased t 5.2 millin.
③Over the past decades, sea ice has decreased/been decreasing (decrease)in the Arctic as a result f glbal warming.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④There are fewer and fewer pr peple in China with its ecnmy grwing rapidly.
→The number f pr peple in China is decreasing/n the decrease with its ecnmy grwing rapidly.(用the number f…＋decrease升级)
eq \a()
(1)decrease t… 下降到……；减少到……
decrease by… 下降了……；减少了……
(2)a sharp/marked/significant decrease in…
在……方面急剧/明显/显著减少
n the decrease/increase 在减少/增加
[语料积累] ①the decrease f the xygen cntent
氧含量的减少
②(2024·全国甲卷书面表达)The past decade has witnessed a substantial decrease in envirnmentally unfriendly mde f transprtatin.
在过去的十年中，对环境不利的运输方式大幅减少。
[名师指津] 在动词decrease/drp/fall/reduce“下降、减少”和increase/rise“增加、上升”之后，接介词by表示增减的幅度，接介词t表示增减的结果。
4 defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解(→defense/defence n. 防御；保卫；答辩；防卫设备→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的)
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)If he seems a little defensive (defend), it might be because even sme f his cwrkers ccasinally laugh at his unusual methds.
②But if the wrst happens, yu have every right t defend yurself with reasnable frce.
③He planned t learn kung fu s that he culd defend himself against being attacked (attack)．
[能力提升]——句式升级
④我们应该向为保卫祖国而牺牲的军人表示敬意。
→We shuld pay tribute t sldiers wh died defending ur cuntry.(defend)
→We shuld pay tribute t sldiers wh died in defence f ur cuntry.(defence)
eq \a()
(1)defend…frm/against… 保卫……免受……
defend neself 自卫；自行辩护
defend with 用……防卫
(2) in defence f 保护……；为……辩护
[语料积累] ①defend peple against/frm being harmed
保护人民免受伤害
②She stepped back and put up her hands as if in defence．She seemed t defend herself frm/against being injured.(动作描写)
她向后退了一步，举起双手，好像在自卫。她似乎在保护自己不受伤害。
[名师指津] 其他表示“保护”的单词有prtect，shelter等。
5 thanks t 幸亏；由于
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①As a result f the rising sea level caused by glbal warming and explding ppulatin, ur cities are urged t make sme changes.
②(2024·新课标卷读后续写)Due t a big strm, my flight had been delayed by an hur and a half.
③Owing (we)t a cnstant shrtage f raw materials, ur factry has been running under capacity.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2024·新课标卷读后续写)多亏了甘特及时的帮助，我成功赶上了公交车。
Thanks t the timely help frm Gunter, I managed t catch the bus.
eq \a()
wing t 由于
because f 因为；由于
due t 由于
n accunt f 由于
as a cnsequence f 由于，因为
as a result f 作为……的结果，因为
[语料积累] ①because f language barriers
由于语言障碍
②On accunt f advances in technlgy, hw we make friends and cmmunicate with them has changed significantly.(投稿)
由于技术的进步，我们结交朋友及与朋友沟通的方式有了明显的变化。
6 abve all最重要的是；尤其是
[基础检测]——用all的相关短语填空
①Learning that yu are cming t China as an exchange student, I am writing t give yu sme suggestins.First f all，yu'd better learn sme basic Chinese befre yu cme.After all，yu will be under cmpletely unfamiliar circumstances.Secndly，yu shuld be utging，active and cnfident.Abve all，yu shuld be ptimistic，which can help yu adapt t the new surrundings easily.All in all，studying fr a degree in a different culture is nt easy at all．(建议信)
[能力提升]——微写作
②(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)最重要的是，对我们来说这节美术课是一次启发性的体验。
Abve all, the art class was an enlightening experience fr us．,
eq \a()
after all 毕竟；终究
first f all 首先；第一
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 总共；合计
at all (否定句)一点也，完全；(疑问句)到底；究竟
[语料积累] ①Thanks t yur timely and generus help，I managed t handle fur prblems in all．(感谢信)
多亏了你及时而慷慨的帮助，我总共解决了四个问题。
②(2022·全国甲卷书面表达)All in all, it is high time that we cmmitted urselves t prtecting the cean.
