高考英语二轮-阅读理解之说明文讲练测（高考真题+浙江名校模拟）教师版

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解之说明文讲练测（高考真题+浙江名校模拟）教师版，共42页。试卷主要包含了标题概括题重视三性，说明文长难句落实“括号法”--，满分策略等内容，欢迎下载使用。
目录
三年真题细目 1
满分答题妙招 1
三年真题演练 2
浙江名校模拟 18
三年真题考点细目
阅读理解说明文妙招
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。
七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
三年高考真题演练
真题演练01 (2024新课标I卷)
In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places – and even species – that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas. B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
真题演练02 (2024浙江1月卷)
On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (花暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
28. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
30. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
31. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.
【答案】28. B29. A30. C31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
真题演练03 (2024浙江1月卷)
The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
32. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
33. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
34. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read MreB. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
真题演练04 (2023新课标I卷)
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
28. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
29. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
30. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
31. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
29.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
30.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
31.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
真题演练05 (2023新课标I卷)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
【答案】32. B33. D34. C35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
32.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
真题演练06 (2023浙江1月卷)
A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, it can als utperfrm yu in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.
Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make. Such wrinkles will n dubt be irned ut, yet they als pint t a fundamental prblem. As Kristian Hammnd, prfessr f electrical engineering and cmputer science at Nrthwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knws what it’s talking abut.”
What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, als wrk with symbls. But fr humans, meaning is everything. When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate meaning. What matters is nt just the utside f a string f symbls, but the inside t, nt just hw they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins. It is this that distinguishes humans frm machines. And that’s why, hwever astnishing Prject Debater may seem, the traditin that began with Scrates and Cnfucius will nt end with artificial intelligence.
28. Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph?
A. T explain the use f a sftware prgram.
B. T shw the cleverness f Prject Debater.
C. T intrduce the designer f Prject Debater.
D. T emphasize the fairness f the cmpetitin.
29. What des the underlined wrd “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Arguments.B. Dubts.C. Errrs.D. Differences.
30. What is Prject Debater unable t d accrding t Hammnd?
A. Create rules.B. Cmprehend meaning.
C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult wrds.
31. What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A. Scial interactin is key t understanding symbls.
B. The human brain has ptential yet t be develped.
C. Ancient philsphers set gd examples fr debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
【答案】28. B29. C30. B31. A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Prject Debater的软件程序。
28.推理判断题。根据第一段的“Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.(上周，在旧金山的一场公开辩论中，一个名为Prject Debater的软件程序击败了它的人类对手，其中包括以色列前全国辩论冠军Na Ovadia。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Na Ovadia的目的是展示Prject Debater的聪明。故选B。
29.词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make.(尽管Prject Debater很聪明，但它也有一些弱点。它从文档库和预先构建的参数中提取句子，并将它们串在一起。这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误。)”和“will n dubt be irned ut(毫无疑问会被解决)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“这样的错误会被纠正，被解决”，划线词wrinkles的意思是“错误”，和errrs意思相近，故选C。
30.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant.(Hammnd所指的是意义的问题，而意义是区分最不聪明的人类和最聪明的机器的关键。计算机使用符号。它的程序指定了一组将一串符号转换为另一串符号的规则。但它并没有具体说明这些符号的含义。事实上，对于计算机来说，意义是无关紧要的。)”可知，根据Hammnd的说法，Prject Debater不能理解意义，故选B。
31.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins.(意义的产生是通过社会互动的过程，而不是计算的过程，这种互动塑造了我们头脑中符号的内容。赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，也存在于社会之外，存在于社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。)”可知，从最后一段我们能了解到社会互动是理解符号的关键。故选A。
真题演练07 (2023浙江1月卷)
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
真题演练08 (2022浙江6月卷)
All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
24. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
25. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
26. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
24.推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。
25.推理判断题。根据第三段的““We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
26.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
真题演练09 (2022浙江6月卷)
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
27. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
28. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
29. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
30. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】27. D 28. B 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
27.推理判断题。根据第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
28.词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
29.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
30.推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
真题演练10 (2022浙江1月卷)
The United States rse t glbal pwer n the strength f its technlgy, and the lifebld that technlgy has lng been electricity. By prviding lng-distance cmmunicatin and energy, electricity created the mdem wrld. Yet prperly understd, the age f electricity is merely the secnd stage in the age f steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins." writes Maury Klein in his bk The Pwer Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Mdem America. Klein, a nted histrian f technlgy, spins a narrative s lively that at times it reads like a nvel.
The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the wrld". Klein writes, "America did nt invent the steam engine, but nce they grasped its passwrds they put it t mre uses than anyne else. "
Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity. Mrse invented a cde fr sending messages ver an electrmagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a vice. Edisn perfected an incandescent bulls that brught electric light int the American hme.
Mst imprtantly, Edisn realized that success depended n mass electrificatin, which he shwed in New Yrk City. With help frm Tesla, Westinghuse's firm develped a system using alternating current, which sn became the majr frms f pwer delivery.
T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.
24. What is Klein's understanding f the age f electricity?
A. It is clsely linked t the steam age.B. It began earlier than prper thught.
C. It is a little-studied perid f histry.D. It will cme t an end sner r later.
25. What can be inferred abut Ned?
A. He was brn in New Yrk City.B. He wrte many increasing stries,
C. He created an electricity cmpany.D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
26. What is the text?
A. A bigraphy.B. A bk review.C. A shrt stry. D. A science reprt.
◆本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
24. 推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
25. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
26. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland”（这个故事开始于苏格兰18世纪最后几年）可知，这篇文章是一篇小故事。故选C。
真题演练11 (2022浙江1月卷)
The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there’s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list. New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, said: "These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia. "
Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t measure their peak（最大值的）cardivascular capacity. The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level, r 120 watts r higher. A ttal f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; and 59 wmen were in the lw fitness categry, defined as a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less, r having their exercise tests stpped because f high bld pressure, chest pain r ther cardivascular prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades. During that time, 44 f the wmen develped dementia. Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia, cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant." She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied, all f whm were frm Sweden, s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
27. What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
A. Psitive effects f ding exercises.
B. Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies n diseases.
D. Advantages f sprty wman ver man
28. Why did the researchers ask the wman t d bicycle exercise?
A. T predict their maximum heart rate.
B. T assess their cardivascular capacity
C. T change their habits f wrking ut
D. T detect their ptential health prblems
29. What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
A. It aimed t find a cure fr dementia.
B. Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
C. Sme participants withdrew frm it.
D. The results were far frm satisfactry.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C. Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
D. Biking Imprves Wmen's Cardivascular Fitness
◆这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。
27. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。
28. 细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t measure their peak cardivascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。
29. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。
30. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。
浙江名校开学考试模拟
名校模拟01（24-25高三上·浙江宁波·开学考试）
The Nbel Prize is ne f the mst prestigius awards in the wrld. It was established by Alfred Nbel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventr. Nbel was knwn fr inventing dynamite. Hwever, he was cncerned abut hw his inventins culd be used fr destructive purpses in war. Thus, in his will, he stipulated that his frtune be used t establish prizes in physics, chemistry, physilgy r medicine, literature, and peace.
