专题04 阅读理解之说明文15篇（北京专用）（中考真题+中考模拟）-2026年北京中考英语总复习(语法+题型) 练习+答案

这是一份专题04 阅读理解之说明文15篇（北京专用）（中考真题+中考模拟）-2026年北京中考英语总复习(语法+题型) 练习+答案，共18页。
中考真题练习
Imagine a rbt. What cmes t yur mind first? A machine strnger than the human bdy? Hwever, this same quality is nw causing a big prblem—it’s creating tns f lng-lasting e-waste that culd fld ur planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed t break dwn and disappear—just as living things d?
Fr a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a rbtic arm and a cntrller using materials frm animals and plants. These materials are strng enugh t wrk but can easily break dwn in a natural envirnment. After testing, bth parts were gne in sil within weeks.
Bidegradable (可生物降解的) rbtics ften falls under the umbrella f sft rbtics, which takes ideas frm nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditinal rbts that cme frm mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Flrian Hartmann, a materials scientist frm Germany. Hwever, many early sft rbtics mdels still used man-made materials that cause pllutin.
Wei, a scientist wh studies natural materials in Hangzhu, wrked tgether with his friend Zhang, a rbtics engineer in Shanghai, t build rbts fr the new study. They started with cellulse (纤维素) taken frm cttn. Then, they added glycerl (甘油) t make a new material that is sft and easy t change shapes. After that they allwed it t dry s it became strng, “Cellulse is cheap and easy t wrk with,” says Wei. They fund that the cntrller and the rbtic arm std up t bth heavy use and a week f inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them bth in a hle. Within eight weeks these tw parts were almst cmpletely gne.
Wei and Zhang expect that rbts like these can be used t deal with dangerus waste and then disappear naturally. They als hpe that such rbts can aid dctrs in peratins and then safely break dwn inside the bdy.
Hwever, it’s imprtant t nte that the technlgy is still in very early stages. “If we truly want t have a bidegradable rbt,” Hartmann says, “we als need t make sure its electrnics and pwer parts are bidegradable.”
1．What is special abut the rbtic arm and the cntrller in Paragraph 2?
A．They are green.B．They are hard.C．They are intelligent.D．They are affrdable.
2．What is mentined in Paragraph 5 abut sft rbts?
A．Their peratin.B．Their applicatins.C．Their challenges.D．Their perfrmance.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Sft rbts are widely used t clean up e-waste.
B．Sft rbts have t rest fr a week after heavy use.
C．The designing f sft rbts brrws ideas frm nature.
D．Mechanical engineering ffers new ways t run sft rbts.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“ made a rbtic arm and a cntrller using materials frm animals and plants. These materials are strng enugh t wrk but can easily break dwn in a natural envirnment. After testing, bth parts were gne in sil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。
2．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Wei and Zhang expect that rbts like these can be used t deal with dangerus waste and then disappear naturally. They als hpe that such rbts can aid dctrs in peratins and then safely break dwn inside the bdy.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据“Bidegradable (可生物降解的) rbtics ften falls under the umbrella f sft rbtics, which takes ideas frm nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。
中考模拟真题练习
“Oh, my Gd! Did I really just send that text?” Mst peple have said smething that they wish they culd take back. And if they had paused (暂停) t think abut it first, they prbably wuld have acted differently. Pausing desn’t pay ff just when yu speak. Scientific studies have shwn that making a habit f pausing befre yu d smething can actually have a big effect n hw yur life turns ut.
In making decisins we depend n tw areas f the brain. One area creates and prcesses emtins (情感); the ther gverns lgical (逻辑的) thughts. The type f decisin, hw we feel abut it, and hw prepared we are t deal with it help decide which brain area has the mst influence.
But ur age als plays an imprtant rle. Thinking thrugh the results f ne’s actins is actually harder fr teens because the area cntrlling lgical thughts is nt fully develped until arund age 25. This is why teens ften feel a strng emtinal drive t act impulsively—it’s hw their brains are structured! Thugh this tendency (倾向) t act withut cnsidering the results can lead t prblematic situatins, impulsivity during the develpmental years evlves (进化) because it makes teens mre pen t new experiences and ideas. This penness helps teens t becme independent adults.
The key t making impulsivity wrk fr yu instead f against yu is t train yur brain by practising pausing. This desn’t mean yu stp taking risks r being pen t new experiences. But yu wn’t knw if the risk is wrth it until yu think it thrugh. Deciding t take a risk based n lgic shws self-cntrl, nt impulsivity.
What are different ways t pause? Yu might take a deep breath, cunt t 10, r ask “Is this wrth it?” Different strategies (策略) wrk fr different peple. Whatever wrks fr yu, keep ding it! By practising pausing, yu can actually change yur brain. This means that ver time, pausing, instead f immediately reacting, becmes yur “natural” respnse (反应).
And with this change, peple are n their way t enjying the life rewards (回报) that cme with high levels f self- cntrl—even if they weren’t natural-brn pausers!
1．What challenges teenagers?
A．Giving a natural respnse.B．Making lgical decisins.
C．Acting befre in-depth thinking.D．Chsing brain-training strategies.
2．The wrd impulsively in Paragraph 3 prbably means ______.
A．carefully shwing self-cntrl
B．unwillingly planning withut thinking
C．calmly weighing the differences
D．suddenly acting withut cnsidering the effects
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Scientific studies have shwn that pausing wrks well when yu speak.
B．An impulsive persn tends t stp cnsidering and accepting new ideas.
C．Training the brain by practising pausing can reduce the influence f emtinal drive.
D．By practising pausing, peple can becme natural-brn pausers with gd self-cntrl.
4．What is the best title fr the passage?
A．Push the Pause ButtnB．Impulsivity Wrks Well
C．Discver the Brain FunctinD．Crying Over the Spilt Milk
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了养成做事前暂停思考的习惯对人生的积极影响，解释了青少年更易冲动行事的生理原因，同时说明了练习暂停可以训练大脑，帮助人们提升自控力，收获生活的回报。
1．根据文章第三段第二句“Thinking thrugh the results f ne’s actins is actually harder fr teens because the area cntrlling lgical thughts is nt fully develped until arund age 25.”可知，对青少年而言，想清楚自身行为的后果实际上更为困难，因为控制逻辑思维的脑区直到25岁左右才会发育完全，故控制逻辑思维的脑区未发育完全，让做出符合逻辑的决定成为青少年需要面对的挑战。
2．根据前文提到青少年受情绪驱动、逻辑思维尚未发育完全，结合第三段第四句“act withut cnsidering the results can lead t prblematic situatins”可知，impulsively指不考虑影响就贸然行动，对应D选项的释义。
3．根据第四段第一句“The key t making impulsivity wrk fr yu instead f against yu is t train yur brain by practising pausing.”可知，通过练习暂停来训练大脑可以减少情感驱动的影响。
4．根据全文多次强调“pausing”、“pause befre yu d smething”可知，全文围绕“做事前先暂停思考”这一核心展开，介绍了它的作用、训练方法和好处，核心主题是养成主动暂停思考的习惯，“Push the Pause Buttn（按下暂停键）”符合核心主旨。
At ne pint r anther, yu’ve prbably heard smene speak with cnfidence n a tpic that they hardly knw anything abut. Psychlgists have studied this tpic, and they’ve cme up with an explanatin knwn as the Dunning-Kruger Effect.
