高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解之说明文15篇（新高考八省专用）（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解之说明文15篇（新高考八省专用）（教师版），共24页。
（24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Imagine a wrld where we can stp diseases befre they start and fix envirnmental prblems using specially designed rganisms. This isn’t frm a sci-fi mvie; it’s the real wrk f synthetic bilgy (合成生物学), and this is what we d.
We are a team f undergraduate researchers frm Nanjing Agricultural University, and we have created a new way t fight a harmful substance (物质) in wine using synthetic bilgy. This achievement earned us a gld medal at the Internatinal Genetic Engineering Machine(iGEM) cmpetitin in 2023.
Studies n synthetic bilgy are similar t piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces f DNA．Scientists put these pieces tgether t give cells (细胞) new abilities.
Over the curse f six mnths, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerus txin (毒素) called Ochratxin A(OTA), which can cause serius health prblems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure lks like a key chain and it can change part f its structure nce it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier t detect.
The next step is t break OTA dwn during wine prductin t make the prduct safer and healthier. Thrugh trial and errr (反复试验), we managed t create anther puzzle-like structure with a special enzyme (酶) cnnected at the end. “The enzyme wrks as the ‘knife’ t kill OTA,” said prject designer Zhu Yuchen, wh is nly 21 years ld. This structure can be added t the wine as a prbitic (益生菌), which is ttally harmless.
“This is mre than an academic prject; it’s a cst-effective slutin that culd be used glbally,” said Zhu.
Back in 2019, anther team f students frm ur university came up with a methd t fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically mdified (转基因的) bacteria t stp the malaria parasite (寄生虫) frm grwing in msquites. This ffers a sustainable (可持续的) way t cntrl malaria withut using chemicals. In anther study, the team develped bacteria that can help earthwrms turn lead, a dangerus chemical, int safe minerals. As these wrms live in the sil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural envirnment.
While synthetic bilgy has great ptential, it als cmes with risks. Creating new life frms r changing existing nes can have big impacts n nature. There are cncerns abut accidentally releasing these new rganisms int the envirnment and the ptential fr misuse, such as in the creatin f bilgical weapns.
While synthetic bilgy presents many pprtunities fr imprtant advancements in ur lives, we believe it must be pursued with care and respnsibility.
1．What is synthetic bilgy research cmpared t in the text?
A．Shting a sci-fi mvie.
B．Building with LEGO bricks.
C．Slving a jigsaw puzzle.
D．Prgramming a cmputer.
2．What is the purpse f the DNA structure designed by the team at the beginning?
A．T simplify the detectin f OTA．
B．T remve OTA during wine prductin.
C．T turn OTA int a harmless substance.
D．T prevent OTA frm damaging the heart.
3．Why des the authr mentin anther team in the third t last paragraph?
A．T cntrast different techniques in synthetic bilgy.
B．T illustrate the cmplexity f synthetic bilgy prjects.
C．T stress the imprtance f teamwrk in synthetic bilgy.
D．T highlight the practical applicatins f synthetic bilgy.
4．What is a cncern abut synthetic bilgy mentined in the text?
A．The lng time needed t undertake experiments.
B．The high cst f synthetic bilgy research.
C．The pssible negative impacts n nature.
D．The threat t glbal agricultural develpment.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了南京农业大学本科生研究团队在合成生物学方面的成就，同时也指出合成生物学虽有巨大潜力但也存在风险，强调应谨慎且负责任地进行合成生物学研究。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studies n synthetic bilgy are similar t piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces f DNA. (合成生物学的研究类似于堆积乐高积木，但在这种情况下，积木是DNA片段。)”可知，合成生物学研究被比作搭乐高积木。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Over the curse f six mnths, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerus txin (毒素) called Ochratxin A(OTA), which can cause serius health prblems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure lks like a key chain and it can change part f its structure nce it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier t detect. (在六个月的时间里，我们成功设计了一种DNA结构，它可以检测一种名为赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）的危险毒素，这种毒素会给人类带来严重的健康问题，如癌症和肾脏损伤。该结构看起来像一个钥匙链，一旦识别出目标OTA，它就可以改变其部分结构，使看不见的OTA更容易被检测到。)”可知，设计DNA结构的目的是简化对OTA的检测。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Back in 2019, anther team f students frm ur university came up with a methd t fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically mdified (转基因的) bacteria t stp the malaria parasite (寄生虫) frm grwing in msquites. This ffers a sustainable (可持续的) way t cntrl malaria withut using chemicals. In anther study, the team develped bacteria that can help earthwrms turn lead, a dangerus chemical, int safe minerals. As these wrms live in the sil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural envirnment. (2019 年，我们大学的另一组学生想出了一种对抗疟疾的方法。他们使用转基因细菌来阻止疟原虫在蚊子体内生长。这提供了一种可持续的控制疟疾的方法，无需使用化学物质。在另一项研究中，该团队开发了一种细菌，可以帮助蚯蚓将一种危险的化学物质铅转化为安全的矿物质。由于这些蚯蚓生活在土壤中，它们可以创造一个更安全、更健康的农业环境。)”可知，作者在本段中提到另一个团队是为了强调合成生物学的实际应用。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Creating new life frms r changing existing nes can have big impacts n nature. There are cncerns abut accidentally releasing these new rganisms int the envirnment and the ptential fr misuse, such as in the creatin f bilgical weapns. (创造新的生命形式或改变现有的生命形式会对自然产生重大影响。人们担心这些新生物体意外释放到环境中以及被滥用的可能性，例如用于制造生物武器。)”可知，合成生物学可能对自然造成负面影响，故选C项。
（24-25高三上·宁夏石嘴山·阶段练习）The meeting cntinues, and yu feel yur eyes getting heavy, yur mind drwsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly yu wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyne see me dze ff (打盹) ? Yu’ve fallen int a micrsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almst as sn as it begins. When yu’re trying t be awake and active, these may make yu feel anxius r, if they happen behind the wheel, justifiably terrified.
Micrsleeps dn’t make us feel rested r restred, like lnger perids f uninterrupted sleep wuld. Yet a new study shws that nesting chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) sleep just this way mre than 10, 000 times a day. Incredibly, ur experiments prve that this strange sleep cycle seems t d the birds n bvius harm.
“What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in-between wake and sleep state cnstantly,” explains c-authr Paul-Antine Liburel, wh studies the bilgy f sleep. Simply watching the penguins nd and blink gave the appearance that they were drwsy, he adds, but the extent f their sleeping was a surprise.
T study these penguins, fr tw weeks, the scientists used sme sensrs t recrd data t measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensrs recrded the birds’ psitins (standing, lying, diving), tracked their lcatin via GPS, and cllected envirnmental data like temperature. The authrs als did cntinuus vide mnitring f the same nesting birds s that their bservable behavirs culd be matched with simultaneus data n their brain activity.
Researchers discvered that the birds ndded ff thusands f times per day, engaging in micrsleeps that averaged just fur secnds each but added up t mre than 11 hurs f sleep per day.
Why wuld the birds adpt this fascinating sleep cycle? The need t sleep briefly culd simply be a cnsequence f living in a nisy grup where sleep is cnstantly interrupted. The cnstant guard als help keep the nests safe frm the brwn skua bird, which feeds n penguin eggs and chicks. Having nly secnds f sleep at a time wuld allw the birds t react t any pssible dangers.
1．Hw des the authr intrduce the tpic in the first paragraph?