The first Nbel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Since then, the Nbel Prize has been awarded t cuntless utstanding individuals wh have made significant cntributins t their respective fields. The Nbel Prize in Physics and Chemistry ften recgnizes revlutinary discveries and advancements in science. The Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnrs breakthrughs in the understanding and treatment f diseases. The Nbel Prize in Literature rewards utstanding literary wrks that have a prfund impact n humanity. The Nbel Peace Prize is given t thse wh have wrked tirelessly t prmte peace and reslve cnflicts.
Winning a Nbel Prize is nt nly a great hnr but als brings attentin t the imprtant wrk being dne in varius fields. It inspires future generatins f scientists, writers, and peacemakers t strive fr excellence and make the wrld a better place.
1. Wh established the Nbel Prize?
A. A Swedish physicist.B. A Swedish chemist.
C. A Swedish engineer.D. A Swedish inventr.
2. What was Alfred Nbel knwn fr inventing?
A. Gunpwder.B. Dynamite.C. Electricity.D. The telephne.
3. Hw many fields des the Nbel Prize cver?
A. Three.B. Fur.C. Five.D. Six.
4. Which field des the Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnr?
A. Discveries in physics.B. Breakthrughs in treating diseases.
C. Outstanding literary wrks.D. Effrts t prmte peace.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诺贝尔奖的设立以及发展。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“It was established by Alfred Nbel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventr. (它是由瑞典化学家、工程师和发明家阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔创立的。)”可知，一位瑞典化学家设立了诺贝尔奖。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Nbel was knwn fr inventing dynamite. (诺贝尔因发明炸药而闻名。)”可知，阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔因发明了炸药而闻名。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Thus, in his will, he stipulated that his frtune be used t establish prizes in physics, chemistry, physilgy r medicine, literature, and peace. (因此，在他的遗嘱中，他规定他的财产将用于设立物理学、化学、生理学或医学、文学和和平奖。)”可知，诺贝尔奖涵盖5个领域。故选C。
4. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The Nbel Prize in Physilgy r Medicine hnrs breakthrughs in the understanding and treatment f diseases. (诺贝尔生理学或医学奖表彰在理解和治疗疾病方面的突破。)”可知，诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予在疾病治疗方面取得突破。故选B。
（23-24高三下·浙江金华·开学考试）The term “Hudsn River schl” was applied t the fremst representatives f nineteenth-century Nrth American landscape painting. Apparently unknwn during the glden days f the American landscape mvement, which began arund 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudsn River schl seems t have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result f the struggle between the ld and the new generatins f artists each t assert its wn style as the representative American art. The lder painters, mst f whm were brn befre 1835, practiced in a mde ften self-taught and mnplized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fstered by the reigning American art rganizatin, the Natinal Academy f Design.
The yunger painters returning hme frm training in Eurpe wrked mre with figural subject matter and in a bld and impressinistic technique; their prspects fr patrnage in their wn cuntry were uncertain, and they sught t attract it by attaining academic recgnitin in New Yrk. One f the results f the cnflict between the tw factins was that what in previus years had been referred t as the American, native, r, ccasinally New Yrk schl — the mst representative schl f American art in any genre — had by 1890s becme firmly established in the minds f critics and public alike as the Hudsn River schl.
The sbriquet was first applied arund 1879. While it was nt intended as flattering, it was hardly inapprpriate. The Academicians at whm it was aimed had wrked and scialized in New Yrk, the Hudsn’s prt city, and had painted the river and its shres with varying frequency. Mst imprtant, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner f technique and cmpsitin cnsistent with thse f America’s first ppular landscape artist, Thmas Cle, wh built a career painting the Catskill Muntain scenery brdering the Hudsn River.
A pssible implicatin in the term applied t the grup f landscapists was that many f them had, like Cle, lived n r near the banks f the Hudsn. Further, the river had lng served as the principal rute t ther sketching grunds favred by the Academicians, particularly the Adirndacks and the muntains f Vermnt and New Hampshire different ways.
5. Accrding t the passage what was the functin f the Natinal Academy f Design fr the painters brn befre 1835?
A. It mediated cnflicts between artists.
B. It supervised the incrpratin f new artistic techniques.
C. It supprted their grwth and develpment.
D. It determined which subjects were apprpriate.
6. Where did the yunger generatin f painters receive the artistic training?
A. In New Hampshire.B. In the Adirndacks.
C. In Vermn.D. In Eurpe.
7. The underlined wrd “factins” is clsest in meaning t “______”.
A. pepleB. sidesC. citiesD. images
8. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Hudsn River SchlB. The Nature’s Natin
C. Early Painters and Their DrawingsD. Nrth American Landscape Painting
【答案】5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表——“哈德逊河学派”。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The lder painters, mst f whm were brn befre 1835, practiced in a mde ften self-taught and mnplized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fstered by the reigning American art rganizatin, the Natinal Academy f Design. (年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中得到稳固的地位和培养扶持。)”可知，国家设计学院支持1835年以前出生的画家成长和发展。故选C项。
6. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The yunger painters returning hme frm training in Eurpe wrked mre with figural subject matter and in a bld and impressinistic technique; their prspects fr patrnage in their wn cuntry were uncertain, and they sught t attract it by attaining academic recgnitin in New Yrk. (从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作；他们在自己国家获得赞助的前景是不确定的，他们试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引赞助。)”可知，年轻一代的画家是在欧洲接受艺术训练的。故选D项。
7. 词句猜测题。划线词句后半部分“the mst representative schl f American art in any genre—had by 1890s becme firmly established in the minds f critics and public alike as the Hudsn River schl (作为美国艺术流派中最具代表性的流派，到19世纪90年代，哈德逊河学派已经在评论家和公众的心中牢固地建立起来)”说明美国艺术中最具代表性的流派已经建立，从而推知划线词句“One f the results f the cnflict between the tw factins was that what in previus years had been referred t as the American, native, r, ccasinally New Yrk schl (这两factins之间冲突的结果之一是，在前几年被称为美国、本土或偶尔被称为纽约的流派)”其中划线部分意思是“流派，学派，帮派”。故选B项。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The term ‘Hudsn River schl’ was applied t the fremst representatives f nineteenth-century Nrth American landscape painting. (‘哈德逊河学派’一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表。)”可知，本文主要介绍了19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表——“哈德逊河学派”。A“哈德逊河学派”符合主题，故选A项。
（23-24高三下·浙江·开学考试）Bttled water has lng been marketed as a safe drink—if it desn’t cme straight frm a muntain spring, it’s at least clean and free f chemicals. But a new study demnstrates that bttled water may nt be s safe when it cmes t micrscpic plastic pllutants capable f passing int the bldstream.
Fr years scientists have raised the alarm ver micrplastics, which frm when plastics break dwn int increasingly smaller particles (微粒), ranging frm five millimeters dwn t ne micrmeter. Previus studies have fund that a liter f bttled water can cntain tens f thusands f identifiable plastic particles. But they stpped at the ne micrmeter level due t technlgical restrictins.