In 1999, Dunning and Kruger frm Crnell University did a set f studies testing peple’s abilities in certain areas, including grammar, humr, and lgic. The peple were als asked t grade their wn abilities in each area. They fund that peple wh scred very lw n the tests were mre likely t verestimate (高估) their abilities. In ther wrds, thse wh dn’t knw much think they knw mre than they actually d.
In an interview, Dunning explains that “the knwledge and intelligence required t be gd at a task are ften the same needed t recgnize that ne is nt gd at that task.” Fr example, it might be easy fr a tp dancer t tell that A dances a lt better than B, but if yu knw little abut dancing, A and B prbably lk equally gd in yur eyes. Anther reasn that may explain this effect is that peple wish t be better than thers in as many areas as they can, and when smene really wants smething t be true, it can be hard fr them t admit that it isn’t.
The ppsite f this effect als happens when a skilled persn feels as if they are faking (假装) their skills thugh they knw exactly what they are ding. It’s called the Impstr Syndrme (假冒者综合征).
Yu may think f the Dunning-Kruger Effect as a prblem that ther peple have, but it may happen t yu, t. Everyne has areas where they lack abilities—and the Dunning-Kruger Effect means they may be especially bad at identifying thse areas. That’s why it’s imprtant t stay humble and keep learning thrughut yur life. Keep digging fr infrmatin even when yu think yu’ve fund answers. Remember t check yur ideas with ther peple. Receiving criticism can hurt, but if yu’re willing t listen, it can help yu grw.
1．Which f the fllwing shws the Dunning-Kruger Effect?
A．The math teacher says the math test is nt difficult at all.
B．The tp student in yur grade says she isn’t as gd as yu think she is.
C．Yu wrk hard but yur parents always think all ther kids d better than yu.
D．Yu knw little abut acting but believe yu can perfrm better than the actrs.
2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．What the Dunning-Kruger Effect is.
B．Why the Dunning-Kruger Effect happens.
C．Hw the Dunning-Kruger Effect affects peple.
D．Hw the Dunning-Kruger Effect was discvered.
3．What is the writing purpse f this passage?
A．T intrduce the Dunning-Kruger Effect and hw it is bad fr peple.
B．T intrduce the Dunning-Kruger Effect and why it is imprtant fr peple.
C．T intrduce the Dunning-Kruger Effect and encurage life-lng learning.
D．T intrduce the Dunning-Kruger Effect and build up the readers’ cnfidence.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了邓宁-克鲁格效应的定义、产生原因，说明该效应对每个人都可能发生，最后呼吁人们保持谦逊、坚持终身学习。
1．根据第二段第四句“In ther wrds, thse wh dn’t knw much think they knw mre than they actually d.”可知，知之甚少的人往往认为自己知道的比实际更多，这就是邓宁-克鲁格效应。对应选项D“你对表演知之甚少，却相信自己能比演员演得更好。”
2．根据第三段“Dunning explains that…Anther reasn that may explain this effect is that…”可知，第三段从两个角度介绍了邓宁-克鲁格效应产生的原因。
3．根据最后一段“That’s why it’s imprtant t stay humble and keep learning thrughut yur life.”结合全文内容可知，本文先介绍了邓宁-克鲁格效应的相关信息，最终目的是鼓励人们终身学习。

In a new study, researchers have unveiled (揭示) interesting findings that link the cnsumptin (消耗) f refined carbhydrates—such as sugary snacks and highly prcessed fds—with changes in facial attractiveness. They fund that individuals wh cnsumed a high glycemic (血糖的) lad breakfast were rated as less attractive than thse wh cnsumed a lw ne.
104 participants were asked t attend the study early in the mrning n an empty stmach. Upn arrival, they were assigned t cnsume ne f tw types f breakfasts having the same calric values: ne high in refined carbhydrates and the ther lw. Abut tw hurs later, they were phtgraphed under standardized cnditins t ensure cnsistency (一致性)in lighting, backgrund, and psitining. A separate grup f raters, wh were carefully selected t minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial phtgraphs, making judgments n verall attractiveness.
T evaluate lng-term dietary habits, the participants cmpleted detailed dietary questinnaires cncerning their cnsumptin during breakfast, afternn snacks, and between-meal snacks n the day befre the study. This infrmatin was used t calculate (计算) the glycemic lad and energy intake fr these meals, prviding a cmprehensive (全面的) picture f their usual refined carbhydrate cnsumptin.
The researchers fund that participants wh cnsumed a breakfast rich in refined carbhydrates were less attractive than thse wh cnsumed a lw-glycemic breakfast. This effect was bserved fr bth male and female participants. The researchers explained that this culd be related t the physilgical (生理学的) effects f lw bld sugar, such as changes in skin bld flw and clur, which happen fllwing the cnsumptin f high-glycemic fds.
When examining lng-term cnsumptin f refined carbhydrates thrugh glycemic lad measures, the researchers fund that a higher energy intake at breakfast was assciated with increased attractiveness fr bth men and wmen, suggesting that fds high in fats and prteins, which d nt lead t rapid glycemic respnses, might cntribute psitively t attractiveness.
Hwever, the effects f refined carbhydrate cnsumptin n attractiveness varied depending n the specific meal and the gender f the participants. Fr example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness acrss bth genders, the glycemic lad f afternn snacks had ppsite effects fr men and wmen. Men with a higher glycemic lad during their afternn snack were cnsidered as mre attractive, but fr wmen, a lwer glycemic lad in this meal was related with increased attractiveness.
While the study includes sme limitatins, the findings serve as a strng reminder f the far-reaching impact f dietary chices. Further research is needed t understand the brader scial implicatins (暗示) f diet, which culd prvide valuable insights int the cmplex interplay (相互作用) between diet, bilgy, and scial behaviur.
1．What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly abut?
A．The research purpse.B．The research methds.
C．The research questin.D．The research backgrund.
2．What did the researchers keep the same fr bth breakfasts in the study?
A．The taste f the fd.B．The amunt f calries.
C．The time they were eaten.D．The type f carbhydrates.
3．What can we learn abut the research findings?
A．Sharp glycemic reactins might reduce attractiveness.
B．Lw bld sugar culd affect attractiveness psitively.
C．Men were less affected by refined carbhydrate cnsumptin.
D．High energy intake at meals had incnsistent effects n wmen.
4．What is the writer’s main purpse in writing this passage?
A．T present a dietary fact.B．T shw a bilgical prcess.
