完形填空之说明文（讲义）-中考英语专项练习（通用版）含答案

这是一份完形填空之说明文（讲义）-中考英语专项练习（通用版）含答案，文件包含完形填空之说明文讲义原卷版docx、完形填空之说明文讲义解析版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共33页， 欢迎下载使用。
\l "考情透视" 考情透视·目标导航2
\l "知识导图" 知识导图·思维引航4
\l "考点突破" 考点突破·考法探究5 TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u
\l "_Tc19924" 考点一 题形破解 PAGEREF _Tc19924 \h 3
\l "_Tc31484" 1.说明文类完形填空解题要点 PAGEREF _Tc31484 \h 3
\l "_Tc23980" 2. 高分技巧 PAGEREF _Tc23980 \h 4
\l "_Tc27989" 考点二 语境联想的应用 PAGEREF _Tc27989 \h 5
\l "_Tc29857" 1.利用上下文的提示 PAGEREF _Tc29857 \h 5
\l "_Tc25498" 2.用学过的知识和已有的生活经验，扫清部分词汇理解上的障碍 PAGEREF _Tc25498 \h 5
目标导航：
1.了解中考英语说明类完形填空解题技巧概览
2.语境联想的应用
3.掌握解题步骤和策略
❤锦囊妙计
锦囊1：利用首句查明说明对象。
锦囊2：利用逻辑关系之让步关系。
锦囊3：利用逻辑关系之因果关系。
锦囊4：利用逻辑关系之平行关系。
锦囊5：利用逻辑关系之转折关系。
锦囊6：利用词语（搭配）辨析。
锦囊7：利用说明文的结构模式之递进式说明。
考点一 题形破解
1.说明文类完形填空解题要点
2. 高分技巧
①利用首句，明确说明对象
说明文一般有三类；一是实体事例说明文，包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍等；二是事理说明文，包括理论性解释、文书简介、学术流派等；三是文艺性说明文，即说明对象拟人化。掌握说明对象，可以从整体上把握主旨大意。
②把握说明文的结构模式
总分式：包括总-分；分-总；总-分-总等具体形式。
递进式：事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序-从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序-事情都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序-剖析事理时就按照其逻辑关系进行安排，或从原因到结果、从主到次、递进或对比等严密的条理性。掌握结构模式，可以对文章的逻辑有更好的把握。
③逐句精读文章，熟悉逻辑衔接次。
考点二 语境联想的应用
1.利用上下文的提示
（1）在完形填空中，有些空格的答案可能直接或间接地在上下文中给出。读者可以寻找与空格相连的句子或段落，以找到可能的答案。
（2）上下文可能提供对某些单词或短语的理解，例如，如果一个单词或短语在句子中是已知的，那么读者可以使用这个已知信息来理解其他相关的单词或短语的含义。
（3）上下文也可能提供对整个文章主题的理解，这可以帮助读者理解文章中的细节和要点。
2.用学过的知识和已有的生活经验，扫清部分词汇理解上的障碍
（1）读者可以利用自己的背景知识和生活经验来理解文章中的某些单词或短语。例如，如果文章谈论体育，那么读者可以利用自己对体育的了解来理解文章中的一些专门术语。
（2）如果文章中出现一些新词汇或难以理解的短语，读者可以利用上下文以及文章的总体主题来猜测其含义。
（3）读者还可以利用文章的语法和结构来理解某些词汇的含义。例如，上下文中的动词时态和形容词的使用可以帮助读者理解某些名词的含义。
典例引领
Passage1（2024·重庆大渡口·三模）根据短文内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入相应空格内的最佳答案，并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
As we knw, there are 24 slar terms (节气) in China. Grain Rain (谷雨) is ne f them and it usually 1 n April 20th and ends n May 5th.