The study used a new technlgy t find even smaller particles, and detected an average240,000 plastic particles per liter f bttled water. Abut 90% f the particles were cnsidered nanplastics, smaller than ne micrmeter. Unlike micrplastics, they are capable f passing thrugh sme rgans like lungs int the bldstream. Frm there they can stay in the heart muscle and ther rgans, pass int the brain, and even int the bdies f unbrn babies.
S far, little research shws what nanplastics exactly d nce they enter the bldstream. But there is much evidence that chemicals used in plastic prductin are bad fr human health. Even if nanplastics themselves are nt deleterius, they can serve as carriers fr the dangerus chemicals, increasing the risk f cancer and impacting key rgans such as the heart.
“There is a huge wrld f nanplastics t be studied,” said the researchers. Even if nanplastics make up 90% f the number f plastic particles fund in bttled water, they make up far less in mass, they said. Hwever, this fact prvides little cmfrt: It’s the numbers rather than mass that matter; and the smaller things are, the mre readily they can get inside us.
9. What des the technlgical barrier in the previus studies cncern?
A. The number f micrscpic plastics.B. The quality f water bttles.
C. The distributin f plastic pllutants.D. The size f plastic particles.
10. What des the text imply abut micrplastics?
A. They are nt very likely t pllute bttled water.
B. Their number per liter f bttled water is cnstant.
C. They are less ptentially risky t health than nanplastics.
D. Their number in springs is larger than that f nanplastics.
11. What des the underlined wrd “deleterius” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Large.B. Useless.C. Safe.D. Harmful.
12. Why d nanplastics need further research?
A. They are t small t identify.B. They have easy access t rgans.
C. They are dangerus regarding mass.D. They have a higher percentage in life.
【答案】9. D 10. C 11. D 12. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是纳米塑料的危害。
9. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Previus studies have fund that a liter f bttled water can cntain tens f thusands f identifiable plastic particles. But they stpped at the ne micrmeter level due t technlgical restrictins.(此前的研究发现，一升瓶装水可能含有数万个可识别的塑料颗粒。但由于技术限制，它们停留在了1微米的水平。)”可知，以前研究的障碍是关于塑料颗粒的大小的。故选D。
10. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Abut 90% f the particles were cnsidered nanplastics, smaller than ne micrmeter. Unlike micrplastics, they are capable f passing thrugh sme rgans like lungs int the bldstream. Frm there they can stay in the heart muscle and ther rgans, pass int the brain, and even int the bdies f unbrn babies.(大约90%的颗粒被认为是纳米塑料，小于一微米。与微塑料不同，它们能够穿过肺部等器官进入血液。从那里，它们可以停留在心脏肌肉和其他器官，进入大脑，甚至进入未出生婴儿的身体。)”和倒数第二段“Even if nanplastics themselves are nt deleterius, they can serve as carriers fr the dangerus chemicals, increasing the risk f cancer and impacting key rgans such as the heart.(即使纳米塑料本身是无害的，它们也可以作为危险化学物质的载体，增加患癌症的风险，并影响心脏等关键器官。)”可知，文章暗示了微塑料对健康的潜在风险比纳米塑料小。故选C。
11. 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Even if nanplastics themselves(即使是纳米塑料本身)”和“they can serve as carriers fr the dangerus chemicals, increasing the risk f cancer and impacting key rgans such as the heart(它们可以作为危险化学物质的载体，增加患癌症的风险，并影响心脏等关键器官)”可知，划线词所在的句子的意思是“即使纳米塑料本身是无害的，它们也可以作为危险化学物质的载体，增加患癌症的风险，并影响心脏等关键器官”，划线词deleterius的意思是“有害的”，和harmful意思相近，故选D。
12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s the numbers rather than mass that matter; and the smaller things are, the mre readily they can get inside us.(重要的是数量而不是质量；东西越小，就越容易进入我们体内。)”可知，纳米塑料需要进一步的研究是因为纳米塑料很容易进入我们的器官，故选B。
（23-24高三下·浙江·开学考试）The impact f technlgy n language is a tpic that ften causes cncern, with many assuming that it is simply ruining it. Hwever, language experts resist such pessimism, nting that there is little evidence t supprt the view that speech is getting wrse. Gretchen McCullch, in her bk Because Internet, fcuses n what can be learned abut language frm the internet rather than talking abut its suppsed negative effects.
McCullch cmpares studying language nline t grwing bacteria (细菌) in a Petri dish,where trends emerge and disappear quickly, allwing language experts t bserve changes that wuld therwise take a cnsiderable amunt f time. The influence f strng ties like friends r family vs weaker ties n language change is analyzed, with cmputer simulatins (模拟) revealing that having bth strng and weaker ties helps spread updates in a cmmunity.
The rle f scial media platfrms in language change is als discussed. Twitter, with its mix f strng and weak ties, is shwn t drive mre language change than Facebk, which is cntrlled by strnger ties. Emji is highlighted as a universal digital expressin f gestures, nt a language. Additinally, there is evidence that the use f internet“innvatins”such as“mg”dates back t pre-cmputer eras.
McCullch’s bk fcuses n the birth f a new medium rather than a new language. The rise f mass writing n the internet, characterized by frequent, errr-filled, and shrt-lived cmmunicatin, challenges traditinal ideas abut writing’s imprtance. McCullch suggests future histrians shuld see this as a return t mre casual (随意的) language, paying mre attentin t the value f tls that imprve scial interactin nline. The bk argues against the idea that these changes might lead t the end f “real” writing, advcating fr an appreciatin f anything that enhances human cnnectin and the enjyment f each ther’s cmpany.
13. Hw might McCullch sund in her bk Because Internet?
A. Sensitive.B. Scientific.C. Pessimistic.D. Dismissive.
14. What des paragraph 3 fcus n?
A. The develpment f digital language.
B. The difference between scial media platfrms.
C. The influence f the internet n language change.
D. The cnnectin between humans and the internet.
15. Which f the fllwing wuld McCullch prbably agree with?
A. Interpersnal bnds play a rle in nline cmmunicatin.
B. Frmal language is unlikely t imprve scial interactin.
C. The birth f new media has remved writing’s imprtance.
D. Mass writing can make web-based cnversatins effective.
16. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A. Hw t Achieve Netwrk Effect?