C．T explain a fd preference.D．T explre a cmplex cnnectin.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇研究报告，主要讲述了研究人员揭示了精制碳水化合物 (如含糖零食和高度加工食品) 的消耗与面部吸引力变化之间的有趣联系，发现食用高血糖负荷早餐的人比食用低血糖负荷早餐的人被认为吸引力更低。
1．第二段指出研究方法：“104 participants were asked t attend the study early in the mrning n an empty stmach…A separate grup f raters, wh were carefully selected t minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial phtgraphs, making judgments n verall attractiveness.”以及第三段“T evaluate lng-term dietary habits, the participants cmpleted detailed dietary infrmatin was used t calculate (计算) the glycemic lad and energy intake fr these meals, prviding a cmprehensive (全面的) picture f their usual refined carbhydrate cnsumptin.”，这两段详细描述了研究过程中对参与者的安排、评估方式以及如何评估长期饮食习惯，说明了研究方法。
2．第二段明确提到：“Upn arrival, they were assigned t cnsume ne f tw types f breakfasts having the same calric values”，这直接说明研究人员让两种早餐的卡路里量保持相同。
3．第四段说明研究发现：“The researchers explained that this culd be related t the physilgical (生理学的) effects f lw bld sugar, such as changes in skin bld flw and clur, which happen fllwing the cnsumptin f high-glycemic fds.”，这表明血糖的急剧反应 (食用高血糖食物后) 可能与面部吸引力的降低有关，即急剧的血糖反应可能会降低吸引力。
4．最后一段指出写作目的：“Further research is needed t understand the brader scial implicatins (暗示) f diet, which culd prvide valuable insights int the cmplex interplay (相互作用) between diet, bilgy, and scial behaviur.”，这说明作者写这篇文章的主要目的是探索饮食、生物学和社会行为之间的复杂联系。
Children are brn with the curisity t explre. Yet ver time they are becming less curius abut science. Why? This lss f interest may be partly the result f language cues (提示) children hear. And these cues dn’t cme just frm parents; they can als cme frm schl teachers wh treat science as an identity rather than actins.
When talking t children, many adults might say things like “Let’s be scientists tday” r “Yu’re such a gd scientist”. But this kind f identity-fcused language, which fcuses n science as an identity rather than activities and actins that peple d, can be demralizing fr yung children— in ther wrds, it can lwer their cnfidence and make them less willing t engage in science activities. One study shwed that children as yung as fur, especially girls, kept their interest lnger when their cue t participate in science activities was “Let’s d science” rather than “Let’s be scientists.”
One pssibility is that when thinking f a scientist, children might picture a white man. If they dn’t share that identity, they lse interest in an activity designed fr “scientists.” This steretypical (刻板印象的) belief that science is reserved (保留) fr nly certain kinds f peple emerges surprisingly early. By the first grade, when asked t draw a scientist, children tend t draw a white man.
The gd news is that language cues can als be directed t prmte engagement with science. Describing science as actins that we take, fr example, seems t prtect yung children’s interest in science ver time. But it’s als true that teenagers are actively trying n and ultimately (最终) frming different identities fr themselves. S in cntrast t its demralizing effects n yung children, identity-fcused language may help teens stay interested in science. In anther study, cueing a future identity based n science (such as “scientist” r “dctr”) mtivated middle schlers t d mre hmewrk and was assciated with higher grades.
Cnsequently, adults had better use different language cues fr children f different age grups t maintain their curisity abut science.
1．What des the underlined wrd “demralizing” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．unnecessaryB．impliteC．discuragingD．unfair
2．Why was actin-fcused language especially effective fr yung girls?
A．Because it avids identity cnflict in girls’ minds.
B．Because steretypical belief is reserved fr girls.
C．Because it enhances girls’ engagement in science.
D．Because it shws the activity is designed fr girls.
3．Which f the fllwing culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Why Is Actin Better than Identity?
B．Hw D Parents Raise Yung Scientists?
C．Hw Des Age Affect Science Learning?
D．What Affects Children’s Interest in Science?
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D
【导语】本文探讨了语言提示对不同年龄段孩子科学兴趣的影响，指出应根据年龄差异使用合适的语言以维持孩子的好奇心。
1．第二段指出：“this kind f identity-fcused be demralizing fr yung children— in ther wrds, it can lwer their cnfidence and make them less willing t engage in science activities.”，破折号后的内容是对“demralizing”的解释，即“降低自信、减少参与意愿”，与“discuraging”（令人气馁的）意思一致。
2．第二段提到：“One study shwed that children as yung as fur, especially girls, kept their interest lnger when their cue t participate in science activities was ‘Let’s d science’ rather than ‘Let’s be scientists.’”，第三段进一步解释原因：“When thinking f a scientist, children might picture a white man. If they dn't share that identity, they lse interest...”，说明女孩对“成为科学家”缺乏认同感，而“做科学”则避免了这种身份冲突，从而保持了兴趣。
3．全文围绕“什么因素影响孩子对科学的兴趣”展开，因此，标题应概括这一核心问题。
The Attentin Ecnmy: What Are We Really Paying With?
We ften hear that “if yu’re nt paying fr a prduct, then yu are the prduct.” This saying is at the heart f the attentin ecnmy. In this digital age, many f the services we enjy nline are free. Scial media platfrms, search engines, and vide apps dn’t charge us mney. Instead, their business is built n getting and selling ur attentin t advertisers.
Think abut it. The mre time yu spend n an app, the mre advertisements yu see. Yur attentin is gathered, measured and turned int a prduct that is sld t businesses. This mdel has created sme f the wrld’s largest cmpanies. Hwever, the cst f these “free” services might be higher than we realize.
The real price we pay is nt in dllars, but in ur fcus and time. T keep ur attentin, these platfrms are designed t be highly engaging. They use special parts like never-ending scrlling (滑动屏幕) and messages made just fr yu t make it hard fr us t leave. Engineers wrk hard t create habits, encuraging us t check ur phnes again and again thrughut the day. Sme apps even use clrs and sunds specifically chsen t keep us watching r playing lnger than we planned.
This nn-stp need fr ur attentin can have bad effects. Studies shw that it can becme harder fr us t fcus n deep wrk r enjy real-wrld mments withut being stpped. Our time, which is limited and valuable, can slip away withut us nticing. We might find urselves mindlessly scrlling instead f ding smething we truly care abut, like reading a bk, learning a skill, r talking with family. This can even affect ur md, smetimes making us feel anxius r unhappy after lng perids f use.
The effect ges beynd single peple. When attentin becmes the main gal, the quality f infrmatin can suffer. What we see nline that is surprising, angry, r t simple ften gets mre clicks than cmplex, balanced news. This can change hw we see the wrld and discuss imprtant prblems. Als, fr yung peple whse brains are still grwing, learning t cntrl their attentin is a very imprtant skill that nn-stp digital distractins can make harder t learn.
We can als take practical actin. We can turn ff unnecessary messages, set time limits fr app use, and schedule perids f the day fr fcused wrk r relaxatin withut any digital distractins (让人分心的事物，干扰). A break frm digital devices fr a few hurs, r even a full day during the weekend, can help reset ur fcus. By ding this, we take back cntrl. We decide where ur attentin ges, instead f letting tech cmpanies decide fr us. Schls can als play a rle by teaching students abut hw t understand and use nline infrmatin well and hw t manage their nline time effectively.
