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16.否定 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习
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这是一份16.否定 课件-新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共37页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，否定方式，肯定与否定的转换，易混淆的否定结构，本节内容小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。
□否定方式□肯定与否定的转换□易混淆的否定结构
一.完全否定英语中的完全否定可以用 n, nt, never, nwhere, nne, nbdy, nthing, neither, nr 等表示。例如： N characteristics is caused exclusively by either envirnment r genes.二.部分否定英语中表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如 all, abslutely, bth, altgether, always, cmpletely, entirely, every day, everyne, everything, everythere, every, everybdy, many, whle, ften, whlly 等与 nt 搭配使用时，通常表示部分否定，意为“并非都是”。
二.部分否定例句如下： Hwever, nt everyne was amused by these April Fl's jkes.比较下列句子： Nthing pleases him. Nt everything pleases him. Nne f the answers are right. Nt all f the answers are right.
三.双重否定双重否定由“ nt + 具有否定意义的词”构成，形成“双重否定表肯定”的语言效果。双重否定可以表示强调，也可以表示委婉的含义。例如： Because it did nt seem t me unbelievable that there shuld be an rchestra cmpsed f musicians lder than a hundred. The sngs never fail t make the children smile and t raise their spirits. Yu have t select frm a list f several pssibilities, nt unlike chsing an ptin frm the menu n the screen f a persnal cmputer.
四.几乎否定（半否定） scarcely, barely, few, hardly, little, rarely, seldm 等是半否定词，本身已含否定意义，不能再与否定词连用。它们与谓语动词肯定式连用，构成几乎否定句。例如： They will leave cllege, thugh, with little educatin and few scial skills. Slw readers rarely have the experience f reading a nvel r a shrt stry at ne sitting.
五.转移否定转移否定，即句中的否定虽然出现在主句谓语的动词部分，否定范围却不在主句谓语动词本身，而转移到了句子中的宾语、状语或其它成分上。1. 转移否定多用于表示思维活动，如判断看法之类的动词 anticipate, believe, calculate, expect, figure, hpe, imagine, reckn, suppse, think 等。如： Sadly, I dn't think I culd persuade many f them t listen, thugh. I dn't think that the answer lies simply in their phsical cnstitutins r in smething unique abut the climate in which they live.
五.转移否定2. 主句的谓语动词 seem 是表示感觉的系动词，通常也用于转移否定句型。这类标识感觉的动词还有 appear, feel, lk like, sund, as if 等。例如： It desn't lk like it's ging t rain. N matter hw hard he tries, he never seems t be able t d the wrk satisfactrily.译：不论他如何努力，他似乎永远也不能胜任这个工作。
五.转移否定3. 当主句的主语补足语是表示信念、观点、愿望等名词，如 belief, expectatin, hpe, pinin, thught, view, wish 等，否定词用在主句中，但实际上否定的是从句中的谓语。例如： It is nt my hpe that yu shuld leave.4. 根据上下文或语调来确定否定的范围和否定的焦点。例如： I didn't leave hme because I was afraid f my father.译：我离开家，但并不是害怕父亲的缘故。或者：因为我害怕父亲，所以我没离开家。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式英语中有很多表示否定意义的词、词组和惯用法，其肯定形式可以表示否定意义。译成汉语时通常要借助汉语中的否定词。例如：1. 常用的含否定意义的动词及短语动词有 argue ... ut f, avid, baffle, decline, dubt, defy, deny, d away with, escape, expel, fail, frget, hinder ... frm, ignre, keep ... frm, lse, miss, neglect, bstruct, pass, prevent ... frm, refuse, stp, suspend, wnder 等。例如： Whenever I dubted I had the right stuff t be a writer, I wuld reread Dn's nte and feel cnfident again.