B. Technlgy, Fear r Cnvenience?
C. What If Faced with Media Terms?
D. Internet Degrades r Helps Speech?
【答案】13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是Gretchen McCullch在她的书Because Internet中对互联网对语言的影响的探讨。
13. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Gretchen McCullch, in her bk Because Internet, fcuses n what can be learned abut language frm the internet rather than talking abut its suppsed negative effects.(Gretchen McCullch她的书Because Internet中，关注的是我们可以从互联网中学到什么，而不是谈论它所谓的负面影响。)”根据第二段“McCullch cmpares studying language nline t grwing bacteria (细菌) in a Petri dish,where trends emerge and disappear quickly, allwing language experts t bserve changes that wuld therwise take a cnsiderable amunt f time.”（McCullch将在线学习语言比作在培养皿中培养细菌，在培养皿中，趋势出现和消失得很快，使语言专家能够观察到变化，否则将花费相当长的时间。）可知，McCullch在她的书Because Internet中听起来是很科学的，故选B。
14. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The rle f scial media platfrms in language change is als discussed. Twitter, with its mix f strng and weak ties, is shwn t drive mre language change than Facebk, which is cntrlled by strnger ties. (本书还讨论了社交媒体平台在语言变化中的作用。研究表明，与由更强关系控制的Facebk相比，强弱关系混合的Twitter对语言变化的推动作用更大。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是网络对语言变化的影响。故选C。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The bk argues against the idea that these changes might lead t the end f “real” writing, advcating fr an appreciatin f anything that enhances human cnnectin and the enjyment f each ther’s cmpany.(这本书反对这些变化可能导致“真正的”写作终结的观点，主张对任何能增进人与人之间联系、享受彼此陪伴的东西都要心存感激。)”可知，McCullch可能会同意的观点是人际关系在网络交流中发挥着重要作用。故选A。
16. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“The impact f technlgy n language is a tpic that ften causes cncern, with many assuming that it is simply ruining it. Hwever, language experts resist such pessimism, nting that there is little evidence t supprt the view that speech is getting wrse. Gretchen McCullch, in her bk Because Internet, fcuses n what can be learned abut language frm the internet rather than talking abut its suppsed negative effects.(技术对语言的影响是一个经常引起关注的话题，许多人认为它只是在破坏语言。然而，语言专家反对这种悲观情绪，他们指出，几乎没有证据支持语言正在变得更糟的观点。Gretchen McCullch在她的书Because Internet中，关注的是我们可以从互联网中学到什么，而不是谈论它所谓的负面影响。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是Gretchen McCullch在她的书Because Internet中对互联网对语言的影响的探讨，因此最好的题目是D选项“Internet Degrades r Helps Speech?(互联网是帮助了语言还是阻碍了语言？)”，故选D。
（23-24高三下·浙江金华·开学考试）Peple traveling lng distances frequently have t decide whether they wuld prefer t g by land, sea, r air. Hardly can anyne psitively enjy sitting in a train fr mrt than a few hurs. Train cmpartments sn get cramped and stuffy. Reading is nly a partial slutin fr the mntnus rhythm f the wheels clicking n the rails sn lulls yu t sleep. During the day, sleep cmes in snatches. At night when yu really wish t g t sleep yu rarely manage t d s. Inevitably yu arrive at yur destinatin almst exhausted.
Lng car jurney are even less pleasant fr it is quite impssible even t read. On mtrways yu can at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but mre ften than nt, the greater pan f the jurney is spent n narrw bumpy rads which are crwded wich traffic.
By cmparisn, trips by sea ffer a great variety f civilized cmfrts. Yu can stretch yur legs n the spacius decks, play games, swim, meet interesting peple and enjy gd fd-always assuming, f curse, that the sea is calm. If it is nt and yu are likely t get seasick; n frm f transprt culd be wrse. Even if yu travel in ideal weather, sea jurneys take a lng time. Relatively few peple are prepared t sacrifice up t a third f their hlidays fr the pleasure f traveling n a ship.
Airplanes have the reputatin f being dangerus and expensive. But nthing can match them fr speed and cmfrt. Traveling at a height f 30,000 feet far abve the cluds, and at ver 500 miles an hur is an exhilarating experience. Fr a few hurs, yu settle back in a deep armchair t enjy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film shw and sip champagne n sme services. But even when such refinements are nt available, there is plenty t keep yu ccupied. An airplane ffers yu an unusual and breathtaking view f the wrld. Yu sar effrtlessly ver high muntains and deep valleys. Yu really see the shape f the land. If the landscape is hidden frm the view. yu can enjy the extrardinary sight f unbrken clud plains that stretch m fr miles befre yu, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The jurney is s smth that there is nthing t prevent yu frm reading r sleeping. Hwever yu decide t spend yur time, ne thing is certain: yu will arrive at yur destinatin fresh and uncrumpled.
17. Accrding t the authr, reading help lessen .
A. The bredm f being in the train
B. The tiresme clicking f the wheels
C. The sleeplessness during the jurney
D. The pr ventilatin f the cmpartment
18. What can we learn abut the lng distance jurney by car?
A. It is safe because the car usually ges at high speeds.
B. It is unpleasant because reading is quite impssible.
C. It is exhausting because yu seldm manage t sleep.
D. It is dangerus because the traffic is always t dense.
19. When is trips by sea regarded as the wrst means f traveling?
A. The weather is terribleB. The traveler has little time
C. The traveler feels seasickD. The sea is nt calm
20. Why did the authr write this passage?
A. Intrduce diverse ways f traveling.
B. Pints ut the best mde f traveling.
C. Emphasize the advantages f traveling by air.
D. Cmpare the means f relaxing when traveling.
【答案】17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火车、汽车，乘船和乘飞机旅行的特点。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“Train cmpartments sn get cramped and stuffy. Reading is nly a partial slutin fr the mntnus rhythm f the wheels clicking n the rails sn lulls yu t sleep.”（火车车厢很快变得拥挤和闷热。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。）可知，阅读有助于解决部分问题，而这个问题就是坐长途火车会让人觉得烦闷单调。故选A项。
18. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Lng car jurney are even less pleasant fr it is quite impssible even t read.”（长途汽车旅行更不愉快，因为它甚至不可能阅读。）可知，长途汽车旅行更不舒服，因为甚至无法读书。故选B项。
19. 细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第三句“If it is nt and yu are likely t get seasick; n frm f transprt culd be wrse.”（如果海面并不平静 ，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会有的。）可知，当游客晕船时，乘船旅行就成了最糟糕的出行方式。故选C项。
20. 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Peple traveling lng distances frequently have t decide whether they wuld prefer t g by land, sea, r air.”（长途旅行的人们常常不得不决定他们是否愿意走陆路，海上，或空中。）并结合下文对陆上火车和长途汽车旅行，海上乘船旅行及乘飞机旅行的方式比较可知，作者写这篇文章是为了介绍不同的旅行方式。故选A项。
（23-24高三下·浙江·开学考试）Leadership is a quality that is hard t define. Everyne can think f inspiring leaders frm histry but managers wh think they can base their style n Nelsn Mandela r Elizabeth I are suffering frm misunderstandings f greatness.
The biggest mistake is t cnsider leadership entirely equal t charisma(魅力). Billy McFarland was just 25 when he set up the Fyre festival which prmised attendees a luxury experience n a deserted island in the Bahamas. As shwn by the Netflix dcumentary, “Fyre: The Greatest Party That Never Happened”, Mr McFarland was an unusual salesman. He cnvinced investrs that he was a visinary businessman and persuaded talented yung peple t wrk fr him.
But he lacked the skills t put his visin int practice. Festival guests arrived t find their fd cnsisted f cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were hused nt in luxury villas, but in tents left ver frm a hurricane-relief prgram. The whle event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced t six years in prisn.