总之，现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
7 句型公式：have＋宾语＋宾语补足语
(教材原句)It seemed that the wman liked the water frm the pump s much that she had it delivered t her huse every day.
这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。
[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①What Jenny hpes is that Mr Smith culd suggest a gd way t have the current situatin imprved (imprve)．
②Our head teacher can't have us wasting (waste) ur precius time.Even if we have finished ur hmewrk, he always has us read (read) classics t braden ur hrizns.
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2024·天津卷)例如，我们可以通过在做笔记时使用纸张的两面来减少纸张浪费。
Fr instance, we can have paper waste reduced by using bth sides f the paper when taking ntes.
eq \a()
have sth.dne 使某事被做
have sb.d sth. 让某人做某事
have sb./sth.ding sth.
让某人一直做某事/让某事处于某种状态
can't have sb.ding sth.
不能容忍某人做某事
have sth.t d
有某事要做(不定式作定语)
[语料积累] I am terribly srry fr having yu waiting fr me fr s lng, because I had an urgent thing t attend t just nw.(道歉信)
我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。
eq \a()拾遗考点
Ⅰ. 知识点补充
[选词填空/单句语法填空]
1．It is ntewrthy that the prgramme has been shifted frm its riginal August slt t July.
2．I, in charge f the prgram “Talk and Talk”， feel mre than hnred t invite yu fr a live talk shw.
3．The mre experienced yu are, the easier it is t find fault with ther peple's ideas.
4．Michael may have been a dunce at mathematics, but he was gifted (gift) in languages.
5．(2023·全国乙卷)The Chinese cach transfrmed Duglas int ne f the best gymnasts in the wrld, helping her skyrcket frm an average member f the natinal team t the tp f the sprt.
eq \a()
1．transfrm…int…
把……转变成……
2．in charge f 主管，掌管
3．find fault with 挑剔；批评；抱怨
4．shift sth.(frm…)(t…)转移；挪动
5．be gifted in 在……方面有天赋
6．cme dwn with
患(病)；染上(小病)
7．attend t 照顾
Ⅱ. 构词法规则
构词法规则——前缀de­
前缀de­表示“向下；离开；去掉，除掉；相反；否定”。例如本单元中的单词：decrease(n.减少；降低；减少量vt.& vi.减少；减小；降低)是由de­(向下)＋crease(起皱)转化而来。前缀de­的常用规律如下：
[语境猜词]
1．There has been a decrease in pllutin since the new envirnmental regulatins were implemented.n. 减少
2．The glmy weather seemed t depress everyne's md, making them feel tired and unmtivated. v. 使抑郁
3．The wildfire caused widespread destructin, burning dwn hmes and frests acrss the regin. n. 破坏
eq \a()
板块一 夯实根基·提升能力
维度一 阅读理解——一词多义/语境猜词
Ⅰ.一词多义
1．subscribe t
(1)He subscribes t the view that we can tackle the severe prblem in this way nce and fr all.B
(2)This is the schl the utstanding and patritic scientist subscribed t generusly in the past.C
(3)Many peple subscribe t nline news services t get instant updates n current events.A
2．handle
(1)(2023·浙江1月卷)Cnsider turning yur travel plan ver t a travel agent and letting him duble－check all the details, make suggestins, and then handle the actual reservatins.A
(2)(2022·全国甲卷)The way yu handle chpsticks is imprtant t avid annying yur cmpanins.D
(3)Driving a car is nt just handling cntrls but judging speed and distance.B
(4)Tea in China was traditinally drunk frm cups withut handles．C
Ⅱ.语境猜词
1．(1)(2022·浙江1月卷) I pured mre time and energy int that prject than ever befre, and finally presented ur findings t the class, which surprisingly earned us an excellent grade！v. 注入/投入(时间和精力)
(2)(2021·全国乙卷) Peple have been puring int stadiums since the days f ancient Greece.v. 涌入
[点拨]pur(熟义)v.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)。此处(1)意为“注入/投入(时间和精力)”，(2)意为“涌入”。
2．Media attentin has shifted recently nt envirnmental issues.v. 转移
[点拨]shift (熟义) n．改变；转换；轮班。此处用作动词，意为“转移”。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) A few minutes spent casting yur eye ver a page r tw can be a rewarding experience.v. 向……投以
[点拨]cast (熟义)v.投射，投掷，选派角色。此处意为“向……投以”。
4．The research lacks slid prf，and therefre，its cnclusins are dubtful.adj. 可靠的
[点拨]slid (熟义) n．固体 adj.牢固的。此处用作形容词，意为“可靠的”。
5．The gvernment needs t pump mre mney int cmmunity care.v. 大量投入
[点拨]pump (熟义)n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒。此处用作动词，意为“大量投入”。
维度二 语法填空——词形转换/固定搭配/
单元语法(表语从句)
1．(2024·浙江1月卷) The mst bvius advantage f nline learning is that yu can study anywhere and anytime.