In the end, understanding the attentin ecnmy empwers us t make better chices. By being mre mindful f hw we use technlgy, we can prtect ur mst valuable resurce—ur attentin—and use it in ways that truly enrich ur lives, build deeper cnnectins with thers, and help ur persnal grwth.
1．Why des the writer mentin the saying “if yu’re nt are the prduct” in Paragraph 1?
A．T intrduce a cmmn business mdel.
B．T explain why nline services are expensive.
C．T shw that nline prducts are lw-quality.
D．T encurage peple t pay fr their apps.
2．What des the wrd “engaging” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Easy t use.B．Free t access.
C．Interesting and attractive.D．Difficult t understand.
3．Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing is a way t prtect ur attentin?
A．Using nly the mst ppular scial media apps.
B．Spending mre mney n digital services.
C．Turning ff ntificatins fr sme apps.
D．Sharing persnal data with advertisers.
4．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Histry f Scial Media
B．The Business f Yur Attentin
C．Hw t Create Successful Apps
D．Why We Need Free Online Services
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要探讨了注意力经济这一现象，指出在数字时代，许多在线服务看似免费，实则通过获取和出售用户的注意力来盈利。文章分析了这种商业模式对个人和社会的影响，并提出了保护注意力的方法。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“This saying is at the heart f the attentin ecnmy. In this digital age, many f the services we enjy nline are free. Scial media platfrms, search engines, and vide apps dn’t charge us mney. Instead, their business is built n getting and selling ur attentin t advertisers.”可知，作者提到“如果你不付费，那么你就是产品”这句话是为了引出注意力经济的核心，即许多在线服务通过获取和出售用户的注意力来盈利，这是一种常见的商业模式。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“T keep ur attentin, these platfrms are designed t be highly engaging. They use special parts like never-ending scrlling and messages made just fr yu t make it hard fr us t leave.”可知，为了保持用户的注意力，这些平台被设计得非常吸引人，使用户难以离开。因此，“engaging”在这里的意思是“有趣且吸引人的”。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“We can turn ff unnecessary messages, set time limits fr app use, and schedule perids f the day fr fcused wrk r relaxatin withut any digital distractins.”可知，关闭一些应用程序的通知是保护我们注意力的一种方法。故选C。
4．最佳标题题。文章主要探讨了注意力经济这一现象，指出许多在线服务通过获取和出售用户的注意力来盈利，并分析了这种商业模式对个人和社会的影响。因此，最符合文章主旨的标题是“你的注意力的生意”。故选B。
The Pwer f “Nt Yet”: Hw Yur Mindset Shapes Yur Grwth
Have yu ever failed a test and thught, “I’m just nt gd at this subject”? Or have yu faced a difficult task and said, “I can’t d this”? If s, yu might be using a “fixed mindset”. But there is anther way f thinking that can help yu learn and grw: it’s called a “grwth mindset”.
What is the Difference?
Peple with a fixed mindset believe that their basic abilities, like their intelligence r talent fr sprts, are fixed traits. They think they are brn with a certain amunt, and that’s it. Therefre, they ften want t appear smart and avid challenges where they might fail. Fr them, failure means they are nt smart r gd enugh.
On the ther hand, peple with a grwth mindset believe that their abilities can be develped thrugh hard wrk, gd strategies, and help frm thers. They see challenges as pprtunities t learn. They understand that nt being able t d smething nw desn’t mean they will never be able t d it. This is the pwer f adding the wrd “yet” t yur thughts. “I can’t slve this math prblem” becmes “I haven’t learned hw t slve this math prblem yet.”
Hw Des a Grwth Mindset Help?
This way f thinking changes hw yu react t difficulties. A student with a grwth mindset wh fails a test might think, “I need t try a different way f studying r ask my teacher fr help.” They see effrt as the path t getting better. Because they are nt afraid t try hard things, their abilities actually grw ver time. They build greater cnfidence because they have seen themselves imprve thrugh practice.
Can Yu Change Yur Mindset?
The gd news is that mindsets are nt fixed; yu can change yurs. It starts with paying attentin t yur inner vice. When yu hear yurself saying “I can’t,” add that magic wrd “yet.” Celebrate the prcess f learning, nt just the final result. Praise yurself and thers fr effrt and strategies, nt just fr being “smart. ” When yu face a setback, instead f giving up, ask yurself, “What can I learn frm this? What strategy can I try next?”
Scientists have fund that when students learn abut the grwth mindset, their grades ften imprve. Mre imprtantly, they becme mre mtivated and resilient. Adpting a grwth mindset desn’t mean yu will be gd at everything. It means yu believe yu can get better at anything with time and effrt. This pwerful idea can unlck yur ptential and help yu n yur jurney f learning.
1．Accrding t the passage, hw wuld a persn with a grwth mindset mst likely react t a difficult challenge?
A．They wuld avid it t prevent failure.
B．They wuld see it as a chance t learn smething new.
C．They wuld believe it prves their lack f ability.
D．They wuld feel upset and give up quickly.
2．What is the main purpse f the paragraph 5?
A．T explain why sme peple are brn smarter than thers.
B．T prvide practical advice n develping a grwth mindset.
C．T list the disadvantages f having a fixed mindset.
D．T shw the scientific research behind different mindsets.
3．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Imprtance f High Intelligence
B．Learning t Celebrate Yur Successes
C．Hw Yur Thinking Can Help Yu Grw
D．Why Failure Is Always a Bad Thing
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C
【导语】本文介绍了成长型思维（grwth mindset）与固定型思维（fixed mindset）的区别，阐述了成长型思维如何帮助人们应对挑战、实现成长，并提供了培养成长型思维的实用建议。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ with a grwth mindset…see challenges as pprtunities t learn.”可知，拥有成长型思维的人会将挑战视为学习新事物的机会。故选B。
2．主旨大意题。第五段“Can Yu Change Yur Mindset?”提供了培养成长型思维的具体方法，如在“我不能”后加上“yet”、关注学习过程、从挫折中学习等，目的是提供培养成长型思维的实用建议。故选B。
3．最佳标题题。文章核心论点是“你的思维方式如何塑造你的成长”，与标题“Hw Yur Thinking Can Help Yu Grw”高度契合。故选C。
When the wrd exercise is seen r heard, mst peple think f the physical labr it invlves, but there is s much mre t it. Exercise is mre than just a twenty-minute run. Exercising is ne f the mst imprtant things smene can d t take care f themselves and their bdies. The benefits f exercise include mre than just physical, but als emtinal and health benefits.
Exercise has psitive effects n the brain’s functins. Exercise decreases anxiety, which is the bdy’s natural respnse t stress. Nrepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素), which invlves levels f stress, can be mderated (缓解) with exercise because exercise increases the amunts f it.
Exercise imprves brain health. The brain is the center f cntrl fr the bdy’s entire sense f functining, and withut it all that wuld be left is muscles and bnes. The mental health is linked t exercise. Mental health can be strengthened by physical activity whether it is a casual walk in the park, r heavy weightlifting training. Exercise imprves psitive bdy images when increasing self-esteem, and helps increase the verall self-image. The emtinal and mental benefits frm exercise are vital and nly grwing, as mre is being discvered abut the brain’s functins.