His example culd have been a case study fr the bk by Tmas Chamrr-Premuzic— “Why D S Many Incmpetent Men Becme Leaders?(and hw t fix it)”. As an rganisatinal psychlgist, he pints ut that peple tend t assume that cnfident individuals are cmpetent, when there is n actual relatinship between the tw qualities. Thse cnfident peple are prmted and then their abilities turn ut t be ver-estimated.
Mr Chamrr-Premuzic argues that cmpetence is mre imprtant than charisma r cnfidence. Managers need enugh presence t persuade their teams t fllw the business plan, but they shuld think in terms f caching rather than inspiratin. Emplyees are mre likely t be engaged with their wrk if they get frequent feedback frm their bsses, and if they are invlved in setting their wn gals. Anther key factr in leadership is the ability t set a gd example. Subrdinates(下属)ntice what behaviur gets rewarded and which standards are set by the persn at the tp.
21. What can we infer frm paragraph 1?
A. Leadership is a quality impssible t evaluate.
B. Nelsn Mandela and Elizabeth I are bth verrated.
C. Yu can’t becme leaders by simply imitating thers.
D. Charismatic peple are mre likely t be great leaders.
22. Accrding t the text, what kind f a leader was Billy McFarland?
A. Uncnfident.B. Visinary.C. Incmparable.D. Incmpetent.
23. What des Mr Chamrr-Premuzic reveal in his bk?
A. The assumptin that cnfidence equals cmpetence.
B. The phenmenn that cmpetent peple can’t lead well.
C. The cnnectin between cmpetence and career success.
D. The reasn why cnfident peple are ppular in wrkplaces.
24. What des Mr Chamrr-Premuzic suggest fr gd leadership?
A. Respecting the privacy f emplyees.B. Giving emplyees frequent feedback.
C. Inspiring emplyees with big visins.D. Fllwing the examples f gd emplyees.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A 24. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了领导力的本质。作为领导者，能力的重要性远超于魅力和自信，并且领导者能够树立良好的榜样。
21. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Leadership is a quality that is hard t define. Everyne can think f inspiring leaders frm histry but managers wh think they can base their style n Nelsn Mandela r Elizabeth I are suffering frm misunderstandings f greatness.(领导力是一种难以准确定义的品质。每个人都能想到历史上鼓舞人心的领导者，但如果管理者认为他们可以基于纳尔逊·曼德拉或伊丽莎白一世等伟大人物的风格来塑造自己的管理方式，那么他们可能对伟大的理解存在误区)”可知，你不能仅仅通过模仿他人而成为领导者。故选C项。
22. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“But he lacked the skills t put his visin int practice. Festival guests arrived t find their fd cnsisted f cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were hused nt in luxury villas, but in tents left ver frm a hurricane-relief prgram. The whle event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced t six years in prisn.(但是，比利·麦克法兰德缺乏将愿景付诸实践的技能。音乐节的来宾抵达后发现，他们的食物只是奶酪三明治，而非宣传中的顶级美食。他们居住的也不是豪华别墅，而是飓风救灾项目遗留下来的帐篷。这场闹剧最终以麦克法兰德先生被判处六年监禁告终)”可知，比利·麦克法兰德作为领导者表现出了无能的一面。故选D项。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“As an rganisatinal psychlgist, he pints ut that peple tend t assume that cnfident individuals are cmpetent, when there is n actual relatinship between the tw qualities. Thse cnfident peple are prmted and then their abilities turn ut t be ver-estimated.(作为组织心理学家，他指出，人们常常错误地假设自信的人就一定具备相应的能力，尽管事实上这两种特质之间并没有直接关联。那些自信满满的人往往会被提拔，然后才会发现其实际能力被过分高估了)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生在他的书中揭示了一个普遍存在的假设，即自信等于能力。故选A项。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Emplyees are mre likely t be engaged with their wrk if they get frequent feedback frm their bsses, and if they are invlved in setting their wn gals.(如果员工能经常从上级那里获得反馈，并且有机会参与制定自己的工作目标，他们将更有可能积极投入工作)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生建议，为了展现良好的领导力，应当给予员工频繁的反馈。故选B项。
（23-24高三下·浙江·开学考试）When a severe heat wave cvered Califrnia in July 2006, it killed an estimated 650 peple. But it may be tugh t recall because heat waves dn’t typically have names. They are already the deadliest weather-related danger, yet they remain invisible killers that few peple take seriusly. What if the mst life-threatening heat waves did have names?
This summer, as many experience high temperatures fueled by greenhuse gas pllutin and El Niñ, there has been new penness t the idea f naming heat waves. Peple in Suthern Eurpe have dubbed the July heat wave Cerberus. The results f a survey f mre than 2,000 peple fund that peple wh knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were als mre likely t take actins t stay safe, including drinking mre water, spending mre time indrs and warning thers abut the risk.
Thugh mre research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, cmbined with strnger messaging, can nt nly help change peple’s perceptin f the risk, but prmpt them t take prtective actin. It wuld be mre effective t bradcast that Heat Wave Ze, a dangerus Categry 3 event, will start tmrrw and here’s what yu can d t prtect yurself, yur neighbrs and c-wrkers. Names, after all, are easier t remember than numbers r weather frecasts.
But the Wrld Meterlgical (气象学的) Organizatin ppses naming heat waves n the grunds that it wuld cnfuse and distract the public. And the Natinal Weather Service has n plans t rank r name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary s dramatically acrss different regins and seasns that even cming up with a standard definitin f a heat wave is impssible.
There’s nthing t lse by trying ut a pilt prgram t name the mst dangerus heat waves. It’s pretty clear the current apprach t these disasters is falling far shrt f what’s necessary t prtect lives. We need ther ways t call attentin t it and warn the public f the danger. It’s hard t make prgress fighting an enemy with n name.