2．All f them blamed the mistake n me, making me quite frustrated (frustrate) and depressed.
3．The cmpany has steadily (steady)increased its market share in the past ten years.
4．Suspected (suspect) f taking gvernment funds fr himself, the fficial is under investigatin by the plice.
5．Detailed explanatin will be prvided, which will vividly (vivid) bring Chinese painting and calligraphy t life.
6．At present, there are a number f peple learning Chinese and that is because China is playing an increasingly imprtant rle in the wrld.
7．This cmpany is pushing fr AI－pwered digital assistants (assistant)，which can interact with users.
8．Peple ften take this kind f tablets daily t purify (pure)the bld.
9．Teachers shuld have a clear cncept f what a multiracial sciety is.
10．She gt a severe thrat infectin (infect), which meant she culdn't sing.
维度三 单句表达——翻译句子/句式升级
1．孩子们更有可能接受一些对他们友好的人。(be likely t)
Children are mre likely t accept sme peple wh are friendly t them．
2．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)那一刻似乎他感觉到了我的尴尬。(it seemed that…)
At that mment，it seemed that he sensed my embarrassment．(情景描写)
3．看到他转变为一个有自我价值、勤奋和自信的学生，我真是开心。(what引导主语从句)
What delighted me was t see him transfrmed int a student f self－wrth, diligence, and cnfidence．(情感描写)
4．When he was asked the secret f his success，he wed all t the supprt and encuragement f his parents.(感谢信)
→When asked the secret f his success, he wed all t the supprt and encuragement f his parents.(用状语从句的省略升级)
5．Nwadays science and technlgy is develping s rapidly that peple can hardly catch up with its pace.(社会现象)
→Nwadays s rapidly is science and technlgy develping that peple can hardly catch up with its pace.(用倒装句改写)
板块二 主题引领·情境写作
维度一 基础写作——补全佳作并背诵
用本单元所学词汇、句式完成下面的应用文写作再背诵。
Dear Peter，
Hw is everything ging these days？I am writing t tell yu that a science festival with the theme f “The Beauty f Science” was launched in ur schl last week，1.with the purpse f raising students' awareness f science (目的是提高学生的科学意识)．
During the activity，ur schl 2.had a series f scientific knwledge quizzes arranged (安排了一系列科学知识小测验；have＋宾语＋宾补)，which seemed that we were 3.having a science feast (享受一场科学盛宴)．The activity lasted almst a whle day until the bell indicating the end f the last class rang. 4.Thrilled and excited (既激动又兴奋；形容词作状语)，nt nly students but als sme f the teachers participated in it actively. 5.S attractive is the activity (这次活动如此吸引人；倒装句)that all participants speak highly f it and hpe such activities will be held frequently.
S much fr the activity.Lking frward t yur early reply.
Yurs，
Li Hua
维度二 读后续写微技能22——动作细节描写：动“肩膀”
[语言素材]——输入必备知识
[跟踪演练]——提升关键能力
任务1 单句表达
1．她从人群中挤了出来。
She shuldered her way thrugh the crwd.