A．By describing a familiar scene.B．By intrducing a sleep pattern.
C．By reminding yu f a bad habit.D．By shwing the bredm f meetings.
2．What des the underlined wrd “weird” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Inspiring.B．Strange.C．Wrrying.D．Meaningful.
3．Hw did the scientists study the penguins?
A．They nly used vide mnitring t recrd the penguins' behavirs.
B．They applied sensrs t recrd data and the birds’ psitins .
C．They mainly fcused n cllecting envirnmental data .
D．They studied the penguins' brain activity by using GPS.
4．What might cntribute t chinstrap penguins’ sleep pattern?
A．Their unique brain structure.B．Their years’ f hard training.
C．Their tugh living envirnment.D．Their special standing psitin
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了帽带企鹅独特的微睡眠模式及其原因。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The meeting cntinues, and yu feel yur eyes getting heavy, yur mind drwsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly yu wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyne see me dze ff (打盹) ? Yu’ve fallen int a micrsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almst as sn as it begins.(会议仍在继续，你觉得你的眼睛越来越重，你的头脑昏昏欲睡。突然你醒来，变得非常专注地清醒——有人看到我打瞌睡了吗？你陷入了微睡眠，一种非常短暂的睡眠，几乎一开始就结束了)”可知，在第一段中，作者描述了一个开会时打盹的场景，这是很多人都会经历的事情，由此可推知，第一段是通过描述一个熟悉的场景来引入话题的。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Incredibly, ur experiments prve that this strange sleep cycle seems t d the birds n bvius harm.(令人难以置信的是，我们的实验证明，这种奇怪的睡眠周期似乎对鸟类没有明显的伤害。)”以及第三段“but the extent f their sleeping was a surprise(但他们的睡眠程度令人惊讶)”以及划线词所在句子“What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in- between wake and sleep state cnstantly(真正weird的是，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态)”可知，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态是奇怪的，所以weird的意思与“奇怪的”意义相近。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“T study these penguins, fr tw weeks, the scientists used sme sensrs t recrd data t measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensrs recrded the birds’ psitins (standing, lying, diving), tracked their lcatin via GPS, and cllected envirnmental data like temperature.(为了对这些企鹅进行为期两周的研究，科学家们使用了一些传感器来记录数据，以测量鸟类与睡眠相关的大脑活动。其他传感器记录了鸟类的位置（站立、躺着、潜水），通过GPS跟踪它们的位置，并收集了温度等环境数据)”可知，科学家们的研究方法包括使用传感器来记录数据和鸟类的位置。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The need t sleep briefly culd simply be a cnsequence f living in a nisy grup where sleep is cnstantly interrupted. The cnstant guard als help keep the nests safe frm the brwn skua bird, which feeds n penguin eggs and chicks. Having nly secnds f sleep at a time wuld allw the birds t react t any pssible dangers.(短暂睡眠的需要可能只是生活在一个嘈杂的群体中，睡眠不断被打断的结果。持续的守卫也有助于保护巢穴免受以企鹅蛋和幼鸟为食的棕色贼鸥的伤害。一次只睡几秒钟会让鸟类对任何可能的危险做出反应)”可知，帽带企鹅短暂的睡眠可能是生活在嘈杂的群体中，睡眠经常被打断的结果。同时，这种持续的警觉也有助于保护巢穴免受天敌的侵害。由此可推知，帽带企鹅的睡眠模式可能是由它们艰难的生活环境导致的。故选C。
（24-25高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）In additin t applying fr a traditinal guide dg, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) peple will sn have anther ptin t help with their daily life - a rbt guide dg.
Abut the size f an English Bulldg but a bit wider, the six-legged rbt guide dg frm Shanghai Jia Tng University's Schl f Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users t destinatins withut running int barriers. It als has vice interactin functins and can recgnize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensrs, and AI technlgy, the rbt dg can see, listen, and speak with users n daily jurneys utside and be a cmpanin at hme.
Prfessr Ga Feng, the head f the research team at SJTU, pints ut that with six legs, the rbt guide dg can walk smthly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three pints f cntact with the grund, creating a very stable base.” Ga said. He adds that peratrs can use a cane (手杖) t cntrl the walking and running speed f the rbt.
In China, there are currently abut 17.31 millin visually impaired peple, yet nly arund 400 guide dgs are available due t high training csts. Peple have t wait fr a lng time after applying fr ne. Unlike traditinal dgs, the prductin f rbt guide dgs culd be scaled, especially in a majr manufacturing center like China. “It's a bit like cars. We can mass-prduce them in the same way as cars s that it will becme mre affrdable,” Ga said. “This culd be a huge market because tens f millins f peple might need guide dgs.”
Li Fei, amng the visually impaired peple participating in the field test, believes such high technlgy will likely change their lives sn. “The research teams are thughtful and are cntinuusly making imprvements,” Li said. “The rbt dg is electrnic, making it easier t get int public places than traditinal guide dgs, I will prbably try the rbt guide dg when it becmes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldm make subjective mistakes.”
1．What d we knw abut the rbt guide dg?
A．It is smaller than an English Bulldg.B．It can identify traffic light signals.
C．It relies n Al technlgies t mve.D．It can interact with ther rbt guide dgs.
2．Why des the rbt guide dg have six legs?
A．T walk mre stably.B．T supprt heavier lads.
C．T better cntrl its speed.D．T quickly deal with urgency.
3．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The ptential market fr rbt guide dgs.
B．The high cst f training traditinal guide dgs.
C．The difficulty f applying fr a rbt guide dg.
D．The standard f mass-prducing rbt guide dgs.
4．What can we infer abut the rbt guide dg accrding t Li Fei?
A．It has been widely available t the public.
B．It needs further imprvement in accuracy.
C．It will benefit visually impaired peple a lt.
D．It will replace traditinal guide dgs in the future.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了机器狗——机器人导盲犬可能很快就会改变视障人士的生活。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It als has vice interactin functins and can recgnize traffic light signals. (它还具有语音交互功能，可以识别交通灯信号。)”可知，机器人导盲犬能识别交通信号灯，B项正确；它约英国斗牛犬大小但稍宽，A项错误；它是通过相机、传感器和AI技术综合来移动等，不是仅依靠AI技术移动，C项错误；未提及能与其他机器人导盲犬互动，D项错误。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Prfessr Ga Feng, the head f the research team at SJTU, pints ut that with six legs , the rbt guide dg can walk smthly with high stability. ‘Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three pints f cntact with the grund, creating a very stable base.’ (上海交通大学研究团队负责人Ga Feng教授指出，机器人导盲犬有六条腿，行走平稳，稳定性高。Ga说：‘即使三条腿被举起来，这个结构仍然有三个与地面接触的点，创造了一个非常稳定的基础。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬有六条腿是为了更稳定地行走，A项正确，不是为了支撑更重负载、更好控制速度或快速处理紧急情况，B、C、D项错误。故选A。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，尤其是“This culd be a huge market because tens f millins f peple might need guide dgs. (这可能是一个巨大的市场，因为数以千万计的人可能需要导盲犬。)”可知，本段主要讲在中国有大量视障人士可能需要机器人导盲犬，它可像汽车一样量产降低成本，有市场前景，所以是关于机器人导盲犬的潜在市场，A项正确；不是讲传统导盲犬训练成本高（第二段已提及）、申请机器人导盲犬困难或机器人导盲犬量产标准，B、C、D项错误。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Li Fei的话“‘The research teams are thughtful and are cntinuusly making imprvements,’ Li said. ‘The rbt dg is electrnic, making it easier t get int public places than traditinal guide dgs, I will prbably try the rbt guide dg when it becmes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldm make subjective mistakes.’ (‘研究团队考虑周到，并在不断改进。’Li说。‘机器狗是电子的，比传统的导盲犬更容易进入公共场所。当机器狗上市时，我可能会尝试一下。因为他们很少犯主观错误，所以他们可以精确可靠。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬可能很快改变视障人士生活，会使他们受益很多，C项正确；它还未广泛可用，A项错误；未提及需要进一步提高准确性，B项错误；只是说可能会使用它，未说会取代传统导盲犬，D项错误。故选C。
（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Can artificial intelligence be made t tell the truth? Prbably nt, but the develpers f large language mdel(LLM) chatbts shuld be legally required t reduce the risk f errrs, says a team f ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying t d is t create a structure t get the cmpanies t put a greater emphasis n truth r accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University f Oxfrd.