This slar term is called Grain Rain because it is knwn fr “Rain waters the grain”. After this term ends, there will be mre 2 days. The slar term als means mre rainfalls. S if yu g ut in the slar term, yu may need t bring a(n) 3 with yu. But this is a great time fr planting and farming. Chinese peple have the 4 , “If yu dn’t plant crps during Grain Rain, yu’ll feel like a crab (螃蟹) is creeping in yur heart. ” This means that if yu miss the time fr planting, yu will feel 5 later. When the spring rain falls, farmers als begin t grw crps. Farmers ften say, “Spring rain is as precius as il.” It brings farmers 6 fr a gd year ahead.
There are als many interesting 7 during Grain Rain. In the nrthern part f China, peple like t eat Chinese tn with scrambled eggs (香椿炒鸡蛋). That’s why lts f peple 8 the tn in the market. The fd made during Grain Rain tastes wnderful and is gd fr yur stmach and skin. In the suthern part f China, peple pick tea leaves n the days f rain. The tea leaves that are 9 during Grain Rain are called Grain Rain tea, which is ppular with peple. They are 10 fr their freshness and fragrance (香味). It’s als said that drinking tea during Grain Rain wuld prevent bad luck.
1．A．leavesB．meetsC．landsD．starts
2．A．htB．freeC．clD．snwy
3．A．bwlB．umbrellaC．cupD．handbag
4．A．sayingB．humrC．jkeD．taste
5．A．happyB．scaredC．srryD．excited
6．A．wrkB．mneyC．energyD．luck
7．A．rulesB．custmsC．striesD．skills
8．A．set upB．turn ffC．write dwnD．lk fr
9．A．pickedB．grwnC．sldD．thrwn
10．A．famusB．badC．readyD．late
Passage2（2024·山东潍坊·二模）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Have yu ever wndered why thinking t much makes yu tired? A new study has fund ut sme 11 t this questin.
Researchers frm the Paris Brain Institute studied why t much mental effrt makes us 12 . They fund that when peple think a lt, the brain gives ff a chemical called glutamate (谷氨酸). T much glutamate disturbs (扰乱) the brain’s functins (功能). It 13 the brain tells the bdy it is tired and that it must rest. Peple wh spend mre than six hurs wrking n a task that 14 a lt f thughts are mre likely t feel tired. A perid f rest allws the brain t return t nrmal. This explains why a nap (小睡) is 15 fr us. A nap can be as shrt as 20 minutes, 16 it can make us feel cmpletely refreshed.
The research team lked at the behavir f 40 participants in their research. Twenty-fur f these had t perfrm challenging tasks. These 17 lking at a cmputer screen and matching different letters that appeared. The ther 16 participants did a similar, but 18 task. Bth grups wrked fr six hurs, and had tw ten-minute 19 . The researchers scanned (扫描) the brains f the participants. They fund that the grup wh had the mre difficult task had higher levels f glutamate in their brain. Study authr Antnius Wiehler said, “It wuld be great t 20 mre abut hw glutamate levels are restred (恢复).” He asked, “Is sleep helpful? Hw lng d breaks need t be t have a psitive effect?”
11．A．answersB．waysC．cursesD．results
12．A．happyB．excitedC．tiredD．relaxed
13．A．tellsB．meansC．asksD．says
14．A．requiresB．reducesC．refusesD．recrds
15．A．famusB．lateC．readyD．gd
16．A．rB．butC．thughD．s
17．A．includedB．causedC．frmedD．allwed
18．A．easierB．busierC．biggerD．heavier
19．A．jbsB．breaksC．classesD．lessns
20．A．give utB．put utC．find utD．pint ut
Passage3（2024·广东中山·三模）通读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每小题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并将答题卡上对应题目所选的选项涂黑。
Anyne wh prepares fr an exam will have t plan and study accrding t a timetable. What is the best time f the day t study? Fr sme, it is the daytime; fr thers, it’s at night.