2．这个小孩坐在他父亲的肩膀上看着游行队伍经过。
The child sat n his father's shulders t watch the parade g by．
3．我只是回头看了看，耸了耸肩，没有理会他说的话。
I just lked ver my shulder and shrugged my shulders, ignring what he said．
4．他们步伐一致，肩并肩低着头冒雨走着。
They fell int step, walking shulder t shulder with their heads bent against the rain.(非谓语动词)
5．“嗯，”教练一边拍着保罗的肩膀一边说，“你已经为自己赢得了球队中的位置，‘大个子’！”
“Well，” said the cach as he hit Paul n the shulder, “yu've just earned yur place n the team，big guy！” (北师大版必修一U2)
任务2 语段表达
After a lng day at schl, Lisa felt exhausted. 1.She carried her heavy backpack n ne shulder (她单肩背着沉重的书包) as she walked hme. When she reached her frnt dr, her hands were full, s she 2.shuldered the dr pen (用肩膀顶开了门). Inside, 3.she rlled her shulders (她扭了扭肩膀) t relieve the tensin. Later, she put her bag ver her shulder and headed upstairs. As she entered her rm, she sptted her favrite animal n the bed and 4.held it clse t her shulder (把它紧靠肩膀抱在怀里), feeling cmfrted. Finally, as she lay dwn t rest, Lisa 5.felt a weight lifted ff her shulders (感到如释重负), knwing she had cmpleted all her hmewrk.
————基础默测—————
eq \a() 默写达标
一、阅读单词晓词义
1．germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌
2．pump n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒
3．prtein n. 蛋白质
4．husehld n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
5．statistic n. [pl.­s] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
6．micrscpe n. 显微镜
7．framewrk n. 框架；结构
8．aerspace n. 航空航天工业
9．mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工
10．raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
11．cntradictry adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
12．astrnmer n. 天文学家
13．astrnmy n. 天文学
14．vaccine n. 疫苗
15．patritic adj. 爱国的
二、核心单词写得准
1．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
2．subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
3．blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责
4．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vi. & vt. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
5．thinking n. 思想；思维；见解
6．handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
7．link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
8．slid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体
9．fault n. 弱点；过错
10．shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向
11．pur vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
12．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
13．utstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
14．cncept n. 概念；观念
15．furthermre adv. 此外；再者
三、拓展单词通变化
1．infect vt. 使感染；传染→infectin n. 感染；传染→infectius adj. 感染的；传染的
2．suspect vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→suspicius adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；不信任的
3．prf n. 证据；证明；检验→prve vt. 证明 linking v. 证明是
4．multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的→multiply vi.& vt. 乘；成倍增加；(使)繁殖
5．frustrate vt. 使懊恼；使沮丧→frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustratin n. 沮丧；懊恼；挫败
6．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purify vt. 净化；使……洁净；提纯→purity n. 纯洁
7．assist vt.& vi. 协助；帮助→assistant n. 助理；助手→assistance n. 援助；帮助；协助
8．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→defence n. 防御；保卫；保护→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的；防守的
9．gift n. 礼物；天赋→gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
10．steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→steadily adv. 稳定地；持续地
四、重点词块明搭配
1．in time 迟早；及时
2．abve all 最重要的是；尤其是
3．subscribe t 同意；赞同
4．thanks t 幸亏；由于
5．carry ut 履行；执行
6．thrugh ne's tireless effrts 通过某人不懈的努力
7．vercme sme difficulties 克服一些困难
8．becme a pineer in… 成为……的先驱
9．launch its first man­made satellite 发射第一颗人造卫星
10．trace back t 追溯到
五、教材佳句会运用
1．他发现，霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。(s…that…引导结果状语从句)
He discvered that in tw particular streets the chlera utbreak was s severe that mre than 500 peple died in ten days.
2．这位女士好像很喜欢来自这个水泵里的水，以至于她每天都让人把水送到她家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
It seemed that the wman liked the water frm the pump s much that she had it delivered t her huse every day.
3．也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
Perhaps n ther scientist has had a greater impact n China's aerspace science than Qian Xuesen.
4．然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。(“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
Hwever, what might have made him such an utstanding and creative scientist was prbably his strng interest in ther things, such as music and drawing.
eq \a() 基础检测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．(2023·北京卷)The amunt f time needed t build a habit will depend n multiple (多种多样的) factrs, including the individual and the intended behaviur.