六.词汇中的否定表达方式2. 含否定意义的形容词和形容词短语有 absent, bad, clear frm, dead t （对无感觉）, disasterus, false, far frm, free frm, gne, last, pr, rare, safe frm, shrt f, strange, thin, wrng, negative 等。例如： Hwever diverse ur perspectives, such mments f reflectin have becme t rare tday.译：尽管我们的观点各不相同，但是今天这样的反思时刻已经变得太少了。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式3. 含否定意义的名词及名词短语有 absence, abstractin, avidance, denial, diversin, evasin, failure, lack, lss, neglect, negatin, preventin, the ppsite f 等。例如： Pets ease stress and anxiety, aid relaxatin, prvide a sense f security, and are a great diversin frm trubles.译：宠物能消除紧张和焦虑，有助于放松，提供安全感，使人摆脱困扰。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式4. 含否定意义介词和介词短语有 abve, against, at fault, at a lss, at ne's wit end, at sea, away frm, befre, behind, beneath ne's dark, in vain, ff, ut f, ut f the questin, past, regardless f, until, withut, wth the exceptin f 等。例如： An eccentric is ne wh insists upn being himself regardless f the pinin f rders, prvided he desn't hurt them r himself.
六.词汇中的否定表达方式5. much/still/even less, let alne, t say nthing f, nt t speak f, nt t mentin, wthut mentining 等均表示“更不用说”。例如： Plls have shwn that nw peple have a hard time finding anyne they admire let alne find heres.译：民意检测的结果表明人们现在很难找到一个能让他们崇拜的人，更不用说找到英雄人物了。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式6. 带有否定前缀和否定后缀的词也可以表示否定。常见的否定意义的前缀有 ab-, de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ill-, ir-, mis-, nn-, un-, under- 等；常见的否定意义的后缀有 -less, -free, -prf 等。 eg: illiterateill-manneredill-being nnvilenceundernurisheddecentralizatin childlessice-freewaterprf
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型1. cannt ... t ... 意为“无论也不为过分，越越好”。在此结构中cannt 也可改用 can never, impssible；t 也可改为 enugh, sufficient(ly), ver 以及 ver- 为前缀的动词，如 verestimate, veremphasize 等。例如： It is impssible t verestimate its imprtance.译：此事非常重要。（此事的重要性估计得如何高都不为过。） The psychlgical imprtance f this substance cannt be veremphasized.译：无论怎样强调这一物质的生理意义也不为过。
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型2. cannt but（后接动词原形）, cannt keep frm, cannt refrain frm, have n chice/alternative but t 意为“不得不，不能不，不禁要”。例如： She culd hardly keep frm crying. I have n alternative but t fly back t Lndn this mrning. The have n chice but t accept the psitin. I culd nt but admit that he was right and I was wrng.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型3. nthing but 与 nne but 意为“除之外，只有，仅仅，只不过”。例如： I have eaten nthing but bread and cheese since Sunday. Nne but she wuld have been capable f such strength and curage.** nne but 后接指人的名词或指物的名词；nthing but 后接非指人的名词。4. nthing else than 意为“仅仅，完全，正是”；nthing less than 意为“正好是，完全是”。例如： His failure was due t nthing than his wn carelessness. His negligence was nthing less than criminal.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型5. mre ften than nt, as ften as nt 意为“往往，多半”。例如： Mre ften than nt peple dn't realize what their rights are. When it is fggy the trains are late mre ften than nt. As ften as nt, he gets up late.6. 否定词 + but 分句，其中 but 相当于“wh/that/which ... nt”，是关系代词，或相当于“when/where ... nt”，为关系副词，意为“都，没有不”。例如： Nt a day ges by but I think f Daisy. Z.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型7. 否定词 + 形容词或副词比较级 + than，表示肯定。例如： There prbably is n feeling in this wrld mre exhilarating than being n a cllege campus during final exams, and knwing that yu dn't have t take them.8. 否定词 + till/until/unless/befre 等，意为“直到才”。例如： When he study fr a test, he desn't begin until the night befre r the mrning f the test. They didn't meet again until they were 20 years ld.