Exercise is cmplex, and cnstantly changing. The physical benefits f flexibility (灵活性), muscular strength and muscular endurance (肌肉耐力) are all imprtant t creating a healthy bdy. The health benefits frm exercise range frm heart t immune system, and mre are being discvered every day t help increase ne’s life. Exercise is nt limited t just the gym, but an entire existence. The cmbinatin f benefits is what makes exercise s primary. Exercise is ne f the mst imprtant activities smene can intrduce int their lives. A walk arund a neighburhd, r training fr a team, any effrt twards getting yur heart rate ging makes a difference. Exercise is universal and beneficial t everyne.

1．What can we learn frm the first paragraph?
A．Mst peple dn’t pay much attentin t exercise.
B．Running is a very gd kind f exercise.
C．Exercise benefits peple in several ways.
D．We shuld care fr urselves when exercising.
2．Which f the fllwing is TRUE abut nrepinephrine?
A．It affects brain’s functins negatively.B．It shws peple’s respnse t stress.
C．It can make peple frget anxiety.D．It can be raised by having exercise.
3．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Mental health’s effect n peple.B．Exercise’s effect n ur brain.
C．The imprtance f ur brain.D．The functins f ur brain.
4．What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A．Exercise is hardly a cmplex activity.B．Exercise can bring many benefits t peple.
C．Exercise shuld increase peple’s heart rate.D．Exercise shuld be changed cnstantly.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文主要讲述了锻炼不仅有身体益处，还对大脑功能和情绪健康有积极作用，且锻炼形式多样、对所有人有益。
1．细节理解题。根据“The benefits f exercise include mre than just physical, but als emtinal and health benefits.”可知，锻炼有身体、情绪等多方面益处，故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据“Nrepinephrine... can be mderated with exercise because exercise increases the amunts f it.”可知，去甲肾上腺素的含量可以通过锻炼来增加，故选D。
3．主旨大意题。根据“Exercise imprves brain health.”及整段围绕锻炼对大脑健康、心理健康的积极作用展开可知，该段主要讲锻炼对大脑的影响，故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据“The physical benefits…are all imprtant t creating a healthy bdy. The health benefits frm exercise range frm heart t immune system…Exercise is universal and beneficial t everyne.”可推知，锻炼能给人们带来诸多益处，故选B。
Sunshine des make peple happier. Imagine hw cheerful yu are when it clears up after lng cld rainy days. Yu may want t run utside, breathe the fresh air, r just sit n a bench and feel the warm light n yur face. Let’s discver the science behind sunlight.
Sunlight causes yur bdy t prduce a chemical called sertnin (血清素). When yu are in the sun, yur bdy makes mre sertnin. Higher levels f sertnin keep yu in gd spirits—yu’ll feel mre active and less likely t feel dwn. At night, when there is little r n light, yur bdy prduces anther chemical—melatnin (褪黑激素). It helps yur bdy relax and makes yu feel tired, which prepares yu fr a gd night’s sleep. Yu need t keep a gd balance between these tw chemicals t stay healthy and happy.
Hwever, fr many peple, balancing sunlight and darkness is nt easy. Peple wh stay indrs a lt, like ffice wrkers r students wh study at hme all day, may nt get enugh sunlight. The light inside a huse is usually abut 100 times dimmer (更昏暗的) than that utside n a sunny day. That’s why experts (专家) suggest peple shuld g utside in the sunshine as much as pssible. Even a 15-minute walk in the sun can help—yu can get sme exercise, enjy fresh air, and lift yur md all at the same time.
There are places where it gets dark fr a lng time in winter. Peple living there are mre likely t get seasnal affective disrder (SAD季节性情绪紊乱). Thse with SAD ften feel lw in energy, sad, r even lse interest in things they used t enjy. T help imprve their mds, the mst cmmn treatment is that they sit under bright man-made lights instead f natural sunlight fr a while each day.
The rles sunshine plays in ur lives are mre than these. Fr example, yur bdy makes Vitamin D frm sunlight, which is imprtant fr strng bnes and a healthy system. It als helps yur skin fight ff harmful bacteria (细菌). Besides, sunlight can make utdr spaces feel warmer and mre inviting, s we ften want t meet friends r play sprts utside n sunny days. In fact, there is mre interesting science abut sunlight waiting fr yu t discver.

1．What chemical des sunlight help the human bdy prduce?
A．Melatnin.B．Sertnin.C．Vitamin.D．Harmful bacteria.
2．Why d experts suggest peple ften g utside in the sunshine?
A．Because sunlight kills all skin bacteria.
B．Because utdr stay makes us mre sleepy.
C．Because utdr walking lses weight fast.
D．Because indr light is much dimmer than sunlight.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Vitamin D made frm sunlight is useless fr human bnes.
B．It’s easy fr many peple t balance sunlight and darkness.
C．Peple with SAD can nly be treated with natural light frm the sun.
D．Peple need t balance sertnin and melatnin fr health and happiness.
4．What might be the best title fr the passage?
A．Relatinships Between Sunlight and Vitamin D
B．Seasnal Affective Disrder and Its Treatment
C．The Science Behind Why We Lve Sunshine
D．Differences Between Sertnin and Melatnin
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了阳光对人体的多种影响，包括促进血清素分泌、调节睡眠、缓解季节性情绪紊乱、合成维生素D等背后的科学原理。
1．细节理解题。根据“Sunlight causes yur bdy t prduce a chemical called sertnin (血清素).”可知，阳光帮助人体产生血清素。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据“The light inside a huse is usually abut 100 times dimmer (昏暗的) than that utside n a sunny day. That’s why experts (专家) suggest peple shuld g utside in the sunshine as much as pssible.”可知，专家建议多去户外的原因是室内光线比阳光暗很多。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据“Yu need t keep a gd balance between these tw chemicals t stay healthy and happy.”可知，人们需要平衡血清素和褪黑素这两种物质以维持健康和快乐。故选D。
4．最佳标题题。根据“Let’s discver the science behind sunlight.”及全文可知，本文主要介绍了阳光对人体的多种影响，包括促进血清素分泌、调节睡眠、缓解季节性情绪紊乱、合成维生素D等背后的科学原理，C选项“我们为什么喜爱阳光背后的科学原理”符合最佳标题。故选C。
Fr the past 50 years, the highest-paying jbs have fcused n knwledge wrk—especially in science, technlgy and analytics. But the rapid rise f generative AI is beginning t change that. Cmpanies are already cnsidering replacing certain white-cllar rles with AI. This change raises an imprtant questin: Will the future ecnmy still need as many human wrkers?
The impact (影响，冲击) affects nt nly future wrkers but als teachers and parents. Fr years, schls have fcused n getting students ready fr cgnitive jbs (认知型工作). Nw, with AI’s develpment, we need t decide which skills students truly need.
In the past, machines tk ver simple physical tasks. But nw, AI can write, create cde, and prcess infrmatin in ways that seem human. As a result, sme beginner-level knwledge jbs may decrease. Hwever, AI still struggles with tasks that require deep reasning, empathy (同理心), r dealing with new situatins. It cannt truly understand human feelings.
