【03-暑假培优练】专题03 定语从句之关系代词的用法 (学生版)-2025年新高一英语暑假衔接讲练 (人教版)

这是一份【03-暑假培优练】专题03 定语从句之关系代词的用法 (学生版)-2025年新高一英语暑假衔接讲练 (人教版)，共12页。试卷主要包含了关系代词的基本用法，关系代词的特定用法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
内容早知道
☛第一层 巩固提升练
考点一 关系代词的基本用法
考点二 关系代词的特定用法
☛第二层 能力培优练
☛第三层 拓展突破练
☛第四层 高考真题练
关系代词的基本用法
【知识积累·练前热身】
定语从句是历年高考的重点，主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法，比如which/that/wh/whse/ when/where的用法及区别性的选择等，及与其他从句如名词性从句的区别等。
1.概念
定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
（1）先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
（2）关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
（3）关系词的作用：
A. 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
B. 指代先行词；
C. 必在从句中作某个句子成份。
2.分类
（1）限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定修饰作用。
He is a teacher wh wrks at ur schl.
（2）非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)
Beijing, which is the capital f China, is a beautiful city with a lng histry.
3.关系代词
关系词
指代人或物
充当的成分
是否可省略
关系
代词
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
作宾语可省
which
物或主句内容
主语、宾语
作宾语可省
wh
人
主语、宾语
作宾语可省
whm
人
宾语
可省
whse
人或物
定语
不可省
as
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
不可省
1．The club ________ members are music fans meet in the schl garden every Saturday.
2．On scial media sites, peple tend t pst nly gd updates ______ will make them appear happy and friendly.
3．The tw pupils _________ yu taught three years ag have becme tractr drivers.
4．The dgs were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring fr these animals.
5．We were frightened and even shcked by the news ________he brught us.
6．I am ging t meet Tm ___________ they say is a gd by.
7．The city was attacked by such terrible weather few citizens had ever experienced befre.
8．There is a lake near ur schlyard ________ depth is beynd yur expectatin.
9．Quan Hngchan is an utstanding athlete________was awarded May Furth Medal.
10．Running Man, is such funny reality shw has the gravity t pull yu in frnt f yur televisin.
关系代词的特定用法
【知识积累·练前热身】
1.只用that做关系代词
（1）当先行词是anything, everything, nthing, smething, nne, all, the ne等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, sme, n, little, few, much等代词修饰时；
Tell us everything that yu knw, please.请告诉我你知道的事。
I’ve read all the bks that yu gave me.我已经读了你给我的所有的书。
（2）当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the nly、the very、the last、the same等修饰时；
This is the lngest bridge that I have ever seen.这是我看到过的最长的桥。
The first place that they visited in Lndn was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
This is the nly thing that we can d nw.这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既包括人又包括物。
He talked abut the teachers and schls that he had visited.他谈论他曾经拜访过的老师和学校。
（4）当先行词前面有wh, which等疑问代词时，为避免重复，用that。
Wh is the man that came this mrning?谁是今天早上来的人？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me mst?最适合我的T恤是那件？
2.只用which做关系代词
（1）引导非限定性定语从句时，先行词指物或整个句子，只用which而不用that。
The fish, which I bught this mrning, is very fresh. 我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。
（2）在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构，只用which而不用that。
I was put in a psitinin which I had t accept I was less imprtant.我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。
（3）在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，为避免重复，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me shw yu the nvelthat I brrwed frm the library which was newly pen.让我给你如果有看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
3.只用wh做关系代词
（1）当定语从句的先行词是ne, nes, anyne, thse等指人的不定代词，只能用wh引导。
Anyne wh des that must be mad. 那样做的人一定是疯了。
（1）在there be结构中，先行词是人时，且作主语，只用wh。
There is a yung man wh wants t see yu.有一个年轻人相见你。
（2）为了避免重复或引起歧义，有两个定语从句时，一个用that，另一个用wh。
The man that spke at the meeting is ur new headmaster wh has just cme frm Shanghai. 那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，他来自上海。
（3）当先行词是I, yu, he, they时（常用于谚语之中），只用wh。
He wh plays with fire gets burned.玩火自焚。
1．Whatever ur hbbies, the Internet can cnnect us with thse ________ als enjy ding them, even if they live n the ther side f the wrld.