25. Why des the authr mentin the severe heat wave that cvered Califrnia in July 2006?
A. T clarify the severity f heat waves.
B. T remind peple f the tugh heat wave.
C. T intrduce the tpic f naming heat waves.
D. T shw peple’s ignrance f the heat wave.
26. What can we learn frm paragraph 2 and 3?
A. Due t its effectiveness, naming waves is a must.
B. There exist benefits f categrizing and naming heat waves.
C. Naming heat waves can change peple’s perceptin f the risk.
D. Naming heat waves can urge peple t take prmpt actin t prtect themselves.
27. Why des the Natinal Weather Service have n plans t name heat waves?
A. It will cnfuse and distract the public.
B. It is inapprpriate fr naming heat waves.
C. It is difficult t distinguish and predict heat waves.
D. It is unlikely t put frward a standard definitin fr heat waves.
28. What is the authr’s attitude t naming heat waves?
A. Apprving.B. Indifferent.C. Dubtful.D. Oppsed.
【答案】25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要探讨了给热浪命名的潜在利弊。尽管存在争议，但作者呼吁尝试一项试点计划，给最危险的热浪命名，以更好地保护人们的生命安全。
25. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“But it may be tugh t recall because heat waves dn’t typically have names.”（但人们可能很难回忆起那场热浪，因为热浪通常没有名字。）以及下文对给热浪命名的讨论推知，作者通过提及2006年加利福尼亚州的热浪目的是为了引出给热浪命名这个主旨。故选C项。
26. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The results f a survey f mre than 2,000 peple fund that peple wh knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were als mre likely t take actins t stay safe, including drinking mre water, spending mre time indrs and warning thers abut the risk.”（一项对 2000 多人进行的调查结果显示，知道热浪被命名为“地狱犬”的人也更有可能采取安全措施，包括多喝水、多呆在室内和提醒他人注意风险。）以及第三段中“Thugh mre research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, cmbined with strnger messaging, can nt nly help change peple’s perceptin f the risk, but prmpt them t take prtective actin.”（尽管还需要更多的研究，但这表明，给热浪命名，再加上更有力的信息传递，不仅有助于改变人们对风险的认识，还能促使他们采取保护措施。）可知第二段、第三段主要讲述了给热浪命名的的优点。故选B项。
27. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“And the Natinal Weather Service has n plans t rank r name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary s dramatically acrss different regins and seasns that even cming up with a standard definitin f a heat wave is impssible.”（美国国家气象局也不打算对热浪进行排名或命名，称不同地区和季节的热量及其对健康的影响差异巨大，甚至连热浪的标准定义都不可能提出来。）可知，美国气象局没有计划给热浪命名，是因为不可能为热浪提出一个标准定义。故选D项。
28. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“There’s nthing t lse by trying ut a pilt prgram t name the mst dangerus heat waves.”（通过试点项目来命名最危险的热浪并不会有什么损失。）可推知，作者对于给热浪命名一事持积极、支持意见。A.Apprving支持；B.Indifferent漠不关心；C.Dubtful质疑的；D.Oppsed反对。结合语境翻译可知，A项Apprving“支持”符合语境。故选A项。
（23-24高三上·浙江·开学考试）The success f many Nrth American crps partly depends n grund beetles, small insects that eat pests and weed seeds that culd therwise damage crps. But a new study by researchers in the US and Canada suggests nt all f the nearly 2,000 species f grund beetles fund in Nrth America will survive climate change. Sme culd decline. And that culd have a far-reaching impact n agriculture, frestry, and cnservatin.
By studying the data n 136 different grund beetle species acrss cntinental Nrth America, Puert Ric and Hawaii, the researchers fund that a species’ chance f success in a changing climate depends n several imprtant factrs, such as its habitat preference, bdy size, and whether it flies, climbs r runs.
“We fund that less mbile, nnflying grund beetles, which are critical pest cntrl agents, are mre likely t decline ver time in a warmer, dryer climate,” said Tng Qiu, wh led the study. “That means yu’re ging t have mre pests that can impact agricultural and frest ecsystems.” But there is reasn fr hpe, Qiu added, because the analysis als shwed that habitat cnservatin can lessen these effects and reverse the trends in sme areas.
“We hpe cnservatin bilgists will use this infrmatin and the nline map that we created t better manage habitats fr insects in general. Grund beetles are very beneficial t ecsystems, but they’re largely invisible t the average persn. In this paper we’re shwing the brad impacts they have n whle cmmunities in frested and agricultural ecsystems,” said Qiu.
The researchers used grund beetle cunt data frm the Natinal Science Fundatin’s Natinal Eclgical Observatry Netwrk (NEON) and frm 11previusly published studies t measure and map the beetles’ distributin acrss Nrth America. Habitat infrmatin, such as the lcatin f gaps in frest canpies and the density f plants n a frest flr, was btained by using NEON’s imaging instruments t create detailed thrẹe-dimensinal images f landscapes. They then entered the data cllected int a cmputer mdel t simulate (模拟) climate changes t study hw the insects wuld respnd.
29. What des the new study in Nrth America shw?
A. Pests culd des try many Nrth American crps.
B. Sme grund beetles will nt survive a climate change.
C. The survival f grund beetles nly depends n its habitat.
D. Sme grund beetles will destry crps in a warmer climate.
30. What des Tng Qiu intend t cnvey in paragraphs 3 and 4?
A. There is n way t stp the decline f grund beetles.
B. Critical pests are mre adaptable in a warmer, drier climate.
C. Grund beetles will becme less mbile in a warmer climate.
D. The imprtance f grund beetles shuld be widely recgnized.
31. Hw did the research team carry ut the study?
A. By analyzing data.
B. By assessing statistics.
C. By ding field research.
D. By studying dcuments.
32. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. Nrth American Agriculture Crps at Risk
B. Crp-saving Beetles under Climate Threat
C. A Catastrphic Climate Change n the Way
D. Beetles’ Reactin t simulate Climate Changes
【答案】29. B 30. D 31. A 32. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新研究表明，在北美发现的保护农作物的近2000种地面甲虫并不是都能在气候变化中生存下来。
29. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But a new study by researchers in the US and Canada suggests nt all f the nearly 2,000 species f grund beetles fund in Nrth America will survive climate change. Sme culd decline. (但美国和加拿大研究人员的一项新研究表明，在北美发现的近2000种地面甲虫并不是都能在气候变化中生存下来。一些可能会减少)”可知，北美的这项新研究表明，一些地面甲虫将无法在气候变化中生存。故选B项。
30. 推理判断题。根据第三段““We fund that less mbile, nnflying grund beetles, which are critical pest cntrl agents, are mre likely t decline ver time in a warmer, dryer climate,” said Tng Qiu, wh led the study. “That means yu’re ging t have mre pests that can impact agricultural and frest ecsystems.” But there is reasn fr hpe, Qiu added, because the analysis als shwed that habitat cnservatin can lessen these effects and reverse the trends in sme areas.(负责该研究的佟邱说:‘我们发现，在温暖干燥的气候中，作为关键害虫防治剂的流动性较低、不活动的地甲虫更有可能随着时间的推移而减少。”。“这意味着会有更多的害虫影响农业和森林生态系统。”但邱补充道，有理由抱有希望，因为分析还表明，栖息地保护可以减轻这些影响，并扭转某些地区的趋势)”以及第四段““We hpe cnservatin bilgists will use this infrmatin and the nline map that we created t better manage habitats fr insects in general. Grund beetles are very beneficial t ecsystems, but they’re largely invisible t the average persn. In this paper we’re shwing the brad impacts they have n whle cmmunities in frested and agricultural ecsystems,” said Qiu.(邱说：‘我们希望保护生物学家能够利用这些信息和我们创建的在线地图，更好地管理昆虫的栖息地。地甲虫对生态系统非常有益，但一般人基本上看不见它们。在这篇论文中，我们展示了它们对整个森林和农业生态系统社区的广泛影响。’)”可知，在第三段和第四段，佟邱想表达的是，地甲虫的重要性应该得到广泛的认识。故选D项。
31. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers used grund beetle cunt data frm the Natinal Science Fundatin’s Natinal Eclgical Observatry Netwrk (NEON) and frm 11previusly published studies t measure and map the beetles’ distributin acrss Nrth America. Habitat infrmatin, such as the lcatin f gaps in frest canpies and the density f plants n a frest flr, was btained by using NEON’s imaging instruments t create detailed thrẹe-dimensinal images f landscapes. They then entered the data cllected int a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) climate changes t study hw the insects wuld respnd. (研究人员使用了美国国家科学基金会国家生态观测网（NEON）的甲虫计数数据和之前发表的11项研究，来测量和绘制甲虫在北美的分布图。通过使用近地天体的成像仪器，获得了栖息地信息，如森林树冠缺口的位置和森林地面上植物的密度，以创建详细的三维的景观图像。然后，他们将收集的数据输入计算机模型，模拟气候变化，研究昆虫的反应)”可知，研究小组通过分析数据来开展这项研究。故选A项。
32. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The success f many Nrth American crps partly depends n grund beetles, small insects that eat pests and weed seeds that culd therwise damage crps. But a new study by researchers in the US and Canada suggests nt all f the nearly 2,000species f grund beetles fund in Nrth America will survive climate change. Sme culd decline. (许多北美作物的成功在一定程度上取决于地甲虫，这种小昆虫以害虫和杂草种子为食，否则可能会破坏作物。但美国和加拿大研究人员的一项新研究表明，并非所有在北美发现的近2000种地甲虫都能在气候变化中存活下来。有些可能会衰落)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了一项新研究表明，在北美发现的保护农作物的近2000种地面甲虫并不是都能在气候变化中生存下来，为了保护它们，研究人员通过分析数据开展进一步研究。B项“气候威胁下拯救作物甲虫”符合题意，可以作为文章标题。故选B项。
（23-24高三上·浙江·开学考试）Cnsider the pssibility that all human technlgy started with a mistake — r at least a lack f hand-eye crdinatin. In a new study published n Friday in Science Advances, Lydia Luncz and Tms Prffitt, bth at the Max Planck Institute fr Evlutinary Anthrplgy in Leipzig, Germany, argue that mistakenly created flakes (薄片) may have been ur ancient ancestrs’ r ther nw-extinct early human relatives “first step tward creating the sharp-edged tls that they used t butcher animals and cut edible plants.
T d their research, Luncz and Prffitt traveled t an abandned il palm plantatin near Thailand’s Phang Nga Bay and cllected mre than 1, 100 pieces f nut-cracking stnes used by a trp f lng-tailed macaques (猕猴). Macaques crack pen il palm nuts by placing them n a flat stne and striking their shell with anther stne. These mnkeys ften miss the nut and accidentally break the stnes, prducing sharp flakes. Luncz and Prffitt analyzed these stnes, which revealed a surprising fact: The flakes that the macaques unintentinally prduced lked a lt like the ldest stne tls that were intentinally made by hminins (古人类).
Macaques dn’t use the sharp flakes they create fr anything, Luncz adds, nting that the mnkeys have sharp teeth and dn’t need cutting tls. The similar ancient stne tls cllected frm sme f the earliest knwn sites, hwever, shw evidence f being used fr cutting tasks. Fr example, in Oldwan, a site dating between 3.3 millin and 1.5 millin years ag, researchers analyzed use-wear patterns n the tls and fund that sme f the flakes shwed damage alng their edges, indicating that they had been used fr cutting. Cut marks n sme fssils revealed that hminins had used stne tls fr butchering the animals, making it clear that the sharp stne tls were anything but unintentinal by-prducts f ther punding activities.
Despite the findings, t reveal the mechanism fr the emergence f flake technlgy, researchers still need t learn hw hminins made the leap frm accidentally prducing sharp flakes t picking them up and using them. Luncz and Prffitt hpe t find the missing link in further studies.
33. What can we learn frm paragraph 2?
A. The tw researchers went t Thailand and cllected 1, 100 flakes.
B. Lng-tailed macaques used the flakes t crack pen il palm nuts.
C. Macaques deliberately prduced flakes fr cutting by breaking stnes.
D. The flakes prduced by macaques were similar t hminins’ stne tls.
34. Why des the authr mentin the Oldwan site in paragraph 3?
A. T prvide specific prf.B. T clarify a cmplex cncept.
C. T present an interesting fact.D. T make a detailed cmparisn.
35. What will Luncz and Prffitt prbably fcus n in their future study?
A. Why macaques create flakes.B. Why hminins used stne tls.
C. Hw macaques cut fd with flakes.D. Hw hminins began using flakes.
36. What is the best title f the passage?
A. A mistake: the rigin f human technlgy.
B. Flake technlgy: frm macaques t hminins.
C. Punding activities: n human evlutinary curse.
D. A missing link: lng-tailed macaques create flakes.
【答案】33. D 34. A 35. D 36. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项动物研究，介绍了我们早期人类因为意外情况使用工具的情况。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Luncz and Prffitt analyzed these stnes, which revealed a surprising fact: The flakes that the macaques unintentinally prduced lked a lt like the ldest stne tls that were intentinally made by hminins (古人类).(Luncz和Prffitt分析了这些石头，发现了一个令人惊讶的事实：猕猴无意中产生的薄片看起来很像人类故意制造的最古老的石器。)”可知，猕猴制作的薄片与人类的石器相似。故选D。
34. 推理判断题。根据第三段的“The similar ancient stne tls cllected frm sme f the earliest knwn sites, hwever, shw evidence f being used fr cutting tasks. Fr example, in Oldwan, a site dating between 3. 3 millin and 1. 5 millin years ag, researchers analyzed use-wear patterns n the tls and fund that sme f the flakes shwed damage alng their edges, indicating that they had been used fr cutting.(然而，从一些已知最早的遗址中收集到的类似的古代石器显示出用于切割任务的证据。例如，在奥尔德万，一个可以追溯到大约330万到150万年前的遗址。研究人员分析了这些工具的使用磨损模式，发现一些薄片的边缘有损伤，表明它们曾被用来切割。)”可推断，作者提到奥尔德万遗址是为了提供具体的证据来说明古代石器用于切割任务。故选A。
35. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Despite the findings, t reveal the mechanism fr the emergence f flake technlgy, researchers still need t learn hw hminins made the leap frm accidentally prducing sharp flakes t picking them up and using them. Luncz and Prffitt hpe t find the missing link in further studies. (尽管有了这些发现，为了揭示薄片技术出现的机制，研究人员仍然需要了解人类是如何从偶然产生尖锐的薄片到捡起并使用它们的。Luncz和Prffitt希望在进一步的研究中找到缺失的环节。)”可知，为了揭示薄片技术背后的机制，研究者们仍然需要了解古人类是如何从意外产生锋利的薄片，到捡起并使用它们的。伦茨和普罗菲特希望在接下来的研究中可以找到缺失的这一环（即原始人是如何开始使用薄片的），故选D。
36. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本篇是一篇科研报告类文章，第一段的“In a new study published n Friday in Science Advances, Lydia Luncz and Tms Prffitt, bth at the Max Planck Institute fr Evlutinary Anthrplgy in Leipzig, Germany, argue that mistakenly created flakes (薄片) may have been ur ancient ancestrs’ r ther nw-extinct early human relatives“ first step tward creating the sharp-edged tls that they used t butcher animals and cut edible plants.( 在周五发表在《科学进展》上的一项新研究中，德国莱比锡马克斯普朗克进化人类学研究所的Lydia Luncz和Tms Prffitt认为，错误地制造出的薄片可能是我们的古代祖先或其他现已灭绝的早期人类亲戚制造出锋利的工具的第一步，他们用来屠宰动物和切割可食用的植物。)”点明了新研究的结果，后文详细描述了研究过程和局限性及等未来研究前景，因此推断B项“薄片技术：从猕猴到人类。”为最佳标题。故选B项。
（22-23高三下·浙江·开学考试）The human brain is the mst cmplex and prly understd bilgical structure knwn t man. Our human brain is relatively large fr ur bdy size and wrinkled in cmparisn t ther animals’ brains. Acrss species, brain size and wrinkle number is related t intelligence.