That’s why “sft skills” will becme mre imprtant than ever. Cllabratin (协作), emtinal awareness and creative prblem-slving are difficult fr AI t learn. The gd news is that these skills can be taught in schls tgether with traditinal subjects such as math and reading.
Fr example, teachers can use reflectin (反思) exercises t help students recgnize their wn feelings. Tasks like “Write abut a time yu helped smene tday” r “Describe hw yu slved a hard prblem” encurage self-awareness and empathy.
Students can als practice slving pen-ended, real-wrld prblems such as designing a scial campaign (宣传活动) r discussing histrical decisins. These activities help develp flexible (灵活的) thinking and teamwrk—skills that AI cannt cpy.
A new challenge is that students may depend n AI t cmplete tasks, bypassing (绕过) the learning prcess. But true understanding requires effrt. Teachers shuld stress the value f slwer learning—thrugh handwriting and hands-n prjects—s that students can learn key skills befre using AI tls.
N ne knws hw AI will change the jb market. Hwever, the mst imprtant lessn schls can teach is this: Dn’t let shrtcuts (捷径) replace learning. Human abilities—especially the ability t wrk with thers t slve difficult prblems will always matter.
1．Cmpared with earlier machines, what is special abut AI?
A．It can d sme cgnitive jbs.
B．It can finish wrk n its wn.
C．It can understand human emtins.
D．It can take the place f physical wrk.
2．What can teachers d t help students build key skills?
A．Shw the imprtance f slwer learning.
B．Encurage students t d mre exercises.
C．Reduce the teaching f traditinal subjects.
D．Stp students frm using AI t d hmewrk.
3．Hw des the writer feel abut the future f human wrkers?
A．Wrried.B．Optimistic.C．Dubtful.D．Uncaring.
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B
【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了生成式AI兴起对传统知识型工作的冲击，并强调了未来人类在协作、同理心、创造性解决问题等“软技能”方面的重要性，以及教育应如何适应这一变化。
1．细节理解题。根据“In the past, machines tk ver simple physical tasks. But nw, AI can write, create cde, and prcess infrmatin in ways that seem human.”可知，与早期的机器（承担体力工作）不同，AI的特殊之处在于它可以做一些认知性的工作。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据“Teachers shuld stress the value f slwer learning—thrugh handwriting and hands-n prjects—s that students can learn key skills befre using AI tls.”可知，老师可以向学生展示缓慢学习（如手写和动手实践）的重要性，从而帮助他们掌握关键技能。故选A。
3．观点态度题。根据最后一段“Hwever, the mst imprtant lessn schls can teach is this: Dn’t let shrtcuts replace learning. Human abilities—especially the ability t wrk with thers t slve difficult prblems will always matter.”可知，作者认为人类在协作解决复杂问题等方面的能力将始终重要，这表明作者对人类工作者未来的作用持乐观态度。故选B。
When it cmes t persnal change, mst peple fcus n behavir, such as exercising mre, eating healthier, and setting bigger gals. But real change can als begin with the way yu talk t yurself—the inner dialgue that quietly but pwerfully shapes yur self-cncept (自我概念).
Psychlgists (心理学家) describe self-cncept as the set f beliefs that a persn hlds abut wh they are. These beliefs act like an inner blueprint that guides yur feelings, chices, and behavir. Yur self-cncept is nt fixed. It is malleable, especially when yu becme aware f the influences that shape it. And ne f the biggest influences is the inner dialgue.
Yur inner dialgue, r self-talk, is like the narratr (叙述者) f yur persnal stry. Each time yu think “I can’t d this,” yu add t that stry, and ver time, these repeated messages can feel like a natural part f yur self-cncept. Mre imprtantly, this inner stry directly shapes yur actins and results. Fr example, a by keeps telling himself “I’m nt gd at public speaking.” This makes him avid speaking up r feel very nervus during presentatins. He then sees any difficulty as a sign that his belief is true. His inner stry hlds him back, even thugh he wishes t change.
If yu want t change yur self-cncept, yu must start by changing yur inner stry n purpse. This desn’t mean mindlessly repeating psitive statements yu dn’t believe. It means carefully creating a mre encuraging, truthful stry abut wh yu are—and wh yu are becming.
Here are sme ways t start changing yur inner dialgue.
·Pay clse attentin t the repeated statements yu make abut yurself. Are they empwering r limiting? What yu say repeatedly becmes part f yur self-cncept.
·Be mindful f the statements that fllw “I am” and “I can.” These phrases shape hw yu view yurself and what yu believe is pssible. Chse language that supprts wh yu want t becme.
·Create simple, believable statements that paint a picture f wh yu want t becme. Fr example, turn “I am terrible with peple” int “I am learning t cnnect with thers.” Then, lk fr real facts—frm present r past experiences—that supprt yur new stry.
Changing yur self-cncept isn’t abut acting like smene yu’re nt. It’s abut recgnizing that yu already have the pwer t be mre than the ld stries yu’ve been telling yurself. Start with yur inner dialgue. That’s where real change begins.
1．What des the wrd “malleable” in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A．Able t change.B．Hard t explain.C．Quick t frm.D．Free t explre.
2．Why des the writer use the example f a by in Paragraph 3?
A．T intrduce what inner dialgue is.B．T shw the effects f inner dialgue.
C．T explain the reasn fr aviding challenges.D．T give advice n expressing a persnal stry.
3．Which f the fllwing wuld the writer mst prbably agree with?
A．Daily actins shape self-cncept the mst.
B．Self-cncept changes naturally n its wn ver time.
C．Inner dialgue can be shaped withut cnsidering the past.
D．Self-cncept change starts with purpseful inner dialgue.
4．What is the writer’s main purpse in writing this passage?
A．T prve that psitive self-talk leads t success.
B．T discuss influential wrds in building self-cncept.
C．T encurage persnal change thrugh psitive self-talk.
D．T cmpare the influence f self-cncept with that f self-talk.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是说明文。围绕自我概念展开，说明其并非固定，可通过刻意改变内心对话来转变，强调内在对话对自我改变的关键作用。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Yur self-cncept is nt fixed. It is malleable...”可知，你的自我概念不是固定的，它是malleable。由此可知，malleable在这里意为“可改变的”，和前文的“nt fixed”对应。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Mre imprtantly, this inner stry directly shapes yur actins and results. Fr example, a by...”可知，用男孩的例子来具体展示内在对话如何影响行为和结果，所以这个例子是为了展示内在对话的影响。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段首句“If yu want t change yur self-cncept, yu must start by changing yur inner stry n purpse.”可知，如果你想改变自我概念，你就必须开始有意识地去改变内心想法。由此可推出作者可能同意“自我概念的改变始于有意识的内心对话。”故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开头提出真正的改变可以从内在对话开始，中间介绍了内在对话的影响，最后给出改变内在对话的方法，整体目的是鼓励人们通过积极的自我对话来实现个人改变。故选C。
Think abut the night in a city. It is never fully dark because f the lights frm streetlamps and buildings. But this cmes at a cst fr nature. A new study by scientists Neil Gilbert and Brent Pease shws that the artificial light is making birds sing fr almst an hur lnger every day.