2．When things g wrng, all f us naturally feel disappinted and frustrated (沮丧的)．
3．(外研版选必三U5)Devting himself t bservatins f the natural phenmena, he recrded his detailed findings (发现) in his jurnals.
4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Peple ften link (联系) their memry f what they've read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There is cnvincing prf (prve) that scientific and technlgical revlutin is a strng driving frce behind scial prgress.
2．With tears puring (pur) dwn his cheeks, he watched the dcumentary film tracing the histry f the ancient twn.
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Initially (initial), I used the nline platfrm as a diary, smething t lk back n, giving me a sense f achievements and keeping me mtivated and mving frward.
4．Threau's descriptins f nature emphasised the beauty and purity (pure) f the wild areas arund him.
5．In reality，the mechanic made a severe mistake，shifting (shift) his weight nervusly frm ne ft t anther.
Ⅲ.选词填空
1．The practice f giving eggs at Easter can be traced back t festivals in ancient China.
2．(2021·北京卷)Since my grandfather came dwn with the disease, we have taken turns t care fr him.
3．He was left in charge f the shp while the manager was away.
4．We have t handle this matter nce and fr all this time.
5．I have subscribed t the pinin put frward by the chairman.
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1．(2024·新课标卷应用文写作)我们的美术老师安排我们在公园里上了一节美术课，这样我们能更接近大自然。(s that引导目的状语从句)
Our art teacher arranged fr us t have an art lessn in the park s that we culd get clser t nature．
2．我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后把它们送到农民家里。(“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构)
We began t help pick peaches and then had them delivered t the farmers' huses.
3．(2023·新课标卷读后续写)没有哪个老师比你对我的写作的影响更大。(“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义)
N ther teacher has a greater influence n me in my writing than yu.
4．(2024·新课标卷读后续写)又尴尬又沮丧，我道歉说：“好吧，我想我今天不太走运。我很抱歉。”(形容词作状语)
Embarrassed and frustrated，I aplgized，“Well, I guess tday is just nt my day. I am s srry.”
课时作业22
(总分：35分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
eq \a()
(2024·河北沧州高三联考)
Despite his cmplex mind, Einstein was knwn t be a lt f fun. Yu must have seen his icnic (标志性的) pht, but yu might nt knw the backstry. The pht was taken by Arthur Sasse, n March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy­secnd birthday. In the pht, we can see Einstein sitting in a car, between his wife, Elsa, and Dr Frank Aydeltte, the head f the Institute fr Advanced Study.
The stry ges that as they were leaving his birthday celebratin fr their hme in Princetn, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked t smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked fr ne last pht, he made a funny face. Einstein liked the resulting image s much that he immediately rdered multiple cpies, s he culd sign and send them t friends as a jke. Later n, he used this pht t make greeting cards.
Einstein rarely let thers get in the way f his fun. He was quick t jke. He rarely wre scks, thinking that the shes shuld d the jb. He let his mustache and hair grw and gave interviews n his prch (门廊) in pink slippers. His cmmitment t fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his pht t editrs fr publicatin, they debated whether it was even apprpriate t make it public, given Einstein's eminence. It nly saw the light f day because Sasse related hw much the great scientist himself lved the image.
Accrding t Walter Isaacsn's bigraphy，Einstein: His Life and Universe, the persnalities that cntributed mst t Einstein's greatness were curisity and nn­cnfrmism (不墨守成规). Scientific studies suggest that humr and intelligence are assciated. Peple wh shw a gift fr fun als seem t have superir cgnitive abilities. Fun has s many levels. The best part is that n matter what fun means t yu, it can lead yu t stand ut frm the rdinary.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了爱因斯坦标志性照片的来源以及爱因斯坦幽默的性格。
1．What was Einstein ding when the icnic pht was taken？( B )
A．He was jking abut Sasse.
B．He was making a funny face.
C．He was celebrating his birthday.
D．He was smiling at the camera.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“The stry ges that as they were leaving his birthday celebratin fr their hme in Princetn, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked t smile at the camera. But when Sasse asked fr ne last pht, he made a funny face.”可知，拍摄这张标志性照片时，爱因斯坦在做鬼脸。故选B项。
2．What des the underlined wrd “eminence” mean in paragraph 3？( C )
A．Being lving and caring.