LLM chatbts, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like respnses t users’ questins, based n statistical analysis f vast amunts f text. But althugh their answers usually appear cnvincing, they als tend t have “hallucinatin”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrng very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functining f the systems, there’s n fundamental way t revamp that,” says Mittelstadt.
This is a “very big prblem” fr LLM systems, given they are being rlled ut t be used in a variety f cntexts, such as gvernment decisins, where it is imprtant they prduce factually crrect, truthful answers, and are hnest abut the limitatins f their knwledge, he says.
T address the prblem, Mittelstadt and his clleagues prpse a range f measures. They say large language mdels shuld react in a similar way t hw peple wuld when asked factual questins. That means being hnest abut what yu d and dn’t knw. “It’s abut ding the necessary steps t actually be careful in what yu are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praisewrthy aim, but Eerke Biten at De Mntfrt University, UK, questins whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I dn’t understand hw they expect legal requirements t mandate what I see as fundamentally technlgically impssible,” he says.
Mittelstadt and his clleagues d suggest sme mre straightfrward steps that culd make LLMs mre truthful. The mdels shuld link t surces, he says — smething that many f them nw d t evidence their claims, while the wider use f a technique knwn as “retrieval enhanced generatin” t cme up with answers culd limit the likelihd f “hallucinatins”.
1．What is the main cncern f the ethicists regarding LLM chatbts?
A．The enrmus develpment cst.B．The ethical decisins made by AI.
C．Its inability t guarantee truthfulness.D．Its efficiency in prcessing texts.
2．What des the underlined wrd “revamp” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Ignre.B．Fix.C．Discver.D．Escape.
3．What is Eerke Biten’s attitude twards the ethicists’ prpsals fr LMs?
A．Tlerant.B．Cnservative.C．Enthusiastic.D．Skeptical.
4．Which f the fllwing is suggested as a step t make LLMs mre truthful?
A．Linking t relevant surces.B．Using mre cmplex data statistics.
C．Encuraging user interactin.D．Reducing the size f the language mdels.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。为了解决人工智能产生不准确信息的问题，一个伦理学家团队表示，开发者应该有法律义务来降低错误的风险，但人们对它是否有效存在疑问。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Can artificial intelligence be made t tell the truth? Prbably nt, but the develpers f large language mdel(LLM) chatbts shuld be legally required t reduce the risk f errrs, says a team f ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying t d is t create a structure t get the cmpanies t put a greater emphasis n truth r accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University f Oxfrd.(人工智能能说真话吗?一组伦理学家表示，可能不会，但应该依法要求大型语言模型（LLM）聊天机器人的开发者减少出错的风险。牛津大学的布伦特•米特尔施塔特表示：“我们只是想创建一种结构，让公司在创建系统时更加重视真实性或准确性。”)”可知， 伦理学家主要关注的是大型语言模型聊天机器人无法保证提供真实性信息的问题。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrng very frequently(我们有这些非常非常令人印象深刻的生成式人工智能系统，但它们经常出错)”以及“and as far as we can understand the basic functining f the systems, there’s n fundamental way t(就我们对系统基本功能的理解而言，没有根本的方法……)”可知，生成式人工智能系统经常出错，而目前没有根本的方法来解决这个问题，故划线词意思是“解决”。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“This seems like a praisewrthy aim, but Eerke Biten at De Mntfrt University, UK, questins whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I dn’t understand hw they expect legal requirements t mandate what I see as fundamentally technlgically impssible,” he says.( 这似乎是一个值得称赞的目标，但英国德蒙福特大学的Eerke Biten质疑伦理学家的要求在技术上是否可行。他说：“我不明白他们怎么指望法律要求强制执行我认为在技术上根本不可能的事情。”)”可知，Eerke Biter对于伦理学家要求法律强制开发者减少LLM聊天机器人中的错误持怀疑态度。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The mdels shuld link t surces, he says — smething that many f them nw d t evidence their claims, while the wider use f a technique knwn as “retrieval enhanced generatin” t cme up with answers culd limit the likelihd f “hallucinatins”.(他说，这些模型应该与来源联系起来——他们中的许多人现在都在这样做，以证明他们的说法，而更广泛地使用一种被称为“检索增强生成”的技术来得出答案，可能会限制“幻觉”的可能性)”可知，作为使LLMs更真实的建议步骤之一是链接到相关来源。故选A。
（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Grace Sun,16, wn 2024 Gerge D．Yancpuls Innvatr Award and $875,000. She’s a junir at Paul Laurence Dunbar High Schl in Lexingtn, Ky. The teen imprved a type f electrnic device that culd wrk inside the bdy t help diagnse and treat health prblems. Her innvatin affects a type f transistr (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.
The type Grace wrked with can pickup such signals that naturally ccur in the bdy — then strengthen them. Fr example, she says, an implanted versin might ne day help regulate smene’s heartbeat r mnitr bld-sugar levels.
Researchers have been develping these bielectrnic devrices-fr many years. But nne are fr sale yet. “That’s because f their curent perfrmance issues,” Grace says. They’ve prven unstable in the bdy and slw t mve electrical signals.
Her simple and lw-cst innvatin: Add a salt t the plymer (聚合物) — that makes up the device. And that greatly imprved thie device’s pefrmance. Grace tested fur salts as ptent additives. The ne knwn as TBACI gave the best resilts. Amunts f cmpunds are frequently measured in mles. Grace fund TBACI wrked best when that salt was ne in every five mles f material in the plymer’s final recipe. That recipe imprves the device’s signal enhancement abilities, Grace reprts. It als makes it mre stable in the human bdy. Indeed, that salt increasedthe transistr’s ability t bst a signal by 97 percent. Cmpared t an untreated versin f the device, adding the salt upped its ability t stre an electric charge by 107 percent and increased its electical signal mbility by 77 percent.
“Because these electrnic devices are s cst-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hpe t prvide mre accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnstics and treatment fr a variety f diseases.”
1．What is the main functin f the transistr device imprved by Grace Sun?
A．T detect and enhance signals in the bdy fr medical use.
B．T cntrl external electrnic devices with signals in the bdy.
C．T imprve traditinal transistrs in medical applicatins.
D．T transfrm bdy heat int electrical energy fr devices.
2．Why have bielectrnic devices nt been cmmercialized accrding t Grace?
A．There’s n market fr such devices.B．They have perfrmance prblems.
C．They’re t cmplex fr mass prductin.D．They lack scientific fundatin.