2．She wuld d anything______ culd help her mther recver frm the disease.
3．I have fund the very shp __________ has everything we need.
4．He talked a lt abut things and persns ________ he remembered in the schl.
5．This is the best factry ________ prduces famus bikes.
6．Later, she studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field frm she gained a deep knwledge abut traditnal practices.
7.The teacher was satisfied with all the hmewrk____had been finished by us.
8．Guilin is ne f the mst beautiful cities ________ I have ever visited.
9．Accrding t a study at the University f Iwa named In ne ear and ut the ther, a grup f students participated in tw experiments in ________ they listened t sunds, lked at images and held bjects.
10．An eagle flew ver the snw-caped muntains, _________were reflected in the still lake belw.
一、阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
When yu are chsing a cllege, a lt f factrs will prbably play int yur decisin: the schl’s reputatin, the classes ffered and the prfessr in yur majr, t name a few. Hwever, given the ever-increasing cmpetitiveness f universities t attract mre and mre applicants, many schls nw ffer extra benefits t be enjyed by all their students. Here are sme f the fun “extras” ffered by the schl.
Michigan Technlgical University
Taking advantage f the cld winter weather, Michigan Technlgical University sets itself apart with its n-campus ski resrt, Mnt Ripley, which is accessible and free fr all students. Instead f hitting the campus gym, yu'll be able t get yur exercise utside n the slpes. When the pressure f schl becme t much, just head ut fr a day f free skiing and yu'll be left feeling fully refreshed.
University f Missuri
At the University f Missuri, yu can enjy ne f the best campus recreatinal centers in the cuntry. It features an “indr beach" cmplete with a waterfall and a lazy river, as well as an inexpensive full-service spa. Even if yu dn't enjy wrking ut, Missuri's recreatinal center will give yu a reasn t g t the gym.
New Yrk University
If yu're a fan f museum, NYU is the perfect university fr yu. Nt nly will yu be lcated in the heart f a city featuring sme f the best museums in the wrld, but the university will prvide yu with access t many f them. Yu can take advantage f visiting museums anytime yu want — which means yu'll never be bred n the weekends.High Pint University
If yu see yurself quickly tired f dining-hall fd — smething that happens t almst all f us — High Pint University has a great ptin: a private steakhuse fr students. Besides the cheap steaks, the campus als ffers ice cream frm a campus ice-cream truck, a mvie theater and a shpping center.
1. Wh is the text intended fr?
A. The general public.B. Cllege freshmen.
C. Educatinal experts.D. High schl students.
2. Which university can ffer students free service?
A. Michigan Technlgical University.B. University f Missuri.
C. New Yrk University.D. High Pint University.
3. Why d these universities ffer such fun “extras” ?
A. T make the campus life mre clrful.
B. T draw mre students’ interest in schls.
C. T imprve students’ academic perfrmance.
D. T prmte the cperatin amng universities.
B
Frm the day a persn pens his r her eye in this wrld t the pint when success surrunds them, curisity is smething that never leaves their sides. It stays with them and instills (灌输) in them a sense f explratin; it pushes them t take risks, and uncver the hidden mystery. It is a pwerful quality as it helps peple develp an understanding f different aspects f the wrld.
Many parents get annyed when their children ask t many questins. They d nt realize that by nt respnding (回应) t the questins and curisity f these little nes, it might take away their chances t learn new things. Learning is every individual’s right, and n ne can take away ne’s eagerness t explre, discver, and learn new things.