B．Being humrus and funny.
C．Being famus and respected.
D．Being sharp­minded and cnsiderate.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“His cmmitment t fun ran deep—and yet when Sasse sent his pht t editrs fr publicatin, they debated whether it was even apprpriate t make it public, given Einstein's eminence．”以及下文内容可知，因为爱因斯坦是一位伟大的科学家，非常出名且受人尊重，所以当Sasse把他的照片寄给编辑们准备发表时，他们应是在争论公开这张照片是否合适；故画线词eminence的意思是“出名和受人尊敬”。故选C项。
3．What can we knw abut the icnic pht？( D )
A．It was taken t recrd Einstein's life.
B．It was nt published until years later.
C．It shws Einstein being interviewed n the prch.
D．It was taken t celebrate Einstein's birthday.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“The pht was taken by Arthur Sasse, n March 14, 1951, Einstein's seventy­secnd birthday.”和第二段的第一、二句可知，这张标志性的照片是为了庆祝爱因斯坦的生日而拍的。故选D项。
4．What might Walter Isaacsn agree？( C )
A．Best humr means high­level fun.
B．Curisity leads t nn­cnfrmism.
C．Humrus peple tend t be intelligent.
D.Greatness shuld be defined by scientific standards.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Accrding t Walter Isaacsn's bigraphy…Scientific studies suggest that humr and intelligence are assciated.”可知，Walter Isaacsn可能会认同幽默的人往往很聪明这一观点。故选C项。
eq \a()
(2025·T8联考)
It ges withut saying that hard physical labr wears yu ut, but what abut hard mental labr？“Influential theries suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a srt f illusin cked up by the brain t make us stp whatever we are ding and turn t a mre gratifying activity，”says Mathias Pessigline f Pitié­Salpêtrière University in Paris, France.“But ur findings shw that cgnitive wrk results in a true functinal transfrmatin—accumulatin f txic substances—s fatigue wuld indeed be a signal that makes us stp wrking but fr a different purpse: t preserve the integrity f brain functining.”
Pessigline and clleagues wanted t understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resnance spectrscpy (MRS) t mnitr brain chemistry ver the curse f a wrkday. They studied tw grups f peple: thse wh needed t think hard and thse wh had relatively simple cgnitive tasks.
They saw signs f fatigue, nly in the grup ding hard mental wrk. Thse in that grup als exhibited in their chices a change tward ptins prpsing rewards at shrt delay with minimal effrt. Critically, they als had higher levels f glutamate(谷氨酸) in the brain's prefrntal crtex(前额皮质). Tgether with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supprts the hypthesis that glutamate accumulatin makes further activatin f the prefrntal crtex mre cstly, such that cgnitive cntrl is mre difficult after a mentally tugh wrkday.
S, is there sme way t vercme this limitatin f ur brain's ability t think hard? “Nt really, I'm afraid，”Pessigline said. “I wuld emply gd ld recipes: rest and sleep! There is gd evidence that glutamate is remved frm the brain during sleep.”
There may be ther practical implicatins f the findings. Fr example, the researchers say, mnitring f prefrntal crtex culd help t detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust wrk agendas t avid burnut. Pessigline als advises peple t avid making imprtant decisins when they're tired.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑力疲惫是什么，脑力疲惫产生时大脑皮层里会发生哪些变化，以及应该采取哪些措施来应对脑力疲惫。
5．What des the underlined wrd “gratifying” in Paragraph 1 mean？( A )
A．Relaxing.B．Cmplex.
C．Temprary.D．Rewarding.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Influential theries suggested that fatigue(疲惫) is a srt f illusin cked up by the brain t make us stp whatever we are ding and turn t a mre gratifying activity…”可知，当身体感到疲惫时，大脑会让我们停下手里的工作，转向“轻松的”活动。
6．What des the grup perfrming hard mental wrk exhibit in the study？( D )
A．Fewer signs f mental fatigue.
B．Greater mtivatin and effrt.
C．Higher efficiency in cmplex tasks.