3．What is Grace’s gal fr her research?
A．Investigate the substance further.
B．Receive this year’s Innvatr Award.
C．Maximize the verall effectiveness f health care.
D．Make diagnsis and treatment mre precise and affrdable.
4．Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A．A guidebk t a new drug.
B．A review f mdern treatment.
C．An intrductin t a teen scientist.
D．An essay n the functin f a new device.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是新闻报道。介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，包括她获得的奖项、对电子设备的改进以及这些改进在医疗领域的潜在应用。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The teen imprved a type f electrnic device that culd wrk inside the bdy t help diagnse and treat health prblems. Her innvatin affects a type f transistr (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”可知，Grace Sun改进的晶体管器件的主要功能是检测和增强人体信号以供医疗使用。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers have been develping these bielectrnic devrices fr many years. But nne are fr sale yet. “That’s because f their curent perfrmance issues,” Grace says. They’ve prven unstable in the bdy and slw t mve electrical signals.(研究人员多年来一直在开发这些生物电子设备。但目前还没有出售。“这是因为他们目前的表现问题，”Grace说。事实证明，它们在体内不稳定，传输电信号的速度也很慢)”可知，因为性能问题，所以生物电子设备没有商业化。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Because these electrnic devices are s cst-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hpe t prvide mre accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnstics and treatment fr a variety f diseases.”(Grace说：“因为这些电子设备成本效益很高，而且种类繁多，我希望为各种疾病提供更准确、更安全、更便宜的医疗诊断和治疗。”)”可知，Grace的研究目标是使诊断和治疗更加精确和更便宜。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Grace Sun,16, wn 424 Gerge D.Yancpuls Innvatr Award and $875,000. She’s a junir at Paul Laurence Dunbar High Schl in Lexingtn, Ky. The teen imprved a type f electrnic device that culd wrk inside the bdy t help diagnse and treat health prblems. Her innvatin affects a type f transistr (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(16岁的Grace Sun获得了424年乔治·d·扬科普洛斯创新奖和87.5万美元。她是肯塔基州列克星敦市保罗·劳伦斯·邓巴高中的三年级学生。这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，所以可能来自一个青少年科学家的介绍。故选C项。
（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Scial relatinships are imprtant t human happiness. But nce relatinships are frmed, sme will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many f us lsing tuch with friends and family that we were nce clse with.
Acrss seven studies, the psychlgists examined the attitudes f almst 2,500 participants t recnnecting with lst friendships, the barriers and reasns fr ding s, and whether targeted interventins culd encurage them t send that first message t an ld friend.
The psychlgists set ut-t measure this hesitance t recnnect by getting participants t rate their willingness t immediately carry ut a range f activities, including calling r texting a friend they had lst tuch with. They fund that participants were as unwilling t reach ut t an ld fiend as they were t strike up a cnversatin with a stranger—r even t pickup rubbish.
The tp reprted barriers included fears that ne’s ld friend might nt want t hear frm them, that it wuld be t awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse f being t busy—bth the ld friend and the participant—was the lwest cited reasn fr nt reaching ut.
Ntably, the psychlgists fund that participants believed there were nly a few lgical reasns t get in tuch, with the fiend’s birthday reprted as the mst cnvincing. Recnnecting ver the memry f a shared experience was the secnd mst reprted reasn. Participants were least likely t cnsider getting in tuch with an ld friend t ask them a favur.
As part f the research, the psychlgists tested targeted interventins and they fund that practising scial cnnectin with current netwrks by first sending a message t a warm friend was the mst successful strategy, bsting reach ut rates by ver tw thirds.
But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite peple telling us that a key barrier t making cntact with an ld fiend was cncerns ver hw the message might be received, the interventin that we designed t help vercme this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We knw frm decades f research that scial relatinships are a key surce f happiness and meaning in ur lives.”
1．What is the primary fcus f the psychlgists research?
A．The benefits f maintaining friendships
B．The prcess f frming new friendships.
C．The attitudes twards recnnecting with ld friends.
D．The reasns fr lsing cntact with lng lst friends
2．What did the psychlgist find regarding peple’s willingness t reach ut t ld friends?
A．Mst participants were eager t recnnect
B．Participants hesitated t cntact ld friends
C．Participants preferred t reach ut t ask fr favrs.
D．Being t busy was the main reasn fr nt reaching ut
3．Hw des the expert think f the result f their interventin n scial anxiety?
A．Unsatisfactry.B．Unidentifiable.C．PredictableD．Far-reaching.
4．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．Gaining Happiness Thrugh Scial TiesB．The Pathways t Meaningful Cnnectin
C．T Strike up a Cnversatin with a StrangerD．Reviving Pre-existing Clse Friendships
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要围绕心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因进行的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果进行了说明和解释。
1．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Acrss seven studies, the psychlgists examined the attitudes f almst 2,500 participants t recnnecting with lst friendships, the barriers and reasns fr ding s, and whether targeted interventins culd encurage them t send that first message t an ld friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，心理学家研究的主要焦点是人们对与老朋友重新建立联系的态度。故选C。
2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“They fund that participants were as unwilling t reach ut t an ld fiend as they were t strike up a cnversatin with a stranger—r even t pickup rubbish. (他们发现，参与者不愿意与老朋友联系，就像他们不愿意与陌生人交谈，甚至不愿意捡垃圾一样。)”和第四段中“The tp reprted barriers included fears that ne’s ld friend might nt want t hear frm them, that it wuld be t awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. (据报道，最主要的障碍包括担心老朋友可能不想听到他们的消息，担心这么久之后会太尴尬，以及感到内疚。)”可知，心理学家发现参与者对联系老朋友犹豫不决。故选B。
3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite peple telling us that a key barrier t making cntact with an ld fiend was cncerns ver hw the message might be received, the interventin that we designed t help vercme this anxiety had little effect.” (但一位专家解释说：“有趣的是，尽管人们告诉我们，与老朋友联系的主要障碍是担心如何接收信息，但我们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施收效甚微。”)”可知，专家认为他们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施几乎没有效果，因此他们对干预结果感到不满意。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“Acrss seven studies, the psychlgists examined the attitudes f almst 2,500 participants t recnnecting with lst friendships, the barriers and reasns fr ding s, and whether targeted interventins culd encurage them t send that first message t an ld friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，文章主要讨论了心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果。因此，最好的标题应该是“Reviving Pre-existing Clse Friendships (复兴已有的亲密友谊)”。故选D。
（24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习）A glbal study cmparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable envirnments birds tend t have either larger r smaller brains relative t their bdy size, but birds with smaller brains tend t use eclgical strategies that are nt available t big-brained nes. The fact is that there are a great many species that d quite well with small brains.
Previus studies had fund general trends tward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度) where cnditins are mre variable. This new study is different because it lks at the full distributin f brain sizes acrss envirnments, allwing the researchers t test whether different sizes are ver-r under-represented. They fund that at higher latitudes, sme bird brains are significantly mre likely t be relatively smaller cmpared t bdy size.
“In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example f the small-brained species. Lvable thugh it is, it’s nt exactly knwn fr its smarts. The ptarmigan can, hwever, feed n branches and willw leaves.” said Trevr Friste, first authr f the study frm Washingtn University.
“We find that small-brained species in these envirnments emply strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able t live n readily available but difficult t digest resurces such as needles f cnifers (针叶树) r even branches. These fds can be fund even during extreme winter cnditins, but they are fibrus and require a large gut (肠道) t digest,” Friste said.“ Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging t maintain a lt f bth.”