The frmer president f the United States, Rsevelt, nce said, “I think, at a child’s birth if a mther culd ask a fairy gdmther t give it the mst useful gift, that gift wuld be curisity.” If a child asks t many questins ut f curisity, parents must answer the questins with patience. The way they respnd will determine(决定) whether a child grws up t be a smart learner and an explrer r nt.
While sme parents take these matters lightly, there are sme wh attend t the needs f their yung nes’ hunger t learn smartly. Regina, a life cach and public speaker, instead f lsing her calm n her daughter’s nature t frequently questin everything, she tried t respnd t her daughter with lve and affectin (关爱). Nt nly did she answer all her daughter’s questins, but she started thinking f ther curius kids ut there wh were eager t discver the hidden secrets f this wrld.
4. What will happen if children get n respnse t their questins?
A. They’ll be less patient.
B. They’ll learn mre smartly.
C. They’ll likely take adventures.
D. They’ll lse pprtunities t learn new things.
5. Why des the authr mentin President Rsevelt’s wrds?
A. T shw children are gifted.
B. T state patience is necessary.
C. T stress curisity is imprtant.
D. T suggest parents be understanding.
6. What des the underlined phrase “attend t” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Take care fB. Give way t
C. Get tired fD. Make use f
7.What will be mst prbably talked abut in the fllwing part f the passage?
A. Regina became a life cachB. Regina explred new things.
C. Regina helped ther curius kids.D. Regina answered her daughter’s questins.
二、完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D三个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。
The crnavirus pandemic(冠状病毒流行) influencing ur wrld has shwn us that kindness is mre imprtant than befre. It’s als taught us sme____1____lessns abut respnsibility and genersity.
David is nly 13 years ld, but he’s already spent the past seven years f his life____2____his cmmunity. Since the deadly crnavirus____3____ in his city, he’s been getting ver 5,000 masks, fd, clthing and____4____fr thers. The teen’s determinatin t d gd fr thers cmes frm being supprted in sme____5____f his wn: David was brn with arms that are different frm mst thers.____6____his disability, his family has been encuraging him all the way in his____7____effrts, and he has been cllecting ____8____fr peple in need since the age f six. When____9____hw lng he planned t keep helping thers, he said, “Prbably the_____10_____f my life.” Once David helped find a htel fr a_____11_____ld man t stay in, the ld man nly had ne sentence t_____12_____his new friend. “He’s an angel, ”he said_____13_____.
Kindness is like spreading hugs arund the wrld t thse wh need it. The_____14_____culd be smething small, but eventually, make a_____15_____difference t the persn receiving it.
1. A. previusB. persnalC. wrthwhileD. virtual
2. A. establishingB. servingC. bserving D. advertising
3. A. slwdwnB. fall dwnC. g ut D. brke ut
4. A. albumsB. detailsC. awardsD. shelters
5. A. challengesB. defencesC. mistakesD. crashes
6. A. Rather thanB. DespiteC. Accrding tD. Besides
7. A. selflessB. specialC. legalD. extra
8. A. stampsB. evidenceC. dataD. supplies
9. A. greetedB. tldC. asked D. reminded
10. A. beginningB. restC. endD. middle
11. A. kindB. pwerfulC. hmelessD. calm
12. A. impressB. describeC. attractD. admire
13. A. prfessinallyB. eagerlyC. thankfully D. gracefully
14. A. chancesB. plansC. lssesD. acts
15. A. greatB. littleC. creativeD. limited
一、阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Age has never been a prblem fr Thessalnika Arzu-Embry. After all, she’s already gt her master’s degree.
The Nrth Chicag-area girl started hmeschling at the age f 4. She began having an influence n thers sn after. When she was 6 years ld, she was an inspiratinal (鼓舞人心的) speaker at an rganizatin called Tabitha Huse Cmmunity Service, a shelter fr peple wh were frced t leave their hmes due t the situatins such as earthquakes, fld and ther natural disasters.
