20.语篇连接手段 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习

这是一份20.语篇连接手段 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共20页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，逻辑纽带，语法纽带，词汇纽带，本节内容小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。

语篇连接手段，是指由一个以上的句子通过一定的连接手段合乎逻辑地构成一段有意义的语言单位，可以是口头形式，也可以是书面形式。本节将从逻辑纽带、语法纽带和词汇纽带三个方面展开。本节内容偏重于方法论的讲授，实例较少，学习过程中应当注意练习段落或篇章写作以充分理解之。
一.表示时间关系的逻辑纽带时间关系指按时间的先后安排细节材料，同时也包括按事物的发展阶段和采取行动的步骤先后安排。常见的过渡词有：adjs: earlier, frmer, preceding, previus, cntemprary, simultaneus, fllwing, later, next, subsequent（后来的）, succeeding, etc.advs: already, as yet, befre, befrehand, earlier, first, frmerly, previusly, s far, meantime, meanwhile, nw, presently, smultaneusly, cncurrently（同时发生地）, afterwards, later, since, subsequently, etc.prep. phrs: befre that/this, befre nw/then, by nw/then, until nw/then, up t nw/the present, at this pint, in the meantime, after this/that, since then, etc.
二.表示空间关系的逻辑纽带空间顺序法一般用于叙事文章中，特别适用于有关地点或区域的外景或内部的描述，阐述事物的位置和相互关系。要先找好着眼点，然后按一定的顺序来扩展。表示空间关系，通常用一些方位词或一些表示方位的词组。这一类主要是普通介词或复合介词，在此从略。三.表示例举和例证的逻辑纽带举例能使主题更明了，内容更丰富运用举例或例证来说明一种观点、概念、情况等是很常用且有效的展开段落的一种方法。例如：fr ne anther, t start/begin with, in the first/secnd place, furthermre, mrever, in additin t, t cnclude, fr instance, in particular, a gd illustratin f this (is), ...(is) a case in pint, etc.
四.表示过程的逻辑纽带过程分析法是阐述一件事情的发展过程，也可以分析制作某一产品的每一步骤，表示过程常见结构如下： The first thing yu shuld d, First, etc. The secnd step yu shuld take, Secnd, Then, etc. Next, Yur next step, The next thing t d, ... cme next., etc. After that, After yu have dne that, etc. Later, Subsequently, etc. Finally, The last but nt the least, etc.
五.表示因果关系的逻辑纽带表示因果关系的常用词语有： accrdingly, as, as a cnsequence, as a result (f), because, because f, cnsequently, due t, fr this/that reasn, hence, in cnsequence, in that case, nw that, lead t, n that accunt, wing t, result in, result frm, since, s, then, therefre, thus, that's why, etc.eg: The demand has increased. Thus, the prices are higher. Higher prices are ften caused by the result f an increase in demand.
六.表示比较和对照的逻辑纽带表示比较常用的词有：cnsiderably, a great deal, (very) much, (quite) a lt, rather, smewhat, a bit, a little, slightly, scarcely, hardly, nly just, exactly, precisely, just, virtually, practically, mre r less, almst, nearly, apprximately, abut, ttally, cmpletely, entirely, etc.表示对照常用的词有：but, fr all that, instead, hwever, nevertheless, still, yet, whereas（但是，尽管）, in any case, at any rate, in spite f that, n the cntrary, by way f cntrast, cnversely, n the ther hand, etc.
七.表示分类的逻辑纽带分类法是根据事物的特点分别归类并运用举例、比较等手法加以发展。分类法可用下列词语和表达形式： t be divided/sub-divided int tw kinds ; t be sub-divided int several srts ; t be classfied int a number f types t be sub-classfied int varius grups t be gruped int the fllwing classes t fall int three general categries t be sub-gruped int tw main divisins t be arranged in fur brad species ... may be classfied accrding t... ... may be divided int ... depending n/n the basis f...
一.动词的时、体形式在语篇中，有些动词时、体配合使用可以在句中起到衔接作用。动词的时、体形式交替使用有时还可以表明动作或状态发生或存在的时间。例如： She tld me all abut the peratin n her hip. It seemed t have been a success. 第二句中用的是 seemed ，因此本句给人的感觉是在说她的看法，即： It seems t her that the peratin had been successful.
二.替代和省略替代和省略既可以用来避免重复现象，在语篇中，他们也是连接上下文的手段。可以连接上句和下句，使他们在语义上相互依存。如：1. Fr example, nce a persn believes that it is dangerus t drink s much liqur, he r she is almst required t drink less. If that persn desn't, he r she is cmmitting a frm f suicide.2. - Dn't yu really think that a nice tie culd help yu attract girls? - I dn't think s.
三.照应照应关系是指对某个词语的解释或理解必须到上下文中该词语的所指对象中寻求时，它们所构成的语义关系。根据所指对象在上下文中的位置不同，可以分为前照应和后照应。所指对象出现在上文，代词必须向前与之产生照应关系即为前照应；所指对象出现在下文，前面的代词必须向后与之产生照应关系即为后照应。例如： Yu can questin authrity, but yu can burden authrity. Let them d their jb. “I try t avid it -- all the cntrversy,” she said.
三.照应1. 人称照应：照应关系由人称代词或物主代词等表示。如： Advcates f assisted suicide and euthanasia（安乐死）find a rle mdel in Hlland, they nly cuntry that permits bth practices. They say its plicy is a “remarkable triumph f cmmn sense”.2. 指示照应：照应关系由指示代词或指示限定词、定冠词、表示地点的指示性副词、表示时间的指示性副词表示。如： Yu can d ne thing whle-heartedly and single-mindedly and give up sme ther things. Or yu can be greedy and grab fr smething new withut wanting t give up what yu already have. This leads t a chatic and crwded in which yu are always late, almst verdue, always behind, but rarely bred. （this 指代前两句的整个内容）
三.照应3. 比较照应：照应关系通过形容词和副词的比较级形式和其它具有等同或比较意义的词语。如 same, equal, similar, different, ther, else, therwise, likewise, n cntrast, by cntrary, equally, similarly, differently 等表示。例如： It was nt at all unusual fr me t travel many miles withut seeing anther car, a huse, r even a rad sign. In such an atmsphere it is nt difficult t imagine that ne is the last persn n the planet.
一.关键词的重复重复关键词可以突出主题和中心思想。在使用重复手段时，如无特殊原因，应尽量注意不要引起赘余现象。二.同义词、近义词和反义词的使用使用同义词、近义词和反义词可以避免不必要的重复，使文章生动活泼。反义词可以分为相对性反义词（big-little）、互补性反义词（married-single）、换位反义词（lend-brrw）等三类。由反义、互补构成的词汇同现关系可以使语意连贯和加强语气。例如： I am srry t infrm yu that we are nt at all satisfied with yur sister. We are very much dissatisfied with her.
三.上下义词复现上义词指的是表示意义概括的词，他们在词义中包括了下义词的词义。例如 plant 和 vegetable, flwer, fruit, tree 等是上下义关系，前者为后者的上义词。在语篇中，上义词可以概括或替代下义词，可以避免重复。例如：There was a fine rcking-chair（摇椅） that his father used t sit in, a desk where he wrte letters, a nest f small tables and a dark, impsing（使人印象深刻的） bkcase. Nw all this furniture was t be sld, and with it his wn past.四.概括词复现概括词指表示一般意义的词，如 peple, man, place, matter, thing, d, make 等。概括词与其所指的词可以构成相互衔接的关系，也可避免重复。
逻辑纽带语法纽带词汇纽带