“Brains are nt evlving separately — they are part f a brader suite f adaptatin s that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carls Bter, assistant prfessr f bilgy and c- authr f the study.“ Bilgists, urselves included, have histrically believed that envirnmental variability drives the expansin f brain size. But when we take a brader view, we realize that ther strategies als wrk and remarkably, the alternative here invlves making a brain actually smaller!”
1．Hw des Friste’s research differ frm previus studies?
A．It reveals birds’ evlving prcesses.B．It arrives at a cnflicting cnclusin.
C．It fcuses n birds with smaller brains.D．It cvers a wider range f brain sizes.
2．What d we knw abut the ptarmigan?
A．It has a changeable feeding habit.B．It is cnsidered fairly intelligent.
C．It has an extremely large bdy size.D．It has a pwerful digesting system.
3．What des Bter think f smaller brains?
A．They are a result f limited budgets.B．They are an effective survival strategy.
C．They are nt fr variable envirnments.D．They are typical f independent evlutin.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Big Brains r Big Guts. Chse OneB．Evlutin f Brain Size in Birds
C．Big Brains: Adapt t Higher LatitudesD．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter the Bird
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This new study is different because it lks at the full distributin f brain sizes acrss envirnments, allwing the researchers t test whether different sizes are ver-r under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“They fund that at higher latitudes, sme bird brains are significantly mre likely t be relatively smaller cmpared t bdy size.(他们发现，在高纬度地区，一些鸟类的大脑相对于身体来说更有可能相对较小)”以及第三段“In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example f the small-brained species.(在阿拉斯加，雷鸟可能是小脑袋物种的典型例子)”可推知，雷鸟的体型非常大。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But when we take a brader view, we realize that ther strategies als wrk and remarkably, the alternative here invlves making a brain actually smaller!(但当我们从更广阔的角度来看，我们意识到其他策略也起作用，值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及到让大脑变得更小！)”可知，波特罗认为小脑袋是预算有限的结果。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A glbal study cmparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable envirnments birds tend t have either larger r smaller brains relative t their bdy size, but birds with smaller brains tend t use eclgical strategies that are nt available t big-brained nes. The fact is that there are a great many species that d quite well with small brains.(一项对2062只鸟类进行比较的全球研究发现，在高度多变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于它们的身体大小往往更大或更小，但大脑较小的鸟类往往会使用大脑大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略。事实上，有很多物种的大脑都很小)”结合文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。可知，A选项“脑大还是智慧大。选择一个”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2024·四川巴中·一模）When it cmes t building structures, humans ften cnsider themselves the best, but the abilities f scial insects are amazing. Fr example, termites (白蚁) cnstruct tall nests. Hwever, the true masters f insect architecture are the bees.
A team f evlutinary bilgists, led by Viviana Di Pietr, has discvered that these small-brained insects can build in varius architectural styles, similar t humans. These styles are passed dwn frm generatin t generatin, indicating that insects can have cultural differences — a cncept nce believed t be unique t humans, as nted by Andrew Whiten.
In a study f ver 400 bee clnies in Brazil, mst nests were layered like cakes, while thers were spiral (螺旋状). The researchers filmed the bees and fund n difference in the speed f cell cnstructin, suggesting that neither style is mre efficient than the ther.
T determine if genetics played a rle, researchers transferred wrkers frm ne nest type t anther. The relcated bees adapted t the lcal building style, and s did the yung bees. These findings are exciting fr thse studying animal culture, as they demnstrate that bees can pass dwn cnstructin techniques withut direct teaching. This challenges the traditinal view f culture, which is ften defined as behavir directly passed frm ne individual t anther.
Dr. Whiten believes that the new findings suggest cmplex animal behavirs, like beaver (海狸) dams, may als result frm indirect learning. Sme scientists say that certain human traditins culd be passed dwn similarly, althugh this is nt sure. Bees keep surprising us; it has been bserved that bumblebees (大黄蜂) learn frm lder bees, challenging the idea that such learning is unique t humans. Perhaps bees deserve recgnitin as tp architects t!
1．What did the team f Viviana Di Pietr find?
A．Culture is nly fund in human scieties.
B．Bees build mre efficiently than humans.
C．Bees exhibit varied cnstructin traditins.
D．Animal behavirs cme frm direct teaching.
2．What was the traditinal view f culture accrding t Paragraph 4?
A．Inherited thrugh genetic traits.B．Learned frm individual interactins.
C．Passed dwn thrugh written recrds.D．Develped frm envirnmental factrs.
3．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．Bees challenge human uniqueness in learning.
B．Bees cannt cmmunicate with each ther at all.
C．Animal behavirs are mstly natural ccuring.
D．Human traditins can be directly taught t thers.
4．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Secret Lives f BeesB．The Intelligence f Bees
C．The Cultural Architecture f BeesD．The Cmplexity f Insect Structures
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现蜜蜂可以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格并可以将这些风格代代相传。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“A team f evlutinary bilgists, led by Viviana Di Pietr, has discvered that these small-brained insects can build in varius architectural styles, similar t humans. These styles are passed dwn frm generatin t generatin, indicating that insects can have cultural differences — a cncept nce believed t be unique t humans, as nted by Andrew Whiten.(由Viviana Di Pietr领导的一组进化生物学家发现，这些脑容量小的昆虫可以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格。这些风格代代相传，表明昆虫可以有文化差异——正如安德鲁·怀特所指出的那样，这一概念曾被认为是人类所独有的。)”可知，蜜蜂表现出不同的建筑传统。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“This challenges the traditinal view f culture, which is ften defined as behavir directly passed frm ne individual t anther.(这挑战了传统的文化观点，文化通常被定义为直接从一个人传递给另一个人的行为。)”可知，传统的文化观认为文化是从个体互动中学习。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“Bees keep surprising us; it has been bserved that bumblebees (大黄蜂) learn frm lder bees, challenging the idea that such learning is unique t humans.(蜜蜂不断给我们带来惊喜; 据观察，大黄蜂向年长的蜜蜂学习，挑战了这种学习是人类独有的观点。)”可知，蜜蜂挑战了学习是人类独有的观点。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。本文的主要内容是：研究人员发现蜜蜂以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格并可以将这些风格代代相传。所以用C项“The Cultural Architecture f Bees(蜜蜂的文化建筑)”作为本文的题目与文章主题相符合。故选C项。
（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）Accrding t a reprt in 2023, the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO) recmmended that nn-sugar sweeteners nt be used as a means f achieving weight cntrl r reducing the risk f diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpse f nn-sugar sweeteners-which cntain little t n calries—is t help cnsumers cntrl their weight and reduce their risk f disease by replacing sugar.
In its reprt, the WHO cited evidence that lng-term use f nn-sugar sweeteners is assciated with an increased risk f diabetes (糖尿病) and death. Hw is it that nn-sugar sweeteners are linked t the negative health effects they’re suppsed t fend ff?
The WHO made its recmmendatin after reviewing hundreds f published studies. The prblem is that the verwhelming majrity f these studies are bservatinal. In such studies, subjects tend t self-reprt their fd intake, which might nt guarantee inaccuracy. Mre imprtantly, bservatinal studies cannt determine cause and effect. Are nn-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, r are peple at risk f diabetes simply mre likely t cnsume them? Lastly, there are numerus variables that researchers can’t pssibly cntrl fr in these studies that culd influence the results.