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型9. hardly/scarcely/barely + when/befre ，意为“刚就”。在这一句型中，主句谓语用过去完成体。如 hardly, scarcely 或 barely 位于句首，主句的主谓语应部分倒装。例如： The game had hardly begun when it started t rain. Scarcely had I pened the dr when the dg came running in.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型1. mre than 意为“超出的”。例如： It was evident that t answer answer the letter he needed smething mre than gdwill, ink and paper.** mre than = n s much ... as 意为“与其说倒不如说”。例如： It wasn't s much clthes as the man himself wh impressed us immediately. 译：非常短的时间内给我们以深刻印象与其说是衣服，不如说是这个人 本身。
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型2. 在“be + the last + 名词 + 定语从句/动词不定式/介词短语”的句型中，the last 表示 the mst unlikely，具有强烈的否定含义，意为“最不愿，最不配，最不宜，绝不至于”等。例如： She's the last persn I'd expect t meet in the disc.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型3. t ... t ... 意为“太而不能”。例如： Sme f the birds were t angry t eat.*当这一结构与某些形容词如 anxius, eager, glad, pleased, ready, willing 等连用时，表示肯定含义。例如： Yu are t ready t criticize. 译：你太喜欢批评人了。** nly t ... t ..., all t ... t ..., but t ... t ... 意为“极，非常”。例如： Mark was nly t ready t agree with her.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型4. 有些肯定形式的比较级表示否定的含义。例如： She ught t knw better than t expect any help frm Rger.译：她应该知道，不要指望会从罗杰那儿得到什么帮助。 It's a beautiful dress but it's much mre than I can affrd.译：这件衣服很漂亮，但我买不起。
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换1. 在修辞问句中，肯定的形式表示强烈的否定；否定的修辞问句可以表示非常强烈的肯定。例如： Wh knws?（= Nbdy knws.）It might wrk. Isn't the intensity f the md, the flw f the dialgue, the interactin f the characters, the actin f the plt rudely disturbed by all thse cmmercials?译：难道紧张的气氛、流畅的对白、人物间的错综关系、情节的发展不是被所有那些商业广告粗暴地打断了吗？
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换2. 反语表示否定反语表示用正面的话表达反面的意思。反语语势很强，常用来表示讽刺、强调等。例如： Is it any wnder sme athletes dn't want t be rle mdels? Much I care.（I dn't care at all.） Why nt shw him what t d?
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换3. 肯定感叹句可以用来表示否定含义；否定感叹句也可用来表示肯定含义。例如： Was ever I nervus! 译：我从没这么紧张过。 Isn't it wnderful! 译：这太奇妙了！
一. n mre ... than 与 nt mre ... than 1. 修饰数词时的区别：前者意为“只不过，仅仅”，强调数量之少；后者意为“至多，不超过”，一般地说明数量上“不比多”。例如： It's n mre than a mile t the shps. 译：到商店只有一英里的路程。 It's a beaytiful cttage nt mre than 5 minutes t the nearest beach.译：这是一个美丽的小屋，离最近的海滩不超过5分钟。2. 作状语的区别：前者意为“同一样不”，含有消极、否定的意思。 than 后面的从句在形式上是肯定的，在意义上却是否定的。该句型对 than 前后两部分都给予否定；后者意为“不比更”，含有积极，肯定的意思。例如： Rachel is n mre curageus than Saul (is). = Rachel is nt curageus, any mre than Saul (is).译：蕾切尔和索尔一样没有胆量。 Rachel is nt mre curageus than Saul (is). 译：蕾切尔不如索尔有胆量。
二. n less ... than 与 nt less ... than 1. 修饰数词的区别：前者等同于 as many as，意为“不下于之多”，强调数量出乎意料的多；后者意为“至少（也许不止此数）”，即该数是最低标准，也可以更多些。例如： N less than 100 peple were injured r killed in the accident. 译：这次事故中伤亡人数不下100。 Write a cmpsitin f nt less than 100 wrds.译：写一篇字数不少于100的作文。2.作状语的区别：前者和后者存在的区别有与本小节“一”中内容相类似的区别。例如：French is n less than tngue fr him than English.译：如同英语一样，法语也是他的母语。 As a schlar, he is n less learned than Prf. Smith.译：作为学者，他和史密斯教授一样学识渊博。
三. nthing but 与 anything but nthing but 意为“只不过是；只是”，anything but 意为“根本不，绝不”。如： She did nthing but cmplained the whle time she was there. The bridge is anything but safe. 四. nne ther than 与 anything but 前者用于加强语气，意为“除外，只有，正是，就是”；后者意为“不是别的，正是”。例如： The man went ut t lk fr smething in the crral（畜栏） fr n ther reasn than t allw himself the pleasure f feeling the rain n his bdy. He was decrated by nne ther than the President.