The tw researchers were shcked by this increase. “The effect was mre serius than we thught,” said Gilbert.
Past research has shwn that artificial light brings prblems t wildlife. Birds that migrate (迁徙) at night can get lst because f the light. This can cause them t fly int buildings, and they may get hurt r even die.
The cycle between day and night plays a part in cntrlling behavir and physical changes in sme birds. Artificial light can mess with these natural rhythms (规律). That can change the timing f bird sleep. Sme studies have shwn that certain birds becme active earlier in the day in light-plluted areas.
Gilbert and Pease wanted t knw hw light affects (影响) birds in mre places. Using a huge cllectin f bird calls frm a wrldwide prject, they studied the daily start and end times f sngs frm 583 different kinds f birds and cmpared thse times t the lcal light-pllutin levels. They fund that in the brightest places, birds sang an average 50 minutes lnger than in the darkest places—abut 18 minutes mre in the mrning and 32 minutes in the evening. The researchers als fund that light’s effects were especially nticeable fr birds with larger eyes. This may be because such birds feel the light mre easily. It’s still unclear whether this extra singing is harmful t birds. “It might mess up their sleep”, says Gilbert. “But it culd give birds mre time t find fd t feed their yung”.
The findings shw just hw much peple can have an effect n wildlife withut meaning t. “We mre r less let ur lights fld mindlessly int the night”, Pease says. “Yet these lights are quietly changing the lives f animals all arund us.”
1．What was the main finding f Gilbert and Pease’s new study?
A．Artificial light makes birds sing mre ludly.
B．Artificial light helps migrating birds find the way.
C．Artificial light causes birds t sing lnger each day.
D．Artificial light leads t mre daytime sleep in birds.
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．Why light pllutin is increasing in cities.
B．Hw artificial light changes birds’ daily cycles.
C．What can be dne t reduce artificial light at night.
D．Hw scientists cntrl behavir changes in sme birds.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Birds sing lnger in dark than in bright areas.
B．The extra singing is mre helpful than harmful.
C．Artificial light has a greater effect n big-eyed birds.
D．Mrning sng mainly helps birds t find mre fd.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C
【导语】本文探讨了城市人工灯光对鸟类行为的影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“the artificial light is making birds sing fr almst an hur lnger every day”可知，人工灯光使鸟类每天唱歌时间延长近一小时。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The cycle between day and night plays a part in cntrlling behavir… Artificial light can mess with these natural rhythms…”可知，第四段的核心内容是人工灯光如何干扰鸟类的自然昼夜节律。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“light’s effects were especially nticeable fr birds with larger eyes”可知，灯光的影响对大眼睛鸟类更明显，因为它们更容易感知光线。故选C。
Lard, which is made frm prk fat by heating and cling, is ften viewed as unhealthy il because it has a lt f saturated fat. But new ideas say it might have benefits fr yu if yu just eat a little, as part f a healthy, balanced diet.
Lard is rich in mnunsaturated (单不饱和的) fats which are als fund in live il. They are cnnected with heart health benefits such as imprved chlesterl (胆固醇) levels and reduced inflammatin (炎症) when lard is used t replace refined carbhydrates (精制碳水) in the diet. Lard has vitamin D and mega-9 fatty acids, and its saturated fat cntent can pssibly give yu energy and make yu feel full, which might help in weight management by reducing verall calrie intake. In sme traditinal fds like Mexican and Spanish dishes, lard is valued fr imprving the taste and quality f fd.
A study reprted an interesting experiment with mice. Researchers cmpared lard with ther cking ils like tea seed il and peanut il. They fund that mice eating the right amunt f lard were thinner—their ttal fat was less than that f thse eating certain vegetable ils. Lard wrks like a “fat fighter” by increasing a special thing in the bdy that breaks dwn fat int energy. It als calms dwn cells that cause inflammatin, keeping the bdy healthier.
There are a few factrs t keep in mind befre making it a regular part f yur cking. Lard has saturated fats, which may raise bad chlesterl levels in sme peple. And it’s nt suitable fr peple wh dn’t eat meat. Sme prcessed (加工的) lard may include unhealthy additives, and sme that’s been heavily prcessed usually delivers fewer nutrients. Overuse may als lead t an imbalanced fat intake.
Hw t use it wisely? Experts suggest adults use 25 t 30 grams f cking il daily, with lard making up half. We can mix lard with vegetable ils fr a balanced diet. Besides, nt all lard is the same, and the quality varies greatly depending n hw it’s surced and prcessed. Chsing high-quality, less prcessed lard prvides better nutritin and safer cking.
1．Accrding t Paragraph 2, mnunsaturated fat in lard ________.
A．causes heart health prblemsB．helps imprve chlesterl levels
C．is a type f refined carbhydrateD．increases inflammatin in the bdy
2．What is mentined abut lard in Paragraph 4?
A．The detailed steps f making lard.B．The related experiment f eating lard.
C．The cmmn cking methds fr lard.D．The cnsideratins fr the regular use f lard.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Lard is fit fr peple wh dn’t eat meat.
B．Adults shuld use 25 t 30 grams f lard daily.
C．Prcessed lard is mre nutritius than unprcessed lard.
D．Mixing lard with vegetable ils is suggested fr balanced eating.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D
【导语】本文主要介绍了猪油的营养特点、潜在益处、相关研究，以及日常食用时的注意事项和合理建议。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They are cnnected with heart health benefits such as imprved chlesterl levels and reduced inflammatin”可知，猪油中的单不饱和脂肪有助于改善胆固醇水平。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“There are a few factrs t keep in mind befre making it a regular part f yur cking.”可知，该段讲述了将猪油作为常规烹饪用油前的注意事项。故选D。
3．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合最后一段“We can mix lard with vegetable ils fr a balanced diet.”可知，为了饮食均衡，建议将猪油和植物油混合使用。故选D。
A trip t Mars wuld take abut eight mnths n a mdern spaceship. That might seem like a great pprtunity t catch up n yur sleep. But a recent experiment finds that peple may develp sleep prblems n a lng space jurney, r at least n the pretend trip in these tests.
“If we at sme pint really want t g t Mars and we want t send humans, then we need t knw hw they will cpe (处理) , nt just physically but als mentally,” Mathias Basner tld Science News. He is a sleep researcher at the University f Pennsylvania’s Perelman Schl f Medicine in Philadelphia. His team published its new findings in early January.
Their experiment was like a lng-running game f make-believe: Six men spent 520 days—a little mre than 74 weeks—n a pretend trip t Mars. In fact, they spent the entire time cnfined (封闭的) inside a small, windwless capsule in Mscw, Russia. The gal f this experiment was t learn hw peple wuld cpe with living in clse quarters, and facing the psychlgical pressure during travel t and frm the Red Planet.
During their trip, the travelers pretended t land n Mars, set up equipment, and carry ut science tests. Thrughut the pretend trip, ther scientists were cllecting data n their sleep, activity levels, md, and cgnitive functin.
