高考英语一轮讲义-高考高频考点非谓语动词-to do(学生版)
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这是一份高考英语一轮讲义-高考高频考点非谓语动词-to do(学生版),共11页。学案主要包含了命题规律,备考策略,命题预测,清北学长说,名师点睛,易错提醒,2023年全国甲卷等内容,欢迎下载使用。
1. 近三年北京高考真题考点分布
附其它省份的考情分析
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
根据近3年北京高考真题考情分析可知对于不定式的考查一直是高频考点,主要考查:
1.不定式作状语;
2.不定式作定语;
【备考策略】
1.掌握不定式的形式和用法;
2.掌握不定式的固定搭配和特殊用法;
【命题预测】
预测2025年北京高考真题对非谓语动词的考查仍然是重点,考生除了掌握不定式作目的状语和后置定语,此外不定式作补语、主语和宾语也要充分掌握。
不定式的概念及特点
动词不定式是非谓语动词的其中一种形式,其基本构成形式为:“t+动词原形”。
不定式的时态和语态
考点一 不定式的句法功能
01作主语
不定式作主语表具体行为,表特指(对比:动名词作主语表泛指,是抽象行为)
不定式作主语三情况:直接作主语;It作形式主语;wh-t d短语作主语(谓语用单数)。
常考句型It is+ adj. +f / fr sb t d sth 结构;It takes sb. time t d sth.等。
【清北学长说】 1.不定式作主语时,相当于名词或代词,谓语动词用单数形式。 2. “赞扬,责备”的形容词通常用f sb作逻辑主语:wrng, right, kind, nice, brave, careful, careless, greedy, hnest, lazy, mdest, selfish, thughtful, implite, plite, clever, flish, silly, stupid, cruel, rude, generus,cnsiderable等。3. 以下形容词通常用fr sb作逻辑主语:easy, hard, difficult, imprtant, necessary, impssible, pssible, safe, dangerus, unusual, wnderful等用fr sb作逻辑主语。
典例 It is pssible ______ (walk) r bike the entire 14 kilmeters.
02作宾语
名师点睛:下列动词后跟不定式和ing形式作宾语含义不同。
frget t d 忘记要去做某事(未做)
frget ding 忘记已经做过某事(已做)
remember t d 记得将要做某事(未做)
remember ding 记得已经做过某事(已做)
regret t d 遗憾去做某事(未做)
regret ding 后悔做过某事(已做)
g n t d 继续做另一件事 (对象变了)
g n ding 继续做正在做的事 (对象不变)
stp t d 停下来去做另一件事 (对象变了)
stp ding 停止做某事 (对象不变)
can’t help t d 不能帮助做某事
can’t help ding 情不自禁做某事
mean t d 打算做某事(未做)
mean ding 意味着做某事 (解释作用)
try t d 努力做某事(不一定成功)
try ding 尝试做某事 (强调尝试和行动)
【清北学长说】 1. 动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时,其后要用v.-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。 2. 不定式作动词(短语)learn, decide, knw, wnder, shw, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find ut 等的宾语时,前面常带引导词hw, what, whether, where, when, wh等。 3. 介词后一般要接v.-ing形式作宾语,但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时,若前有实义动词d,不定式要省略t。
典例(2023·新高考I卷·语法填空)The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerusly ht. T eat ne, yu have t decide whether (bite) a small hle in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill(溢出), r t put the whle dumpling in yur muth, letting the ht sup explde n yur tngue.