D．Strnger preference fr immediate rewards.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thse in that grup als exhibited in their chices a change tward ptins prpsing rewards at shrt delay with minimal effrt.”可知，实验中从事艰苦脑力劳动的小组会倾向于以最小努力在短时间内获得奖励的选择。
7．What d we knw abut glutamate accumulatin？( C )
A．It causes a sense f peaceful mind.
B．It enhances brain functin in a limited way.
C．It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy.
D.It decreases the cst f prefrntal crtex activatin.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Tgether with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supprts the hypthesis that glutamate accumulatin makes further activatin f the prefrntal crtex mre cstly, such that cgnitive cntrl is mre difficult after a mentally tugh wrkday.”可知，谷氨酸的积累使前额皮质进一步激活的成本更高(更费力)，因此在脑力紧张的工作日之后，认知控制变得更加困难。由此可推知，谷氨酸的积累标志着大脑正在耗尽精神能量。
8．What is Pessigline's advice fr thse verwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks？( C )
A．Remve them frm the wrk agenda.
B．Reduce the cmplexity f all cgnitive tasks.
C.Schedule strategic breaks t allw fr recvery.
D.Apply technlgy t mnitring the brain activity.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中Pessigline所说的“I wuld emply gd ld recipes：rest and sleep! There is gd evidence that glutamate is remved frm the brain during sleep.”可知，Pessigline建议那些从事高脑力任务的人要合理安排休息时间。
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
(2024·江西重点中学盟校高三联考)
Alexander Graham Bell hated spending summertime in Washingtn, DC.He usually __1__ t his farm in Nva Sctia, but ne year he had t stay in the capital.
“Why humans have__2__ hw t warm a huse but nt hw t cl ne—until nw，” he wndered, and in 1872, he __3__ a cld­air­prducing device and brught the temperature in his rm dwn t 21℃.
When 69­year­ld Bell tld that__4__ in a speech t the 1917 graduating class f McKinley Manual Training Schl, the students went __5__. The clapping lasted s lng that he was __6__ t say smething mre surprising.
“Culd pstage stamps be used in__7__ f persns？” asked Bell, wh had thught f __8__ a lw price fr public transprt, but the cst f building additinal rads was t high. “Perhaps, the flying machine will be the __9__.”
In the speech, Bell als__10__ n a century f prgress and lked ahead with remarkable fresight. In the reflectin, he was amazed by the __11__ made in the past century: Gas lighting had evlved int electric bulbs and autmbiles __12__ hrse­drawn vehicles. He then went n t __13__ the cmmercial airplane, slar panels, and the __14__ fr renewable resurces.
Gilbert Grsvenr, the editr f Natinal Gegraphic magazine, asked fr the __15__ and published a revised versin in the February issue. Nw, mre than ne hundred years later, Bell's predictins still remain prescient (预见性的)．
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Alexander Graham Bell于1872年设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。1917年他在麦金利手工培训学校毕业班的演讲中预测到了未来人们会使用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。
1．( B )A.wanderedB．escaped
C．fellD．applied
解析：由下文“but ne year he had t stay in the capital”中的but可知，前后文是转折关系，故此处表示他通常会逃到新斯科舍的农场。故选B。wander漫游； escape逃跑； fall跌倒； apply应用。