Each participant wre a device n his wrist. Once every minute, that device recrded the man’s mtins. Frm these data, Basner’s team fund that the vlunteers were less active and slept mre as the missin cntinued. During the last 18. 5 weeks f the trial, mst participants were sleeping mre each day than they had during the first 18. 5 weeks.
Fur f the men als develped sleep prblems. One man’s natural sleep cycle shifted frm a rughly 24-hur day t almst 25 hurs lng. By cincidence, that time is clser t the length f a day n Mars. This meant that he was smetimes awake when his members were asleep, and vice versa. Anther ne f the six pretend travelers slept less ver time. Tests shwed that he became less alert (警觉的) .
Messing with sleep can have serius cnsequences, says Jeffrey Suttn. He’s a dctr and scientist wh wrked n the study and als directs the Center fr Space Medicine at the Baylr Cllege f Medicine in Hustn.
“When yu are ding high-risk behavir in space, a perfrmance deficit can be life threatening,” he tld Science News, nting that even small mistakes culd have extremely terrible results in the severe envirnment f space.
The decrease in activity fund by Basner’s team culd als prve prblematic in space, says Suttn. He suggests that astrnauts may need t fllw stricter exercise t stay healthy and maintain their sleep patterns during lng space jurneys.
1．Why was the experiment carried ut?
A．T test the safety in space travel.
B．T recrd the length f a day n Mars.
C．T explre lng space jurneys’ effects n humans.
D．T measure hw much sleep astrnauts need during the trip.
2．What the main prblem did sme travelers face during lng space jurney?
A．They lst their sense f time due t sleep disrders.
B．They had t be discnnected frm the utside wrld.
C．They suffered frm physical pain thrughut the jurney.
D．They experienced sleep cycle changes r prer sleep quality.
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Reduced activity and sleep disrders may cause safety prblems.
B．Cnfined envirnments in space have a psitive effect n human sleep.
C．A 25-hur sleep cycle is mre suitable fr astrnauts traveling t Mars.
D．Mst vlunteers were mre active during the last weeks f the experiment.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了一项关于长时间太空旅行对人类影响的实验。实验模拟了前往火星的长时间旅行，发现参与者出现睡眠问题，如睡眠周期改变和睡眠质量下降。文章强调了这些问题对太空任务安全的潜在影响，并提出了保持锻炼和睡眠模式的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The gal f this experiment was t learn hw peple wuld cpe with living in clse quarters, and facing the psychlgical pressure during travel t and frm the Red Planet.”可知，实验的目的是了解人们在长时间太空旅行中的心理和生理反应。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Fur f the men als develped sleep prblems. One man’s natural sleep cycle shifted frm a rughly 24-hur day t almst 25 hurs lng. Anther ne f the six pretend travelers slept less ver time.”可知，一些旅行者面临的主要问题是睡眠周期改变或睡眠质量下降。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“‘When yu are ding high-risk behavir in space, a perfrmance deficit can be life threatening,’ he tld Science News, nting that even small mistakes culd have extremely terrible results in the severe envirnment f space.”以及最后一段“The decrease in activity fund by Basner’s team culd als prve prblematic in space, says Suttn.”可知，活动减少和睡眠障碍可能引发安全问题。故选A。
There are certainly facts that actrs experience a mixture f their real self and their assumed (假定，设定) characters. Fr example, Benedict Cumberbatch said, “My mum says I’m much mre impatient with her when I’m filming Sherlck.”
Mark Setn, a researcher at the University f Sydney, has even cined the term “pst-dramatic stress disrder” t describe the lasting effects experienced by actrs wh lse themselves in a rle. “Actrs may ften lengthen habits f the characters they have represented,” he writes.
A recent finding desn’t invlve acting, and it shws that just spending sme time thinking abut anther persn seemed t rub ff n the vlunteers’ sense f self, led by Meghan Meyer at Princetn University. Acrss several studies, these researchers asked vlunteers t first scre their wn persnalities, memries r physical qualities, and then t perfrm the same task frm the perspective (角度，观点，想法) f anther persn. Fr example, they might scre the emtinality f varius persnal memries, and then rate (评估) hw a friend r relative wuld have experienced thse same events.
After taking the perspective f anther, the vlunteers scred themselves nce again; the finding was that their self-knwledge had changed— their self-scres had shifted (偏离) t becme mre similar t thse they’d given fr smene else. Fr example, if they had firstly said the trait term “cnfident” was nly reasnably related t themselves and then rated the term as being strngly related t a friend’s persnality, when they came t rescre themselves, they nw began t see themselves as mre cnfident. Surprisingly, this change f the self with anther was still clear even if a 24-hur gap was left between taking smene else’s perspective and re-rating neself.
“By simply thinking abut anther persn, we may adapt ur self t take the shape f that persn,” said Meyer and her clleagues. That ur sense f self shuld have this quality might be a little discuraging, especially fr anyne wh has struggled t build a firm sense f identity (身份，特性). Yet there is an ptimistic message here, t. The challenge f imprving urselves— r at least seeing urselves in a mre psitive light— might be a little easier than we thught. By rleplaying r acting ut the kind f persn we wuld like t becme, r simply by thinking abut and spending time with peple wh represent the kind f qualities we wuld like t see in urselves, we can find that ur sense f self changes in desirable ways.
“As each f us chses wh t befriend, wh t mdel, and wh t take n ntice f,” write Meyer and her clleagues, “we must make these decisins aware f hw they shape nt nly the fabric (结构) f ur scial netwrks, but even ur sense f wh we are.”
1．The first tw paragraphs mainly ________.
A．state that acting requires skillsB．explain the stress that an actr faces
C．shw that a rle has effects n the actrD．stress the imprtance f putting neself int a rle
2．The wrds “rub ff n” in Paragraph 3 are clsest in meaning t ________.
A．influenceB．strengthenC．prtectD．repair
3．Accrding t the study, taking the perspective f anther persn ________.
A．drives ne t better understand himself
B．brings changes t ne’s self-knwledge
C．helps peple deal with their identity prblems
D．prduces shrt-term effects n ne’s character
4．What is the writer’s main purpse in writing this passage?
A．T share a means t imprve urselves.
B．T ffer instructins n making friends.
C．T give advice n cntrlling ne’s emtins.
D．T present a way t deal with stress disrder.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文主要介绍了“角色代入会影响自我认知”的研究发现，以及这一发现对自我提升的启示。
1．主旨大意题。根据前两段“actrs experience a mixture f their real self and their assumed characters”“the lasting effects experienced by actrs wh lse themselves in a rle”可知，这两段主要说明角色会对演员产生影响。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据后文“their self-scres had shifted t becme mre similar t thse they’d given fr smene else”可知，站在他人角度思考会“影响”志愿者的自我认知，“rub ff n”与“influence”意思相近。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据“After taking the perspective f anther…their self-knwledge was nw changed”可知，站在他人角度思考会改变一个人的自我认知。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据“By rleplaying r acting ut the kind f persn we wuld like t becme…we can find that ur sense f self changes in desirable ways”可知，作者的主要目的是分享一种自我提升的方法。故选A。