03 作宾语补足语
1. see类动词(不定式作宾补省t):巧记--让美克注意听听看看这块表有的感觉-- let, make, ntice, hear, listen t, see, bserve, watch, have, feel。
2. ask/beg/require/request/tell/advise/allw/permit/cause/encurage/expect/wish/frce/blige/invite/
need/rder/persuade/remind/teach/urge/want/get/like/hate/warn/help/prefer等动词后只接t d 作宾补 sb t d……:
3. 用于“with+名词+不定式”,表示一个主动的、将要发生的动作。省略with后构成的“名词/代词+不定式” 构成独立主格结构。
4. be said类动词:be said/believed/reprted/knwn t d类句型,可以转化为It is said that…
5.think, cnsider, believe, suppse, feel, find, understand等后常用t be作宾补或主补。
【清北学长说】 有些动词用带t的不定式作补足语,但使役动词(make, let, have等)与感官动词(watch, hear, feel, ntice, see等)用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式省略t;但当这些词用于被动语态时,t不能省略(let除外)。
例:He made his wrkers wrk 12 hurs a day.(主动)他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
→His wrkers were made t wrk 12 hurs a day.(被动)
04 作表语
不定式作表语起解释说明作用。主语通常是jb, task, wish, hpe, duty, wrk, thing, gal, aim, prblem, questin, happiness, what, advice, idea等可表示抽象含义的词。
表示一般的概念时,不定式、动词ing形式可以互换,而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用不定式。
【清北学长说】主语部分含义实义动词d的形式时,作表语的不定式可省t。
My wish is t becme a gd teacher.我的愿望就是要当个好老师。
The nly thing that he can d nw is (t) abandn the plan. 现在他唯一能做的事情是放弃这个计划。
All yu need t d nw is cmplete the frm.你现在要做的是把这张表填好。
05 作定语
不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系。
序数词,形容词最高级,the last, the nly 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后,常用不定式作定语。
表抽象意义的名词常被不定式修饰,如:chance, need, prmise, ability, way, pprtunity, right, attempt, plan, evidence等。
【名师点睛】如果不定式与所修饰名词为动宾关系,且是不及物动词,则在动词后加适当的介词。
1.不定式作定语:
His first bk t be published is based n a true stry.他要出版的第一本书以一个真实的故事为依据写的。
2.不定式作定语,修饰序数词等:
He is always the first t arrive and the last t leave the schl. 他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
3.不定式作定语,不省略介词:
I have n pen t write with.我没有写字用的钢笔。
4.不定式作定语时间关系与主被动关系的区别:
I attended the meeting held last Friday.
典例(2022·全国甲卷)A visuallychallenged man frm Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days t Xi'an, as a first step ________ (jurney) the Belt and Rad rute (路线) by ft.
【解析】此处jurney为动词,表示“旅行”,step前有序数词修饰,应用不定式作后置定语。故填t jurney。
【答案】t jurney
06 作状语
不定式作目的状语,多用于t d, s as t d, in rder t d结构。注意逻辑主语一致性,位于句末前边不能有逗号。s as t一般不可置于句首,意为“为了;想要”。
不定式作结果状语,多用于t…t, enugh t d, nly t d, s…as t, such as t等结构。
不定式作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+t d”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap,expensive,fit,cmfrtable,dangerus,heavy,gd,imprtant,impssible,surprised,astnished, delighted, disappinted 等。
1.不定式作目的状语:
Many peple have t wear glasses t/in rder t/s as t see distant bjects clearly.
= T/in rder t see distant bjects clearly, many peple have t wear glasses.
2 .不定式作结果状语:
常用于s/such…as t…(如此…以致…);enugh …t …(足够);nly t …(结果);never t…(结果再也没有) ; t… t…(太…而不能…)等结构中。
She was s late as t miss half f the lecture.她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。
3 .不定式作原因状语:
以下情感类形容词后常接不定式的主动形式:hard, difficult, easy, light, heavy, nice, gd, clear, dangerus,
pleasant, interesting, fit, bitter, exciting, cmfrtable, cnvenient, amusing, impssible等。在该结构中构成不定式的动词和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。不定式中的动词必须是及物动词,若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
Chngqing is hard/difficult/easy t find n this map.重庆在这张地图上很难/很难/容易找到。
4 .不定式作独立成分:
t tell the truth说实话; t be hnest诚实地说; t put it briefly前言之;
t be frank坦白地说; t begin/start with首先; t make things/matters wrse更糟糕的是; t put it in a nutshell简而言之
考点二 不定式的特殊用法
01 疑问词+不定式
【易错提醒】why不能用于“疑问词+不定式”结构。
例 (2023·新高考I卷)T eat ne, yu have t decide whether (bite) a small hle in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), r t put the whle dumpling in yur muth, letting the ht sup explde n yur tngue.
02 不定式的省略
例:I watched the girl enter the hall.我看着那个小女孩走进了大厅。
The girl was watched t enter the hall.
03 不定式的主动形式表被动含义
不定式的主动形式
(1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时
That flying bird is impssible t catch. 那只会飞的鸟是不可能被抓住的。
If yu want t make even greater prgress in yur studies, yu still have many difficulties t vercme.
如果你想在学业上取得更大的进步,那么你还需要克服许多困难。
(2)在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,性质形容词如easy,hard,difficult,safe,interesting,heavy,pleasant, cmfrtable,dangerus,impssible 等。
He is nt easy t get alng with. 他不易相处。
The bk is very interesting t read.这本书读一读是很有趣的。
(3)不定式与疑问代词连用时。
I dn't knw which t chse because there isn’t any difference between the tw.