2．( C )A.agreed nB．insisted n
C．figured utD．ruled ut
解析：由下文“hw t warm a huse but nt hw t cl ne”可知，人类已经解决了如何给房子取暖这个问题。故选C。agree n就……达成一致意见； insist n坚持； figure ut解决； rule ut排除。
3．( A )A.designedB．bught
C．sawD．brrwed
解析：由下文“a cld­air­prducing device and brught the temperature in his rm dwn t 21℃”可知，他设计了一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃。故选A。design设计； buy买； see看见；brrw借。
4．( D )A.accidentB．lss
C．prblemD．stry
解析：由上文“When 69­year­ld Bell tld that”可知，Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置，将房间的温度降至 21℃的故事。故选D。accident事故； lss损失； prblem问题； stry故事。
5．( A )A.wildB．hungry
C．disappintedD．silent
解析：由下文“The clapping lasted s lng”可知，当Bell讲述自己设计一种冷空气产生装置的故事时，学生们都为他鼓掌，这说明学生们在听到这个事情后很兴奋，g wild意为“变得非常喧闹和兴奋”。故选A。wild感情强烈的(尤指生气、高兴或激动)；hungry饥饿的； disappinted失望的； silent沉默的。
6．( B )A.allwedB．frced
C．paidD．chsen
解析：由上文“The clapping lasted s lng that he”可知，学生太热情了，这迫使他说出了一些更令人惊讶的话。故选B。allw允许； frce迫使； pay支付； chse选择。
7．( C )A.favrB．memry
C．transprtatinD．case
解析：由上文“Culd pstage stamps be used in”可知，此处指Bell问道，邮票是否能用于人员运输。故选C。favr偏爱； memry记忆； transprtatin运输； case案件。
8．( D )A.cuttingB．raising
C．avidingD．charging
解析：由下文“a lw price fr public transprt”可知，此处指公共交通的收费。故选D。cut切； raise提高； avid避免； charge收费。
9．( B )A.pllutinB．slutin
C．discveryD．issue
解析：上文提到修建额外道路的成本太高这一问题，结合上文“Perhaps, the flying machine will be the”可知，针对这一问题的解决方案是飞行器。故选B。pllutin人口； slutin解决方法； discvery发现； issue问题。
10．( C )A.reliedB．switched
C．reflectedD．called
解析：reflect n意为“回忆；回顾”，由下文“In the reflectin”可知，此处表示他还回顾了一个世纪的进步。故选C。rely依靠，依赖； switch交换； call打电话。
11．( B )A.prfitsB．advances
C．materialsD．failures
解析：由上文“__10__ n a century f prgress”可知，他回顾了过去一个世纪的进步，故此处应是表示他对过去一个世纪的进步感到惊讶。故选B。prfit利润； advance进步； material材料； failure失败。
12．( A )A.replacedB．destryed
C．attackedD．missed
解析：由下文“hrse­drawn vehicles”和常识可知，随着科技的进步，汽车取代了马车。故选A。replace代替； destry毁坏； attack攻击； miss错过。
13．( D )A.sellB．rent
C．inventD．predict
解析：由下文“Nw, mre than ne hundred years later, Bell's predictins still remain prescient(预见性的)．”可知，此处是同词复现，指的是他预测到了未来人们会用商用飞机、太阳能电池板以及对可再生资源有需求。故选D。sell卖； rent租用； invent发明； predict预测。
14．( C )A.deadlineB．cmpetitin
C．needD．balance
解析：由下文“fr renewable resurces”和常识可知，人们对可再生资源是有需求的。故选C。deadline截止日期； cmpetitin竞赛； need需求； balance平衡。
15．( A )A.textB．bk
C．cntractD．interview
解析：根据第三段中“When 69­year­ld Bell tld that __4__ in a speech t the 1917 graduating class f McKinley Manual Training Schl”可知，此处指Bell在1917年发表演讲的文本。故选A。text文本；bk书； cntract合同； interview采访，面试。
husehld；blame；frustrate；transfrm；substantial；furthermre；severe
A.订阅 B．赞成；同意 C．捐助
A.vt.处理 B．v.操纵 C．n.把手 D．vt.(用手)触、碰、拿
假定你是李华，近日你校举办了以“科学之美”为主题的科学节(science festival)。请你根据以下要点，给你的外国朋友Peter写一封信介绍该活动，内容包括：
1．举办时间；
2．活动内容；
3．师生反响。
1．hit/tap/pat sb. n the shulder 拍某人的肩膀
2．lk ver ne's shulder 某人回头看了看
3．shrug ne's shulders 某人耸了耸肩
4．shulder ne's way thrugh the crwd 某人从人群中挤了出来
5．shulder t shulder 肩并肩
6．sit n ne's shulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
7．shulder the dr pen 用肩膀顶开了门
8． ne shulder 单肩背着……续表
9． ne's shulder 某人把……背在肩上
10．rll ne's shulders 某人扭了扭肩膀
11． t ne's shulder 把……紧靠某人的肩膀抱着
12．feel a weight lifted ff ne's shulders 某人感到如释重负
in charge f；nce and fr all；cme dwn with；trace back t；subscribe t