At the age f 11, she graduated frm high schl and then earned her bachelr’s degree in psychlgy in 2013. She cmpleted thse classes nline as she was traveling fr leadership meetings.
She desn’t stp there, thugh. The girl plans t fcus n aviatin psychlgy (航空心理学) fr her further study, a decisin inspired by her father wh is a pilt. She grew up arund airplanes and tk flights all the time. Her gal is t use it t determine whether pilts are dealing with prblems that culd have deadly results nce the plane takes ff — a tpic that has been in the news lately. Fr her, it’s a mix f tw f her interests.
In her free time, Thessalnika enjys playing tennis, swimming and being active in her yuth grup. She als has three self-published bks, which are n her site. Jump the Educatin Barrier is written t help students finish cllege, and In the Future aims t help business wners deal with trends. Her third bk The Genius Race has a wider appeal. It is designed t help peple t be geniuses in varius areas f life.
1. What can we knw abut Thessalnika frm the passage?
A. She majred in science and technlgy.
B. She gained her master’s degree at the age f 11.
C. She started hmeschling when she was 6 years ld.
D. She gt her bachelr’s degree thrugh nline curses.
2. What is Thessalnika’s next plan accrding t the passage?
A. Majring in aviatin psychlgy.
B. Being active in her yuth grup.
C. Making inspiring speeches fr leadership meetings.
D. Writing anther bk t help peple t be geniuses.
3. Why des Thessalnika write the bk Jump the Educatin Barrier?
A. T help peple t be successful.
B. T raise cncern abut psychlgy.
C. T share her wn experience with thers.
D. T give students a hand t cmplete cllege.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the passage?
A. HmeschlingB. T Be a Genius
C. Three Published BksD. The Stry f Thessalnika
B
Due t scial events in recent years, the relatinship between scial media and teenagers mental health has been under heated discussin.
On Sept 30 a British curt decided that cntent n scial media platfrms cntributed t the depressin f 14-year-ld Mlly Russell. Russell interacted with 2,100 psts related t pessimistic, self-harm in the six mnths, leading up t her depressin, reprted the Observer website.
The crrelatin has als been prved by science. A study in 2019 shwed that the frequent use f scial media by teenagers can lead t a decrease in their mental health.
S, hw can we make sure that teenagers wn’t get hurt while using scial media? Chan, 18, frm the University f Maca shared her experience. Chan said that she nce came acrss shrt vides rmanticizing mental illnesses such as depressin and anxiety. She immediately reprted them t the platfrm.
But she said that the users’ pwer t regulate vides is still limited. “It is ultimately the respnsibility f the scial media platfrms t filter ut cntent that is ptentially harmful.” She als nticed that the age f scial media users has becme increasingly yunger. Sciety shuld pay attentin t this, she said. “Since it’s nt pssible t cut ff access t scial media fr yunger users, why nt intrduce a ‘supervisin mde’ with which parents can regulate the cntent t be viewed by teenagers befrehand?” she said.
Wu Chengyu, 18, studies at Tianjin Experimental High Schl. He said that several years ag he came acrss a game that lures teenagers t self-abuse and depressin. He quickly chse t ignre it s he wuldn’t be influenced. This is the same way he reacts when expsed t negative cntent n scial media.
In Wu’s pinin, teenagers tday shuld imprve their scial media literacy (素养), telling real frm fake and gd frm bad. “Als, everyne can be a cntent creatr n scial media.” he said, “We shuld all strengthen ur awareness f ethics”.