两者之间毫无差别,所以我真不知道该选哪个。
(4)某些动词不定式与be连用时,如t blame(责备),t seek(寻找),t let(出租)等。
He is t blame fr this.他因这件事该受责备。
The answer is nt hard t seek.答案不难寻找。
不定式的被动形式
(1)当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,一般要用被动语态。
A lt f graduates ask t be sent t wrk where they are mst needed every year.
每年都有毕业生要求被派往最需要他们的地方工作。
(2) 不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来的动作。
The tpic t be discussed tmrrw is abut climate change
明天要讨论的主题是关于气候变化的。
(3)不定式的被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
The nvel is said t have been translated int several languages.
这部小说据说被翻译成了种语言。
典例一 不定式作宾语
That makes it extra hard (learn) and practice English. (所给词的适当形式填空)
典例二 不定式作状语
The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made f glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals pen n warm days (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. (所给词的适当形式填空)
典例三 不定式作宾语补足语
I quickly lwer myself, ducking my head t avid (lk) directly int his eyes s he desn’t feel challenged. Once his message was delivered, he allwed me (stay) and watch. (所给词的适当形式填空)
典例四 不定式作后置定语
Lhasa, the secnd mst ppulus urban area n the Tibetan Plateau, has been the administrative capital f Tibet since the mid-17th century. If yu’ve ever had the chance (visit) it, there are many places yu. (所给词的适当形式填空)
典例五 不定式作主语
Mrever, fully cnsider each ptin. It can be easy (let) a particular schl becme a frnt-runner early n in yur decisin-making prcess, and it may even becme the winning chice. (所给词的适当形式填空)
典例六 不定式作表语
My aim is (try) ut fr a talent shw t prve that even a persn with n arms is capable f playing the pian. (所给词的适当形式填空)
1.(23-24高三上·福建·开学考试)The medicine has prved smewhat effective, but further testing remains (cnduct). (所给词的适当形式填空)
2.(2024高三·北京·专题练习)My thughts can’t be relayed ver a regular phne line, s I want them (carry) n the wind. (所给词的适当形式填空)
3.(23-24高三上·河南南阳·开学考试)It was nt until I lst the pprtunity (admit) t my dream university that I realized the imprtance f treasuring yuth. (所给词的适当形式填空)
4.(23-24高三下·广东广州·开学考试)We are rganizing an art shw fr ur schl students t (exhibitin) their wrks f art. (所给词的适当形式填空)
5.(23-24高三上·江苏扬州·阶段练习)Nanxiang aside, the best Xia lng ba have a fine skin, allwing them (lift) ut f the steamer basket withut tearing r spilling any f their cntents. (所给词的适当形式填空)
6.(23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习)As is knwn t us, Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astrnaut (send) int space. (所给词的适当形式填空)
7.(23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习)Even if yur time is (limit), d take exercise regularly t (strength) yur bdy.(所给词的适当形式填空)
8.(23-24高三上·河北衡水·期中)Afterwards, the USSR fcused n sending peple int space, and n 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first persn in the wrld (g) int space. (所给词的适当形式填空)
9.(23-24高三上·河北石家庄·开学考试)I rushed back t the park, nly (find) the bag had been taken away. (所给词的适当形式填空)
10.(23-24高三上·福建·阶段练习)Several peple deserve (mentin) fr their assistance in prviding infrmatin fr this reprt. (所给词的适当形式填空)
1.(2024高三·北京·专题练习)Fr the previus weeks, I had been trained n t be a vlunteer fr it.(用适当的词填空)
2.(23-24高三下·重庆·开学考试)I made my decisin. Nthing will make me (change) my mind. (所给词的适当形式填空)
3.(23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习)It (recgnize) that the Terractta Army is an amazing sight and its stry is almst unbelievable. I’m planning t g t Xi’an (admire) the view f the Terractta Army. (用所给词的适当形式填空)
4.(22-23高三上·山东青岛·期中)T finish the task n schedule, yu need (cperatin) with classmates. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】t cperate
【详解】考查动词。句意:为了按时完成任务,你需要和同学合作。实义动词need后跟动词不定式作宾语,名词cperatin的动词为cperate,意为“合作”,用不定式t cperate。故填t cperate。
5.(23-24高三上·江苏·开学考试)The plice are reprted t (arrest) the suspects f the accident. (用所给词的适当形式填空)
6.(23-24高三上·江苏南通·期末)Increasing temperatures cause ice sheets and glaciers at the Nrth and Suth Ples (melt), releasing additinal water int the cean. (所给词的适当形式填空)
7.(22-23高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习)T put ut the frest fire, the mtrcycle club called n all its members (vlunteer)in sending the equipment t the fire fighters. (所给词的适当形式填空)
8.(22-23高三上·江苏南通·开学考试)The mre yu knw abut the terrible cnsequences f taking drugs, the mre likely yu are (stay) away frm them. (所给词的适当形式填空)
9.(22-23高三上·黑龙江鹤岗·开学考试)If yu assume his guess (be) true, what d yu plan t d next? (所给词的适当形式填空)
10.(2024高三·全国·专题练习)The term “mental illness” is difficult (define). (所给词的适当形式填空)
1.(2024·北京·高考真题)
Slwing dwn can cntribute significantly t persnal grwth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allws us t develp a deeper sense f ___12___ (self-aware). When we slw dwn, we create space t reflect n ur thughts and emtins, which helps us identify imprtant areas f ur lives and ___13___ (give) us the pprtunity t make right chices. T practise this, we need t establish clear ___14___ (bundary) in ur persnal and prfessinal life.