Randmized cntrlled trials (RCTs) tell a different stry abut nn-sugar sweeteners. These studies cntrl fr variables by randmly assigning peple t either a treatment r cntrl grup, and they can determine cause and effect. They shw that sweeteners mdestly benefit weight lss and help cntrl bld sugar, withut the negative effects seen in bservatinal research. The dwnside f RCTs is that they are shrter in duratin, ften lasting just a few mnths. S negative effects culd appear after lnger use and we wuldn’t be able t tell frm these RCTs.
But we als can’t tell frm bservatinal studies, which nly measure crrelatin and nt causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situatin might be hard, thugh. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health utcmes.
Fr change t happen, it might need t start at the tp, where science is funded Gvernment agencies, which apprpriate billins fr research, shuld start priritizing RCTs.
1．What d the underlined phrase “fend ff” prbably mean in paragraph 2?
A．Put ut.B．Defend against.C．Keep up.D．Cunt n.
2．What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A．The WHO’s suggestins n bservatinal studies.
B．The strategies t decide cause and effect in cnducting studies.
C．The significance f cntrlling variables in bservatinal studies.
D．The limitatins f the bservatinal studies in the WHO reprt.
3．What is a feature f RCTs accrding t the text?
A．They cst littleB．They tend t last lng.
C．They can cntrl variables and determine causality.D．They require participants t self-reprt related data
4．Hw shuld the gvernment help RCTs?
A．By making apprpriate plansB．By prviding financial supprt
C．By raising peple’s awareness f healthD．By funding mre related gvernment agencies
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文的体裁是一篇说明文。它主要解释了世界卫生组织（WHO）关于非糖甜味剂使用的推荐，并详细分析了支持这一推荐的研究证据和现有研究的局限性。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In its reprt, the WHO cited evidence that lng-term use f nn-sugar sweeteners is assciated with an increased risk f diabetes (糖尿病) and death. Hw is it that nn-sugar sweeteners are linked t the negative health effects they’re suppsed t fend ff? (在报告中，世界卫生组织引用了长期使用非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和死亡风险增加有关的证据。非糖甜味剂是如何与它们本应fend ff的负面健康影响联系在一起的？)”可知，非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和增加死亡风险有关，即它们本应“防御”的负面健康影响有关，这里的fend ff应理解为“防御，抵挡”或“对抗”。A. Put ut扑灭；B. Defend against防御，抵抗；C. Keep up跟上，赶上；D. Cunt n指望，依靠。故选B。
2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The WHO made its recmmendatin after reviewing hundreds f published studies. The prblem is that the verwhelming majrity f these studies are bservatinal. In such studies, subjects tend t self-reprt their fd intake, which might nt guarantee inaccuracy. Mre imprtantly, bservatinal studies cannt determine cause and effect. Are nn-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, r are peple at risk f diabetes simply mre likely t cnsume them? Lastly, there are numerus variables that researchers can’t pssibly cntrl fr in these studies that culd influence the results. (世卫组织在审查了数百项已发表的研究后提出了这一建议。问题是这些研究绝大多数是观察性的。在这样的研究中，受试者倾向于自我报告他们的食物摄入量，这可能不能保证不准确。更重要的是，观察性研究不能确定因果关系。是无糖甜味剂导致糖尿病，还是有患糖尿病风险的人更容易食用它们？最后，在这些研究中，有许多研究人员无法控制的变量可能会影响结果。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了WHO报告中观察性研究的局限性，包括自报告数据不准确的问题和无法确定因果关系的问题，故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“These studies cntrl fr variables by randmly assigning peple t either a treatment r cntrl grup, and they can determine cause and effect (这些研究通过将人们随机分配到治疗组或对照组来控制变量，他们可以确定因果关系。他们表明，甜味剂对减肥有一定的好处，有助于控制血糖，没有观察性研究中看到的负面影响。随机对照试验的缺点是持续时间较短，通常只持续几个月。)”可知，RCTs能够控制变量并确定因果关系，故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Fr change t happen, it might need t start at the tp, where science is funded Gvernment agencies, which apprpriate billins fr research, shuld start priritizing RCTs. (要想发生改变，可能需要从最高层开始，那里的科学是由政府机构资助的，它们为研究拨款数十亿美元，应该开始优先考虑RCTs。)”可知，政府应该通过提供财政支持来帮助RCTs，故选B。
（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）When it cmes t diatms (硅藻类) that live in the cean, new research suggests that phtsynthesis (光合作用) is nt the nly strategy fr accumulating carbn. Instead, these single-celled are als building bimass by feeding directly n rganic carbn in the cean.
These new findings culd lead researchers t reduce their estimate f hw much carbn dixide diatms pull ut f the air via phtsynthesis, which in turn, culd take a much clser lk at the understanding f the glbal carbn cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances n July 17, 2024.
The team shwed that the diatm Cylindrtheca clsterium, which is fund in ceans arund the wrld, regularly perfrms a mix f bth phtsynthesis and direct eating f carbn frm rganic surces such as planktn (浮游生物) . In mre than 70% f the water samples the researchers analyzed frm ceans arund the wrld, the team fund signs f simultaneus phtsynthesis and direct rganic carbn cnsumptin frm Cylindrtheca clsterium. The team als shwed that this diatm species can grw much faster when cnsuming rganic carbn in additin t phtsynthesis. Furthermre, the new research hinted at the pssibility that specific species f bacteria are feeding rganic carbn directly t a large percentage f these diatms living all acrss the glbal cean. This wrk is based n a genme-scale metablic mdeling apprach that the team used t reveal the metablism f the diatm Cylindrtheca clsterium.
The team’s new metablic mdeling data supprt recent lab experiments suggesting that sme diatms may rely n strategies ther than phtsynthesis t intake the carbn they need t survive, thrive and build bimass.
The UC San Dieg led team is in the prcess f expanding the scpe f the prject t determine hw widespread this nn-phtsynthetic activity is amng ther diatm species.
1．What’s new accrding t the research?
A．The way f the diatm’s carbn accumulatin.B．The impact f climate n diverse sea plants.
C．The prcedure f explring carbn.D．The system f building bimass.
2．What d the new findings make researchers mre fcus n?
A．The causes f climate change.B．The grasp f the carbn cycle.
C．The bad effect f phtsynthesis n diatms.D．A rugh estimate f the amunt f carbn dixide.
3．What d we knw frm paragraph 3?
A．A large number f diatms may feed n bacteria.
B．The diatm lives n planktn.
C．Water samples are key factrs fr the research.