After a gd night’s sleep, peple have mre 21 and becme mre active during the day. It is easy t 22 with teachers, friends, and thers t ask any questins that yu may have. Furthermre, the natural 23 yu get during the day is better than the artificial (人工的) light that yu use at night.
On the ther hand, 24 during the night can als be beneficial. During the night, the envirnment is very quiet. This creates a setting t study 25 . When yu study during the night, yur creativity will 26 and this in turn will help yu t understand 27 easily. Yur ability will als be 28 . Hwever, the best time t study is different frm peple t peple. Whatever the time yu chse t study, it is imprtant t be careful. First, set a gal and 29 cncentrating (集中注意力). Next, give yurself enugh time t study and rganize yur study.
Abve all, be 30 and have cnfidence in yurself. Then, n ne can stp yu frm achieving yur aims.
21．A．timeB．energyC．talentD．freedm
22．A．cnnectB．shareC．cmmunicateD．cmpare
23．A．windB．lightC．envirnmentD．sund
24．A．studyingB．readingC．sleepingD．exercising
25．A．impatientlyB．seriuslyC．carelesslyD．peacefully
26．A．disappearB．increaseC．reduceD．express
27．A．knwledgeB．differencesC．technlgyD．advantages
28．A．badB．weakC．greatD．nrmal
29．A．get nB．wrk nC．call nD．keep n
30．A．carelessB．psitiveC．gratefulD．negative
Passage4（2024·福建福州·三模）Autumn is here. Why nt head utdrs and discver the wrld f fungi (真菌)? Fungi are almst everywhere. They are nt just under ur feet when we g fr a walk, but living n 31 f things, even in the air we breathe. Autumn is the 32 time fr all kinds f fungi t grw.
There is n dubt that fungi are nt animals since 33 has seen them mving arund. “Then they have t be sme kind f plant,” yu may think, but n. they are nt plants because they d nt 34 their wn fd frm sunlight and air. Instead, they get fd by digesting (消化) wd, leaves and dead things.
35 fungi are nt animals r plants, then what are they? Well, scientists put fungi in their wn kingdm, 36 separate frm animals and plants. Fungi cme in all 37 , clrs and frms. Scientists think that there are at least 1.5 millin kinds f fungi in ttal. Humans have fund nly abut 100,000 kinds. “I never knw what I might find in the frest,” said Greg Mueller, an expert in fungi.
When referring t vegetables, fungi are cmmnly knwn as mushrms. Mushrms are delicius fd, but yu shuld never eat wild mushrms. Eating wild mushrms may 38 sickness r even death. The nly way t knw if a mushrm is 39 is t have an expert take a gd lk at it. 40 that, never eat even a tiny bit. The wrld f fungi is fascinating.
31．A．lksB．surfacesC．tastes
32．A．bestB．wrstC．slwest
33．A．smebdyB．everybdyC．nbdy
34．A．eatB．buyC．make
35．A．IfB．ThughC．Unless
36．A．luckilyB．cmpletelyC．sadly
37．A．placesB．datesC．shapes
38．A．lead tB．stick tC．g t
39．A．deliciusB．safeC．fresh
40．A．AfterB．DuringC．Befre
Passage5（2024·四川·三模）In China, children like t make prmises by hking pinkies (拉钩) with each ther. They say, “A pinkie prmise must be 41 fr 100 years.” Then they may press their thumbs (拇指) tgether t cmplete the prmise. Smetimes, 42 will hk pinkies and prmise t be tgether frever.
There are many guesses n the rigin (起源) f the pinkie prmise. Sme say it cmes frm a nursery rhyme (童谣). 43 say it was intrduced frm the West—brn ut f a lve stry where a man and a wman hked fingers.
One thery (理论) is that it may have 44 t d with the rle f fingers in Chinese culture. The Chinese character fr “finger” als means “aim” (referring t peple’s thughts). S hking fingers can be seen as the exchanging f 45 .