5. What led t Russell’s depressin accrding t a British curt?
A. Her interactin with thers nline.
B. Negative infrmatin n scial media platfrms.
C. Shrt vides she watched n the Internet.
D. Her addictin t nline psts.
6. Which f the fllwing statements des Chan prbably agree with?
A. The number f yunger Scial media users shuld be limited.
B. Parents shuld mnitr the cntent t be viewed by teenagers in advance.
C. A supervisin mde ught t be intrduced by parents.
D. It is the respnsibility f the sciety t rmanticize mental illnesses.
7. Wh shuld be ultimately respnsible fr remving negative cntent accrding t Chan?
A. Parents. B. Internet users
C. Cntent creatrs. D. Scial media platfrms.
8. What des Wu suggest teenagers shuld d?
A. Use scial media wisely.
B. Reduce scial media usage.
C. Stay away frm nline games.
D. Learn mre abut scial media.
二、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
Beijing Central Axis (北京中轴线) was written n the UNESCO Wrld Heritage (世界文化遗产) List n July 27, ____1____ marks China’s 59th Wrld Heritage Site.
It is the amazing place f interest, made ____2____ f 15 landmarks, with the Bell and Drum Twers at its nrthern end and Yngdingmen Gate at the suthern end, ___3___ runs thrugh the heart f the ld city f Beijing. Wrld-famus _____4_____ (site) like the Frbidden City (紫禁城) and the Tian’an men Square are alng the Axis, and the Temple f Heaven and the Altar f Agriculture (先农坛) ____5____ (lcate) n the east and west sides f the Axis.
Beijing Central Axis is ____6____ (true) an magnetic attractin shwing the wisdm and creativity f ancient Chinese designers. Years f effrts make it ____7____ unique mixture f histry, culture and architecture. It witnesses the perfect rder f capital cities that ____8____ (influence) the buildings f traditinal Chinese cities fr mre than tw thusands years.
“China will cntinue making effrts ___9___ (prtect) heritage buildings, encurage public participatin, and strategically make ____10____ (arrange).” Li frm the Natinal Cultural Heritage Administratin said n Saturday.
一、阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Chice f Walks fr Beginner and Experienced Walkers
（2024新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷）The Carlw Autumn Walking Festival is a great pprtunity fr the beginner, experienced r advanced walker t enjy the challenges f Carlw’s muntain hikes r the peace f its wdland walks.
Walk 1 — The Natural Wrld
With envirnmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide, this walk prmises t be an infrmative tur. Walkers are sure t learn lts abut the habitats and natural wrld f the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st Octber, at 09:00
Start Pint: Scrates Bridge
Walk Duratin: 6 hurs
Walk 2 — Intrductin t Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passin fr making the great utdrs accessible t all. This muntain walk prvides an insight int the skills required fr hillwalking t ensure yu get the mst frm future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd Octber, at 09:00
Start Pint: Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duratin: 5 hurs
Walk 3 — Mnlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way t step ut f yur cmfrt zne. Breathtaking views f the lwlands f Carlw can be enjyed in the presence f welcming guides frm lcal walking clubs. A trch (手电筒) alng with suitable clthing is essential fr walking in the dark. Thse wh are dressed inapprpriately will be refused permissin t participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st Octber, at 18:30
Start Pint: The Twn Hall
Walk Duratin: 3 hurs
Walk 4 — Phtgraphic Walk in Kilbrannish Frest
This infrmative walk led by Richard Smyth intrduces yu t the basic principles f phtgraphy in the wild. Bring alng yur camera and enjy the wnderful views alng this well-surfaced frest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd Octber, at 11:45
Start Pint: Kilbrannish Frest Recreatin Area
Walk Duratin: 1.5 hurs
1. Which walk takes the shrtest time?
A. The Natural Wrld.B. Intrductin t Hillwalking.
C. Mnlight Under the Stars.D. Phtgraphic Walk in Kilbrannish Frest.
2. What are participants in Walk 3 required t d?
A. Wear prper clthes.B. Jin a walking club.
C. Get special permits.D. Bring a survival guide.
3. What d the fur walks have in cmmn?
A. They invlve difficult climbing.B. They are fr experienced walkers.
C. They share the same start pint.D. They are scheduled fr the weekend.
B
（2024新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷）D yu ever get t the train statin and realize yu frgt t bring smething t read? Yes, we all have ur phnes, but many f us still like t g ld schl and read smething printed.