五. n 与 nt 一般情况下，n + 名词，相当于 nt a/any + 名词。但在系表结构中，两者语义不同：nt a/any + 名词只是一种简单的否定式，而 n + 名词否定意义极强。比较： He is nt a teacher. 译：他不是教师。 He is n teacher. 译：他绝不是教师。
否定方式肯定与否定的转换易混淆的否定结构
□否定方式□肯定与否定的转换□易混淆的否定结构
一.完全否定英语中的完全否定可以用 n, nt, never, nwhere, nne, nbdy, nthing, neither, nr 等表示。例如： N characteristics is caused exclusively by either envirnment r genes.二.部分否定英语中表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如 all, abslutely, bth, altgether, always, cmpletely, entirely, every day, everyne, everything, everythere, every, everybdy, many, whle, ften, whlly 等与 nt 搭配使用时，通常表示部分否定，意为“并非都是”。
二.部分否定例句如下： Hwever, nt everyne was amused by these April Fl's jkes.比较下列句子： Nthing pleases him. Nt everything pleases him. Nne f the answers are right. Nt all f the answers are right.
三.双重否定双重否定由“ nt + 具有否定意义的词”构成，形成“双重否定表肯定”的语言效果。双重否定可以表示强调，也可以表示委婉的含义。例如： Because it did nt seem t me unbelievable that there shuld be an rchestra cmpsed f musicians lder than a hundred. The sngs never fail t make the children smile and t raise their spirits. Yu have t select frm a list f several pssibilities, nt unlike chsing an ptin frm the menu n the screen f a persnal cmputer.
四.几乎否定（半否定） scarcely, barely, few, hardly, little, rarely, seldm 等是半否定词，本身已含否定意义，不能再与否定词连用。它们与谓语动词肯定式连用，构成几乎否定句。例如： They will leave cllege, thugh, with little educatin and few scial skills. Slw readers rarely have the experience f reading a nvel r a shrt stry at ne sitting.
五.转移否定转移否定，即句中的否定虽然出现在主句谓语的动词部分，否定范围却不在主句谓语动词本身，而转移到了句子中的宾语、状语或其它成分上。1. 转移否定多用于表示思维活动，如判断看法之类的动词 anticipate, believe, calculate, expect, figure, hpe, imagine, reckn, suppse, think 等。如： Sadly, I dn't think I culd persuade many f them t listen, thugh. I dn't think that the answer lies simply in their phsical cnstitutins r in smething unique abut the climate in which they live.
五.转移否定2. 主句的谓语动词 seem 是表示感觉的系动词，通常也用于转移否定句型。这类标识感觉的动词还有 appear, feel, lk like, sund, as if 等。例如： It desn't lk like it's ging t rain. N matter hw hard he tries, he never seems t be able t d the wrk satisfactrily.译：不论他如何努力，他似乎永远也不能胜任这个工作。
五.转移否定3. 当主句的主语补足语是表示信念、观点、愿望等名词，如 belief, expectatin, hpe, pinin, thught, view, wish 等，否定词用在主句中，但实际上否定的是从句中的谓语。例如： It is nt my hpe that yu shuld leave.4. 根据上下文或语调来确定否定的范围和否定的焦点。例如： I didn't leave hme because I was afraid f my father.译：我离开家，但并不是害怕父亲的缘故。或者：因为我害怕父亲，所以我没离开家。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式英语中有很多表示否定意义的词、词组和惯用法，其肯定形式可以表示否定意义。译成汉语时通常要借助汉语中的否定词。例如：1. 常用的含否定意义的动词及短语动词有 argue ... ut f, avid, baffle, decline, dubt, defy, deny, d away with, escape, expel, fail, frget, hinder ... frm, ignre, keep ... frm, lse, miss, neglect, bstruct, pass, prevent ... frm, refuse, stp, suspend, wnder 等。例如： Whenever I dubted I had the right stuff t be a writer, I wuld reread Dn's nte and feel cnfident again.
六.词汇中的否定表达方式2. 含否定意义的形容词和形容词短语有 absent, bad, clear frm, dead t （对无感觉）, disasterus, false, far frm, free frm, gne, last, pr, rare, safe frm, shrt f, strange, thin, wrng, negative 等。例如： Hwever diverse ur perspectives, such mments f reflectin have becme t rare tday.译：尽管我们的观点各不相同，但是今天这样的反思时刻已经变得太少了。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式3. 含否定意义的名词及名词短语有 absence, abstractin, avidance, denial, diversin, evasin, failure, lack, lss, neglect, negatin, preventin, the ppsite f 等。例如： Pets ease stress and anxiety, aid relaxatin, prvide a sense f security, and are a great diversin frm trubles.译：宠物能消除紧张和焦虑，有助于放松，提供安全感，使人摆脱困扰。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式4. 含否定意义介词和介词短语有 abve, against, at fault, at a lss, at ne's wit end, at sea, away frm, befre, behind, beneath ne's dark, in vain, ff, ut f, ut f the questin, past, regardless f, until, withut, wth the exceptin f 等。例如： An eccentric is ne wh insists upn being himself regardless f the pinin f rders, prvided he desn't hurt them r himself.