Therefre, the fingers play a(n) 46 rle in making an ath (盟约): They can nt nly be used t cmplete a prmise, but als be cut fr making a bld ath. When smene swears t heaven (对天发誓), he uses his 47 t pint t the sky.
48 , hking fingers means making a serius prmise. In sme mvies, a persn wh breaks a prmise may have his little finger cut 49 ! Of curse, this kind f thing is nt very likely t happen in real life. But we can still see 50 imprtant “pinkie prmises” can be. S next time,when yu hk pinkies with smene, yu’d better be careful with yur prmise!
41．A．recrdedB．keptC．remainedD．held
42．A．enemiesB．cusinsC．cuplesD．scientists
43．A．The therB．AntherC．OthersD．Other
44．A．smethingB．anythingC．everythingD．nthing
45．A．differencesB．giftsC．thughtsD．prblems
46．A．ancientB．imprtantC．pleasantD．crwded
47．A．fingerB．handC．shulderD．stmach
48．A．GenerallyB．SuddenlyC．SimplyD．Pssibly
49．A．upB．dwnC．ffD．behind
50．A．whatB．hwC．whenD．where
Passage6（2024·江苏南京·三模）阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The Silk Rad is knwn t all Chinese. It was an ancient trade way that cnnected China t ther cuntries. Alng this way, many prducts were traded, 51 spices, silk and fd. One f the mst imprtant activities f this rad was the exchange f currency (货币交换).
When peple frm different places met alng the Silk Rad, they had t exchange their currencies 52 d the business. Hwever, this was nt always 53 , as the value f different currencies is greatly different.
Many places had their wn currency 54 and marks, which shw their cultural histry. Fr example, the Chinese used cins with a square hle in the middle, 55 the Persians used cins with marks f their rulers. Currency exchange als led t the develpment f new technlgies. Fr example, the Chinese 56 paper mney. It was mre cnvenient (便利的) t carry than 57 cins. This creatin cmpletely changed the way peple did the 58 and made fr mdern banking develpment.
Tday, the Silk Rad is n lnger in use, but it has a great 59 n ur life. By studying the currency culture n the Silk Rad, yu can get a better understanding f the wrld and the imprtance f 60 exchanges. If yu have a chance t experience it in persn, dn’t miss it.
51．A．includeB．includesC．includingD．included
52．A．because fB．in rder tC．instead fD．accrding t
53．A．easyB．difficultC．cheapD．expensive
54．A．clrsB．sizesC．weightsD．rules
55．A．whileB．thughC．untilD．unless
56．A．chseB．inventedC．brughtD．left
57．A．smthB．rughC．lightD．heavy
58．A．prjectB．businessC．shppingD．research
59．A．difficultyB．differenceC．influenceD．decisin
60．A．medicalB．lcalC．naturalD．cultural
Passage7（2024·内蒙古呼和浩特·二模）Over the last 20 years, technlgy has been used mre and mre in schls. These days, it’s 61 fr students t use cmputers r tablets. In many places, it’s nrmal fr students t lk up infrmatin n the Internet rather than using bks. 62 is technlgy really useful t students? A recent reprt by UNESCO (联合国教科文组织) 63 that using technlgy in classes may nt help as much as many peple believe.
It is true that technlgy can 64 students t learn in ways that are mre interesting; it can help teachers explain difficult ideas; it can als help students wh have special needs.
But UNESCO als says technlgy can be very distracting (令人分心). When students use phnes in classes, it can 65 their learning. One study shws that even just having a smartphne nearby can be distracting.
The 66 f the reprt is t help imprve hw technlgy is used in educatin. The reprt says that technlgy can be 67 , but it shuldn’t be the centre f educatin. 68 , technlgy shuld be used t prperly supprt learning. “T much 69 n technlgy in educatin usually cmes at a high cst.” the reprt says. “We need t teach children t study bth with and withut technlgy,” says Mans, the directr behind the UNESCO reprt.