Well, there’s a kisk (小亭) fr that. In the San Francisc Bay Area, at least.
“Yu enter the fare gates (检票口) and yu’ll see a kisk that is lit up and it tells yu can get a ne-minute, a three-minute, r a five-minute stry,” says Alicia Trst, the chief cmmunicatins fficer fr the San Francisc Bay Area Rapid Transit — knwn as BART. “Yu chse which length yu want and it gives yu a receipt-like shrt stry.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 shrt stries and pems since the prgram was launched last March. Sme are classic shrt stries, and sme are new riginal wrks.
Trst als wants t intrduce lcal writers t lcal riders. “We wanted t d smething where we d a call t artists in the Bay Area t submit stries fr a cntest,” Trst says. “And as f right nw, we’ve received abut 120 submissins. The winning stries wuld g int ur kisk and then yu wuld be a published artist.”
Ridership n transit (交通) systems acrss the cuntry has been dwn the past half century, s culd shrt stries save transit?
Trst thinks s.
“At the end f the day all transit agencies right nw are ding everything they can t imprve the rider experience. S I abslutely think we will get mre riders just because f shrt stries,” she says.
And yu’ll never be withut smething t read.
4. Why did BART start the kisk prgram?
A.T prmte the lcal culture.B. T discurage phne use.
C.T meet passengers’ needs.D. T reduce its running csts.
5. Hw are the stries categrized in the kisk?
A. By ppularity.B. By length.
C. By theme.D. By language.
6. What has Trst been ding recently?
A. Organizing a stry cntest.B. Ding a survey f custmers.
C. Chsing a print publisher.D. Cnducting interviews with artists.
7. What is Trst’s pinin abut BART’s future?
A. It will clse dwn.B. Its prfits will decline.
C. It will expand natinwide.D. Its ridership will increase.
二、完形填空
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
（2024新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷）When I decided t buy a huse in Eurpe ten years ag, I didn't think t lng. I liked traveling in France, but when it came t picking my favrite spt t ___1___, Italy was the clear winner.
During my first visit t Italy, I ___2___ t ask fr directins r rder in a restaurant. But every time I tried t ___3___ a sentence f Italian tgether, the lcals smiled at me and ___4___ my language skills. That encuragement helped me t get thrugh the language ___5___. After I made Italy my permanent hme, I discvered hw ___6___ Italians are. Neighbrs will bring me freshly made cheese and will cme t my dr t ___7___ me t clse the windw in my car when rain is cming. It's these small ___8___ f kindness that make a new cuntry feel like hme.
As a fdie, the way t my heart is thrugh my stmach, and nwhere fuels my ___9___ quite like Italy. Each twn has its wn traditinal ____10____, and every family keeps a recipe passed frm ne generatin t anther. Families ____11____ fr big meals n Sundays, birthdays, and whatever ther excuses they can ____12____. These meals are always ____13____ by laughter and jy. Whatever ____14____ life in Italy might have, the prblems are ____15____ nce yu sit dwn t a big meal with friends and family.
1. A. studyB. rentC. visitD. settle
2. A. plannedB. struggledC. refusedD. happened
3. A. stringB. hangC. mixD. match
4. A. imprvedB. assessedC. admiredD. praised
5. A. curseB. barrierC. areaD. test
6. A. pen-mindedB. strng-willedC. warm-heartedD. well-infrmed
7. A. remindB. allwC. persuadeD. rder
8.A. tricksB. prmisesC. actsD. duties
9. A. ambitinB. successC. appetiteD. grwth
10. A. cstumeB. dishC. symblD. tale
11. A. gatherB. cheerC. leaveD. wait
12. A. put up withB. stand up frC. cme up withD. make up fr
13. A. signaledB. cnfirmedC. representedD. accmpanied
14. A. disadvantagesB. meaningsC. surprisesD. pprtunities
15. A. createdB. frgttenC. understdD. identified