六.词汇中的否定表达方式5. much/still/even less, let alne, t say nthing f, nt t speak f, nt t mentin, wthut mentining 等均表示“更不用说”。例如： Plls have shwn that nw peple have a hard time finding anyne they admire let alne find heres.译：民意检测的结果表明人们现在很难找到一个能让他们崇拜的人，更不用说找到英雄人物了。
六.词汇中的否定表达方式6. 带有否定前缀和否定后缀的词也可以表示否定。常见的否定意义的前缀有 ab-, de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ill-, ir-, mis-, nn-, un-, under- 等；常见的否定意义的后缀有 -less, -free, -prf 等。 eg: illiterateill-manneredill-being nnvilenceundernurisheddecentralizatin childlessice-freewaterprf
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型1. cannt ... t ... 意为“无论也不为过分，越越好”。在此结构中cannt 也可改用 can never, impssible；t 也可改为 enugh, sufficient(ly), ver 以及 ver- 为前缀的动词，如 verestimate, veremphasize 等。例如： It is impssible t verestimate its imprtance.译：此事非常重要。（此事的重要性估计得如何高都不为过。） The psychlgical imprtance f this substance cannt be veremphasized.译：无论怎样强调这一物质的生理意义也不为过。
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型2. cannt but（后接动词原形）, cannt keep frm, cannt refrain frm, have n chice/alternative but t 意为“不得不，不能不，不禁要”。例如： She culd hardly keep frm crying. I have n alternative but t fly back t Lndn this mrning. The have n chice but t accept the psitin. I culd nt but admit that he was right and I was wrng.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型3. nthing but 与 nne but 意为“除之外，只有，仅仅，只不过”。例如： I have eaten nthing but bread and cheese since Sunday. Nne but she wuld have been capable f such strength and curage.** nne but 后接指人的名词或指物的名词；nthing but 后接非指人的名词。4. nthing else than 意为“仅仅，完全，正是”；nthing less than 意为“正好是，完全是”。例如： His failure was due t nthing than his wn carelessness. His negligence was nthing less than criminal.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型5. mre ften than nt, as ften as nt 意为“往往，多半”。例如： Mre ften than nt peple dn't realize what their rights are. When it is fggy the trains are late mre ften than nt. As ften as nt, he gets up late.6. 否定词 + but 分句，其中 but 相当于“wh/that/which ... nt”，是关系代词，或相当于“when/where ... nt”，为关系副词，意为“都，没有不”。例如： Nt a day ges by but I think f Daisy. Z.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型7. 否定词 + 形容词或副词比较级 + than，表示肯定。例如： There prbably is n feeling in this wrld mre exhilarating than being n a cllege campus during final exams, and knwing that yu dn't have t take them.8. 否定词 + till/until/unless/befre 等，意为“直到才”。例如： When he study fr a test, he desn't begin until the night befre r the mrning f the test. They didn't meet again until they were 20 years ld.
一.带有肯定意义的否定短语或句型9. hardly/scarcely/barely + when/befre ，意为“刚就”。在这一句型中，主句谓语用过去完成体。如 hardly, scarcely 或 barely 位于句首，主句的主谓语应部分倒装。例如： The game had hardly begun when it started t rain. Scarcely had I pened the dr when the dg came running in.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型1. mre than 意为“超出的”。例如： It was evident that t answer answer the letter he needed smething mre than gdwill, ink and paper.** mre than = n s much ... as 意为“与其说倒不如说”。例如： It wasn't s much clthes as the man himself wh impressed us immediately. 译：非常短的时间内给我们以深刻印象与其说是衣服，不如说是这个人 本身。
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型2. 在“be + the last + 名词 + 定语从句/动词不定式/介词短语”的句型中，the last 表示 the mst unlikely，具有强烈的否定含义，意为“最不愿，最不配，最不宜，绝不至于”等。例如： She's the last persn I'd expect t meet in the disc.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型3. t ... t ... 意为“太而不能”。例如： Sme f the birds were t angry t eat.*当这一结构与某些形容词如 anxius, eager, glad, pleased, ready, willing 等连用时，表示肯定含义。例如： Yu are t ready t criticize. 译：你太喜欢批评人了。** nly t ... t ..., all t ... t ..., but t ... t ... 意为“极，非常”。例如： Mark was nly t ready t agree with her.