D．Diatm species grw faster with sufficient sunlight
4．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Phtsynthesis in DiatmsB．Planktn’s Rle in Oceans
C．New Carbn Strategies in DiatmsD．Advances in Mdeling Data
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个新的研究发现——海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When it cmes t diatms (硅藻类) that live in the cean, new research suggests that phtsynthesis (光合作用) is nt the nly strategy fr accumulating carbn. Instead, these single-celled are als building bimass by feeding directly n rganic carbn in the cean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”可知，新研究发现海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这说明硅藻积累碳的方式是新的发现。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These new findings culd lead researchers t reduce their estimate f hw much carbn dixide diatms pull ut f the air via phtsynthesis, which in turn, culd take a much clser lk at the understanding f the glbal carbn cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. (这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收多少二氧化碳的估计，这反过来又可以更深入地了解全球碳循环，这与气候变化尤其相关。)”可知，这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收二氧化碳量的估计，转而更加关注全球碳循环的理解。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In mre than 70% f the water samples the researchers analyzed frm ceans arund the wrld, the team fund signs f simultaneus phtsynthesis and direct rganic carbn cnsumptin frm Cylindrtheca clsterium. (在研究人员分析的来自世界各地海洋的70%以上的水样中，研究小组发现了同时进行光合作用和直接消耗有机碳的迹象。)”可知，研究人员从世界各地的海洋中分析了超过70%的水样，发现Cylindrtheca clsterium存在同时进行光合作用和直接摄取有机碳的现象。这表明水样是研究的关键因素。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When it cmes t diatms (硅藻类) that live in the cean, new research suggests that phtsynthesis (光合作用) is nt the nly strategy fr accumulating carbn. Instead, these single-celled are als building bimass by feeding directly n rganic carbn in the cean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了硅藻在积累碳方面新的发现，即硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这是硅藻在碳积累方面的新策略，因此最适合的标题是C选项“New Carbn Strategies in Diatms(硅藻中的新碳策略)”。故选C。
（24-25高三上·云南大理·阶段练习）Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used t develp tw-dimensinal, lw-pwer-cnsumptin cmputer chips, which may significantly imprve their energy efficiency and have imprtant meanings fr smartphne battery endurance.
Lw-pwer cnsumptin, high-perfrmance chips based n the material will als supprt the sustainable develpment f 5G, artificial intelligence, the internet f things and ther fields, and prmte the ppularizatin f the next generatin f smart devices, the researchers said.
As electrnic devices becme smaller and mre pwerful, the number f transistrs cntinues t increase even as the chips themselves becme smaller.
Experts explained that when the thickness f cnventinal silicn-based transistr materials is reduced t the nanmeter level, their insulating prperty (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. This nt nly increases the chip’s energy cnsumptin, but als causes heat generatin t increase, affecting the stability and service life f a device.
T slve the prblem, a team f scientists at the Chinese Academy f Sciences’ Shanghai Institute f Micrsystem and Infrmatin Technlgy develped an innvative metal intercalatin xidatin technlgy and used it t frm a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the develpment f 2D lw-pwer chips with high perfrmance.
Di Zengfeng, leading researcher n the team, said the cre f the technlgy lies in the ability t precisely cntrl xygen atms s that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice f aluminum layer by layer at rm temperature t frm an rderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire.
Cnventinal alumina materials ften exhibit a disrdered structure, which can lead t a significant decrease in their insulating prperty in very thin layers. Hwever, a single-crystal sapphire structure results in its higher electrn mbility and lwer current leakage, Di said.
“The rderly placement f the material at the micrscpic level ensures the stability f the electrns during transprt, making it pssible t prevent current leakage even at a thickness f nly 1 nanmeter, thus significantly imprving the energy efficiency f the chips,” he said.
1．What can the new material be used fr？
A．It can replace cnventinal material in smartphne battery.
B．It can be applied t prmte the perfrmance f chips.
C．It can generate mre energy fr smart devices.
D．It can increase the chip’s energy cnsumptin.
2．What is the prblem with the traditinal materials？
A．They can nt be prcessed int the nanmeter level.
B．They functin less efficiently in very thin layers.
C．They are t thick t be emplyed.
D．They are nt stable enugh.
3．What is the key t develping the new material？
A．T reduce the thickness.B．T cntrl the temperature.
C．T keep cntrl f xygen atms.D．T decrease the insulating prperty.
4．What can be the best title fr the text？
A．Revlutin in Chip Manufacture
B．Next Generatin f Smart Devices
C．Innvative Technlgy Cntributes t Green Energy
D．Breakthrugh Prmises Better Smartphne Battery Endurance
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了来自上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，可以大大提升芯片的能效，增强手机电池的续航能力。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used t develp tw-dimensinal, lw-pwer-cnsumptin cmputer chips, which may significantly imprve their energy efficiency and have imprtant meanings fr smartphne battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”可知，这种新材料对于智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Experts explained that when the thickness f cnventinal silicn-based transistr materials is reduced t the nanmeter level, their insulating prperty (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. (专家解释说，当传统硅基晶体管材料的厚度减少到纳米级时，其绝缘性能会显著降低，从而导致电流泄漏。)”可知，传统的材料在非常薄的层中效率较低。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“T slve the prblem, a team f scientists at the Chinese Academy f Sciences’ Shanghai Institute f Micrsystem and Infrmatin Technlgy develped an innvative metal intercalatin xidatin technlgy and used it t frm a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the develpment f 2D lw-pwer chips with high perfrmance. (为了解决这个问题，中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的一组科学家开发了一种创新的金属嵌入氧化技术，并用它来形成蓝宝石晶体介电体，用于开发高性能的二维低功耗芯片。)”以及第六段“Di Zengfeng, leading researcher n the team, said the cre f the technlgy lies in the ability t precisely cntrl xygen atms s that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice f aluminum layer by layer at rm temperature t frm an rderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. (该团队的首席研究员狄增峰表示，该技术的核心在于精确控制氧原子的能力，这样它们就可以在室温下一层一层地嵌入铝晶格中，形成有序的单晶氧化铝介电材料—蓝宝石。)”可知，来自中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的科学家利用新技术开发新型材料，用于制造低功耗的二维芯片，该技术的核心在于能够精确地控制氢原子，使其在室温下逐层嵌入铝晶格。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used t develp tw-dimensinal, lw-pwer-cnsumptin cmputer chips, which may significantly imprve their energy efficiency and have imprtant meanings fr smartphne battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”以及全文内容可知，上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，这项新型材料的研发对于提升手机等电子产品的电池续航能力意义重大。故选D。
（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Human respnses t mral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbt ChatGPT, accrding t a study published in Scientific Reprts. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent t which their wn mral judgments can be influenced by the chatbt.
Sebastian Krigel and clleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right t sacrifice (牺牲) the life f ne persn in rder t save the lives f five thers. They fund that ChatGPT wrte randm statements arguing bth fr and against sacrificing ne life, indicating that it is nt biased twards a certain mral stance (立场).
The authrs then presented 767 U. S. participants, wh were n average 39 years ld, with a dilemma whether t sacrifice ne persn’s life t save five thers. Befre answering, participants read a statement prvided by ChatGPT arguing either fr r against sacrificing ne life t save five. Statements were frm either a mral advisr r ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers.
Eighty percent f participants reprted that their answers were nt influenced by the statements they read. Hwever, the authrs fund that the answers participants believed they wuld have prvided withut reading the statements were still mre likely t agree with the mral stance f the statement they did read than with the ppsite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence f ChatGPT’s statements n their wn mral judgments.
The authrs suggest that the ptential fr chatbts t influence human mral judgments highlights the need fr educatin t help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They prpse that future research shuld design chatbts that either decline t answer questins requiring a mral judgment r answer these questins by prviding multiple arguments and warnings.
1．What are ChatGPT’s answers t a certain mral stance like accrding t Paragraph 2?
A．Incnsistent.B．Valuable.C．Creative.D．Simple.
2．What is learned abut the participants?
A．They admitted the pwer f ChatGPT.
B．They were interviewed by a mral advisr.
C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknwingly.
D．They were presented with different mral dilemmas.
3．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．Different findings f the study.B．Future ptentials fr chatbts.
C．Majr fcuses f future educatin.D．Slutins t the impact f chatbts.
4．What is the best title fr the text?