Als, the reprt suggests that the best way t learn is still t wrk 70 with teachers. Wrking with ther classmates als helps students learn well. UNESCO says that mst schls shuld spend mre mney n bks, classrms and teachers.
61．A．amazingB．necessaryC．crrectD． cmmn
62．A．AsB．OrC．ButD．And
63．A．rdersB．warnsC．prmisesD．expects
64．A．allwB．remindC．frceD．advise
65．A．get in the way f B．make sure fC．benefit frmD．wrk ut
66．A．advantageB．galC．causeD．backgrund
67．A．excitingB．mdernC．basicD．helpful
68．A．AlsB．InsteadC．HweverD．Then
69．A．serviceB．imprvementC．attentinD．change
70．A．clselyB．warmlyC．wiselyD．peacefully
Passage8（2024·陕西西安·模拟预测）It was a sunny afternn. Sam and his sister Lily were helping Mm 71 the rm.
“Hey, Sam,” said Mm. “Wuld yu please put these paper-twel tubes (纸巾内管) in the bin? “Sam lked at the tubes and smething came t him.” He asked “Culd I use them t make a 72 ? “Great idea!” said Mm. D we have any ther gd recycling materials?” asked Sam. Cme n. “Let’s g and see what else we can find in 73 huse”, said Mm.
Then, they walked arund in the huse and kept 74 . “This bx wuld be gd”, Sam pinted ut. But it’s full f bks. “I was ging t 75 thse bks n the shelves. Culd yu please give me a 76 ? Then yu can have the bx,” said Mm. Sam said excitedly “ 77 . “Nw I nly need several mre things.” Sam cntinued. He happily cllected all his materials. He sat n the flr, cutting and gluing all afternn.
“I like yur rbt,” said Lily. “Thanks. But his head is brken, and I can’t 78 it,” said Sam. “Hmm,” said Lily. She came up with an idea. She ran away and ran right back with an ld hat. “D yu still remember this hat?” asked Lily. “I wre it when I was a baby. Nw it’s t 79 fr me.” “Thanks, it’s perfect!” said Sam. “What d yu think, Mr. Rbt?”
“I lve it,” said Mr. Rbt, in a funny vice. “Yu are really gd 80 making things ut f recycling materials.”
71．A．fill upB．clean utC．build upD．find ut
72．A．bxB．bkC．rbtD．plane
73．A．urB．yurC．theirD．its
74．A．runningB．listeningC．cuttingD．searching
75．A．takeB．putC．bringD．use
76．A．penB．hatC．legD．hand
77．A．That’s rightB．Nt at allC．Yu are welcmeD．N prblem
78．A．seeB．getC．fixD．hit
79．A．bigB．smallC．perfectD．new
80．A．atB．tC．frD．with
题形
考查频次
命题特点
完形填空之说明文
10年10考
说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。它旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典形题形。它结合了单项选择题和短文填空的优点，既考查词语搭配、近义词辨异、动词时态、句形结构、复合句的关联和习惯用法等，又考查了逻辑推理和事理推断能力。
中考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
解题步骤
内容解读
1.明确说明对象，理清段落关系。
通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。
2.弄清说明顺序，把握作者态度。
在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。另外，在理清作者思路的基础上，还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句，把握作者的写作情感和意图。
3.运用高分技巧
按照命题分布规律和高分技巧正确解题并代入验证。
逻辑关系
例词
让步和转折
but, hwever, yet,unfrtunately, althugh, even thugh, instead f, rather than, nt…but等。
因果关系
because, fr, since, as, thus, hence, therefre, s, s…that, such…that, in rder that, because f, nw that, as a result, fr this reasn等。
并列关系
and, r, neither…nr, either…r, nt nly…but als, that is t say, as well as, the same…as等。
递进关系
then, besides, what is mre, what’s wrse, even wrse等。
总分关系
such as, fr example, fr instance等。