University f Cpenhagen researchers have made an incredible discvery seeking t learn mre abut the mammalian (哺乳动物的) brain. A vital enzyme, a special material, allws brain signals t be transmitted r transprted. The enzyme is randmly turning n and ff, even taking hurs-lng “breaks frm wrk.” These discveries culd have a significant impact n ur understanding f the brain and the develpment f medicines. The discvery is featured n the cver f Nature.
Millins f neurns (神经元) are cnstantly cmmunicating with ne anther, shaping thughts and memries and allwing us t mve ur bdies at will. Neurtransmitters are transprted frm ne neurn t anther by a unique enzyme when tw neurns meet t exchange a message.
This prcess is necessary fr neurnal cmmunicatin as well as the survival f all cmplex rganisms (extremely small living things). Until nw, researchers all ver the wrld assumed that these enzymes were cnstantly active, transmitting vital signals. Hwever, this is nt the case.
It is almst impssible t understand that the extremely critical prcess f lading neurtransmitters in cntainers is carried ut by nly ne cell per cntainer. Especially when we find that 40% f the time these cells are switched ff.
Using a new methd, researchers frm the Department f Chemistry at the University f Cpenhagen clsely examined the enzyme and discvered that its activity switches n and ff at randm perids f time, cntradicting ur previus understanding.
“Cntrary t ppular belief, and unlike many ther prteins, these enzymes culd stp wrking fr minutes t hurs. Still, the brains f humans and ther mammals are miraculusly able t functin,” says Prfessr Dimitris Stamu, wh led the study frm the research center at the University f Cpenhagen’s Department f Chemistry.
37. What is implied in the secnd paragraph?
A. The enzyme is cntinuusly turning n and ff.
B. Enzyme des nt affect the transmissin f brain signals.
C. N enzyme has been fund in the mammalian brain s far.
D. Scientists used t think the special enzyme des nt take a break.
38. Hw culd we mve ur bdies as we like?
A. The cmmunicatin between neurns happens withut stp.
B. We shape ur thughts thugh we may nt have gd memries.
C. The newly fund unique enzyme is at the mst time switched ff.
D. Neurtransmitters transprt a unique enzyme frm ne neurn t anther.
39. Why d the scientists think the discvery unbelievable?
A. There is enzyme in mammalian brains.
B. Mammalian brains functin as human’s.
C. One cell can have such an imprtant functin.
D. 40% f the critical cells are actually switched ff.
40. What can be the best title fr the passage?
A. A Surprising Significant Finding abut Mammalian Brains
B. A Very Imprtant Research Led by Prfessr Dimittris Stamu
C. Researches n Brains f Animals Being Carried ut By Scientists
D. A Cmpletely New Methd Emplyed by the Department f Chemistry
【答案】37. D 38. A 39. C 40. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对哺乳动物大脑的令人难以置信的发现——一种重要的酶，一种特殊的物质，允许大脑信号被传输。这种酶是随机开启和关闭的，甚至需要几个小时的“休息时间”。
37. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“University f Cpenhagen researchers have made an incredible discvery seeking t learn mre abut the mammalian brain. A vital enzyme, a special material, allws brain signals t be transmitted r transprted. The enzyme is randmly turning n and ff, even taking hurs-lng ‘breaks frm wrk.’(哥本哈根大学的研究人员在寻求更多了解哺乳动物大脑的过程中取得了令人难以置信的发现。一种重要的酶，一种特殊的物质，允许大脑信号被传输。这种酶是随机开启和关闭的，甚至需要几个小时的“休息时间”。)”可知，这种允许大脑信号被传递或运输的酶的开启和关闭是随机的，甚至会休眠几个小时，而这个发现是令人难以置信的，由此可推知，科学家们以前应是认为负责大脑信号传送的这种特殊的酶是不会休息的。故选D项。
38. 细节理解题。根据文章第三内容“Millins f neurns are cnstantly cmmunicating with ne anther, shaping thughts and memries and allwing us t mve ur bdies at will.(数以百万计的神经元不断地相互交流，塑造思想和记忆，并允许我们随意移动身体。)”可知，神经元之间的不间断交流，形成了思想和记忆，以允许我们随着意志移动身体。故选A项。
39. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段内容“It is almst impssible t understand that the extremely critical prcess f lading neurtransmitters in cntainers is carried ut by nly ne cell per cntainer. Especially when we find that 40% f the time these cells are switched ff.(几乎不可能理解在容器中装载神经递质的极其关键的过程是由每个容器中只有一个细胞执行的。特别是当我们发现40%的时间这些细胞是关闭的。)”可知，令研究人员难以相信的是如此复杂关键的过程只由一个细胞执行，而这个细胞40%的事件却是关闭的。因此可推知，科学家们认为这一发现令人难以置信的原因在于“惊讶于一个细胞居然有着如此重要的作用”。故选C项。
40. 主旨大意题。通读文章内容可知，第二段“University f Cpenhagen researchers have made an incredible discvery seeking t learn mre abut the mammalian brain. A vital enzyme, a special material, allws brain signals t be transmitted r transprted. The enzyme is randmly turning n and ff, even taking hurs-lng ‘breaks frm wrk.’(哥本哈根大学的研究人员在寻求更多了解哺乳动物大脑的过程中取得了令人难以置信的发现。一种重要的酶，一种特殊的物质，允许大脑信号被传输或传输。这种酶是随机开启和关闭的，甚至需要几个小时的“休息时间”。)”为主题句，即，文章围绕“这个令人难以置信的发现——一种重要的酶”为话题进行了阐述，讲述了其令人难以置信的作用和对其进行的进一步验证。选项A“A Surprising Significant Finding abut Mammalian Brains(关于哺乳动物大脑的一个惊人的重大发现)”贴合主题，作为题目具有吸引力。故选A项。
2022-2024浙江高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文）
卷别
词数
主题
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典型题
2024新课标I卷D
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338+149
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29猜测词义题
2023新课标I卷D
338+112
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31推理判断题
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314+132
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2023浙江1月卷D
318+149
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306+105
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302+144
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29意图推断题
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354+112
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284+99
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