二.带有否定意义的肯定短语或句型4. 有些肯定形式的比较级表示否定的含义。例如： She ught t knw better than t expect any help frm Rger.译：她应该知道，不要指望会从罗杰那儿得到什么帮助。 It's a beautiful dress but it's much mre than I can affrd.译：这件衣服很漂亮，但我买不起。
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换1. 在修辞问句中，肯定的形式表示强烈的否定；否定的修辞问句可以表示非常强烈的肯定。例如： Wh knws?（= Nbdy knws.）It might wrk. Isn't the intensity f the md, the flw f the dialgue, the interactin f the characters, the actin f the plt rudely disturbed by all thse cmmercials?译：难道紧张的气氛、流畅的对白、人物间的错综关系、情节的发展不是被所有那些商业广告粗暴地打断了吗？
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换2. 反语表示否定反语表示用正面的话表达反面的意思。反语语势很强，常用来表示讽刺、强调等。例如： Is it any wnder sme athletes dn't want t be rle mdels? Much I care.（I dn't care at all.） Why nt shw him what t d?
三.其他结构中肯定与否定的转换3. 肯定感叹句可以用来表示否定含义；否定感叹句也可用来表示肯定含义。例如： Was ever I nervus! 译：我从没这么紧张过。 Isn't it wnderful! 译：这太奇妙了！
一. n mre ... than 与 nt mre ... than 1. 修饰数词时的区别：前者意为“只不过，仅仅”，强调数量之少；后者意为“至多，不超过”，一般地说明数量上“不比多”。例如： It's n mre than a mile t the shps. 译：到商店只有一英里的路程。 It's a beaytiful cttage nt mre than 5 minutes t the nearest beach.译：这是一个美丽的小屋，离最近的海滩不超过5分钟。2. 作状语的区别：前者意为“同一样不”，含有消极、否定的意思。 than 后面的从句在形式上是肯定的，在意义上却是否定的。该句型对 than 前后两部分都给予否定；后者意为“不比更”，含有积极，肯定的意思。例如： Rachel is n mre curageus than Saul (is). = Rachel is nt curageus, any mre than Saul (is).译：蕾切尔和索尔一样没有胆量。 Rachel is nt mre curageus than Saul (is). 译：蕾切尔不如索尔有胆量。
二. n less ... than 与 nt less ... than 1. 修饰数词的区别：前者等同于 as many as，意为“不下于之多”，强调数量出乎意料的多；后者意为“至少（也许不止此数）”，即该数是最低标准，也可以更多些。例如： N less than 100 peple were injured r killed in the accident. 译：这次事故中伤亡人数不下100。 Write a cmpsitin f nt less than 100 wrds.译：写一篇字数不少于100的作文。2.作状语的区别：前者和后者存在的区别有与本小节“一”中内容相类似的区别。例如：French is n less than tngue fr him than English.译：如同英语一样，法语也是他的母语。 As a schlar, he is n less learned than Prf. Smith.译：作为学者，他和史密斯教授一样学识渊博。
三. nthing but 与 anything but nthing but 意为“只不过是；只是”，anything but 意为“根本不，绝不”。如： She did nthing but cmplained the whle time she was there. The bridge is anything but safe. 四. nne ther than 与 anything but 前者用于加强语气，意为“除外，只有，正是，就是”；后者意为“不是别的，正是”。例如： The man went ut t lk fr smething in the crral（畜栏） fr n ther reasn than t allw himself the pleasure f feeling the rain n his bdy. He was decrated by nne ther than the President.
五. n 与 nt 一般情况下，n + 名词，相当于 nt a/any + 名词。但在系表结构中，两者语义不同：nt a/any + 名词只是一种简单的否定式，而 n + 名词否定意义极强。比较： He is nt a teacher. 译：他不是教师。 He is n teacher. 译：他绝不是教师。
否定方式肯定与否定的转换易混淆的否定结构
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