2.(2023·北京·高考真题)
Nina has run marathns in 32 cuntries. All f her runs have a guiding purpse: t call attentin 40 glbal water issues. Nina recently finished her year-lng series f runs in Chicag, 41 thusands were attending a water cnference.She called fr actin 42 (address)the struggles f peple arund the wrld 43 (face) “t little water r t dirty water”. Her effrts have encuraged thers t take part by running thrugh a glbal campaign called“Run Blue”.
3.(2022·北京·高考真题)
Helen was walking dwn the street late 34 the evening, her arms filled with grcery bags. Fcused n balancing the bags, she didn’t ntice her wallet falling ut f her pcket. As Helen walked n, she heard a man charging twards her. Fearful that he might have an intentin 35 (harm) her, Helen started t run. Eventually, the man 36 (catch) up with her, and he was nly trying t return her wallet!
其它省份高考真题
1.【2024年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】These sepals pen n warm days ____58____ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
2.【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】
T eat ne, yu have t decide whether ____37____ (bite) a small hle in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), ____38____ t put the whle dumpling in yur muth, letting the ht sup explde n yur tngue.
3.【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Nanxiang aside, the best Xia lng ba have a fine skin, allwing them ____41____ (lift) ut f the steamer basket withut allwing them tearing r spilling any f ____42____ (they) cntents.
4.【2023年全国甲卷】Fr thusands f years, peple have tld fables (寓言) ___41___ (teach) a lessn r t pass n wisdm
题型
非谓语动词不定式
语法填空
年份
考查方向
考频
考点
2024
t d形式的固定搭配
1
take (the) time t d sth.
2023
t d 形式作目的状语
1
t address
2022
t d 形式作后置定语
1
t harm
题型
考情统计
语法填空&改错
年份
卷别
考点
考查方向
2024
1月浙江卷
t benefit
作目的状语
2023
新高考Ⅰ卷
whether t bite
作宾语
新高考Ⅰ卷
t be lifted
作宾补
全国甲卷
t teach
used t be(改错)
作目的状语
作宾语
2022
新高考I卷
t increase
作状语
新高考II卷
t see
作目的状语
新高考II卷
hw t thank
作宾语
全国甲卷
was unwilling (t)改错
作宾语
全国乙卷
T strengthen
作目的状语
浙江6月卷
tells yu nt t d
作宾补
浙江1月卷
t cntinue
作宾语
种类
时态
主动形式及意义
被动形式及意义
不定式
一般式
t d 将要发生或与谓语动作同时发生
t be dne 被动、将来
进行式
t be ding 谓语发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行或与谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
t have dne发生在谓语动词的动作之前
t have been dne被动、发生在谓语动词的动作之前
口诀
动词
希望学会想决心
hpe/wish/expect, learn, want, tend, decide/determine
设法拒绝愿假装
manage, refuse, care, pretend
主动承诺选计划
ffer, prmise, chse, plan
请求同意来帮忙
ask/beg, agree , help
动词不定式可以与疑问代词wh, whm, what, which, whse及疑问副词when, where, hw等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。
感官动词和使役动词接不定式作宾补时省略t(注意被动语态中t应加上);
在介词but, except表示“除了”之意的单词前,若有实义动词d, 作宾语的不定式则省略t;若无d, 则t不能省略。
两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面的t可以省略;如果两个或多个不定式短语表示对比关系时,则保留t。
4.下列句型常省略t:
may as well d sth 最好还是做……
had better d 最好做某事
d nthing but d sth 别无选择只好做某事
can’t help but d sth. 禁不住做某事
Why nt d sth? 何不做某事?
prefer t d…rather than d sth, 宁愿做……而不愿做……
wuld rather d…than d… 宁愿做……而不愿做……
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