A．ChatGPT Tends t Cause Mral PanicsB．ChatGPT: Is It Likely t Affect Our Life?
C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us S Nervus?D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Mral Judgments
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写语句的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“They fund that ChatGPT wrte randm statements arguing bth fr and against sacrificing ne life, indicating that it is nt biased twards a certain mral stance (立场).(他们发现，ChatGPT随机写出支持或反对牺牲一条生命的陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场)”可推知，ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence f ChatGPT’s statements n their wn mral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”可知，参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The authrs suggest that the ptential fr chatbts t influence human mral judgments highlights the need fr educatin t help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They prpse that future research shuld design chatbts that either decline t answer questins requiring a mral judgment r answer these questins by prviding multiple arguments and warnings.(作者认为，聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的潜力凸显了教育的必要性，以帮助人类更好地理解人工智能。他们提出，未来的研究应该设计出这样的聊天机器人：要么拒绝回答需要道德判断的问题，要么通过提供多种论证和警告来回答这些问题)”可知，最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断力的方法。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human respnses t mral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbt ChatGPT, accrding t a study published in Scientific Reprts.(发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写言论的影响)”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence f ChatGPT’s statements n their wn mral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。可知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（24-25高三上·内蒙古赤峰·阶段练习）Five years ag, David Smith wre an expensive suit t wrk every day. “I was a clthes addict,” he jkes. “I used t carry a fresh suit t wrk with me s I culd change if my clthes gt wrinkled (皱的) .” Tday David wears casual clthes — khaki pants and a sprts shirt — t the ffice. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m wrking harder than ever,” David says, “and I need t feel cmfrtable.”
Mre and mre cmpanies are allwing their ffice wrkers t wear casual clthes t wrk. In the United States, the changes frm frmal t casual ffice wear have been slw. In the early 1990s, many cmpanies allwed their wrkers t wear casual clthes n Friday (but nly n Friday). This became knwn as “dress- dwn Friday” r “casual Friday” “What started ut as an extra ne- day-a- week benefit fr wrkers has really becme an everyday thing,” said business adviser Maisly Jnes.
Why have s many cmpanies started allwing their wrkers t wear casual clthes? One reasn is that it’s easier fr a cmpany t attract new wrkers if it has a casual dress cde. “A lt f yung peple dn’t want t dress up fr wrk,” says the wner f a sftware cmpany, “s it’s hard t hire peple if yu have a cnservative dress cde.” Anther reasn is that peple seem happier and mre prductive when they are wearing cmfrtable clthes. In a study made by Levi Strauss and Cmpany, 85 percent f emplyers said that casual dress has a side effect n wrk. Supprters f casual ffice wear als say that a casual dress cde helps them save mney. “Suits are expensive, if yu have t wear ne every day,” ne persn said. “Fr the same amunt f mney, yu can buy a lt mre casual clthes.”
1．David Smith used t call himself “a clthes addict” because ______.
A．he wanted his clthes t lk tidy and clean all the time
B．he ften wre khaki pants and a sprts shirt
C．he didn’t want t spend much mney n clthes
D．he lved t buy a lt f new clthes
2．David Smith wears casual clthes nw, because ______
A．he lks handsme in casual clthesB．he cannt affrd t buy expensive clthes
C．they make him feel cmfrtable when wrkingD．he n lnger wrks fr any cmpany
3．Which f the fllwing is mentined in the passage as an advantages f casual ffice wear?
A．making the wrkers mre attractiveB．increasing the incme f the wrkers
C．saving the wrkers’ mneyD．making the wrkers healthy
4．The passage mainly discusses ______.
A．why wrkers wear casual clthes mre at wrk in the U. S.
B．the develpment f casual clthes in the U. S.
C．what are the crrect ffice dress cde in the U. S.
D．the advantages f wearing casual clthes in the U. S.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了，在过去，美国的白领阶层被要求穿正装上班，但在周五可以随意着装。而如今很多公司都允许员工每天穿休闲装上班并分析了几方面原因。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中““I was a clthes addict,” he jkes. “I used t carry a fresh suit t wrk with me s I culd change if my clthes gt wrinkled (皱的) .”(他开玩笑地说着：“我是一个衣服成瘾者，我过去常常带一套干净的西装，这样的话，我的衣服皱了的话，我就可以换衣服了。”)”可知，他说自己是“a clthes addict”的原因是因为他总想要保持衣服的整洁不皱褶，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Tday David wears casual clthes — khaki pants and a sprts shirt — t the ffice. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m wrking harder than ever,” David says, “and I need t feel cmfrtable.”(今天，David穿着休闲服——一条卡其裤和一件运动衫——去了办公室。他几乎从不打领带。David说道：“我比以往更努力地工作，我需要感到舒适。”)”可知，他现在喜欢穿休闲装上班的原因是便装会使他感觉舒适自在，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Supprters f casual ffice wear als say that a casual dress cde helps them save mney. (休闲工装的支持者也表示，休闲装这一规定有助于帮他们省钱。)”可知，穿便装可以帮助员工节省金钱，故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Mre and mre cmpanies are allwing their ffice wrkers t wear casual clthes t wrk.(越来越多的公司允许他们的员工穿休闲装去上班。)”和第三段“Why have s many cmpanies started allwing their wrkers t wear casual clthes?(为什么这么多公司开始允许他们的员工穿休闲装呢？)”可知，文章主要讨论了在美国越来越多的公司允许员工穿休闲装上班的趋势，以及这种变化的原因和好处，故A项“为什么在美国，员工穿便装上班”能概括文章主题，故选A。
（2024·四川遂宁·一模）Inspired by the medical bay f the USS Enterprise frm Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team frm the University f Waterl uses radar technlgy t mnitr peple’s health while at the wheel, turning an rdinary car r truck int a mbile medical center.
Dr. Gerge Shaker, a prfessr in the Department f Electrical and Cmputer Engineering at the University f Waterl, is wrking with a team f graduate students t cmbine radar with evlving vehicle technlgy t make health checks easier. The idea is t use the time peple spend in their cars t gather data n their health fr accurate analysis and preventative treatment — withut the need fr any type f wearable.
The radar, smaller than a USB thumb drive, is placed int the vehicle cabin and sends ut signals that detect human vibratins (颤动), which are then sent back t the radar. The built-in AI system cllects and analyzes the data t build a medical picture and identify any ptential cnditins. At the end f the driver’s jurney, the system sends the reprt directly t their cellphne fr review.
Fr Shaker and his team, the challenge was evlving the tech t identify changes in breathing patterns r heart rhythms that signify ptential health issues related t cardivascular cnditins as well as respiratry system cnditins.
“We fcused n enhancing data cllectin fr exact infrmatin related t peple’s respiratry and cardivascular systems and teaching the AI hw t make medical interpretatins frm this data. Anther imprtant cnsideratin was persnal privacy and security — n data is stred n the clud; it is sent t the mnitred persn’s cellphne nly,” said Ali Ghara, the lead Ph. D．student n the prject.
The research team is building n this wrk t expand the radar technlgy’s capabilities t mnitr all vehicle ccupants’ verall health and well-being, run diagnstics and generate quality medical reprts that flag any issues that need attentin, as well as assist with emergency cmmunicatin in the event f an accident.
1．What can we learn abut the radar technlgy?
A．It prvides mre precise health data than wearables.
B．It creates medical pictures t reveal healthy secrets.
C．It sends the health reprt t the driver’s phne fr review.
D．It cmbines with vehicle technlgy t assess the driver’s health.
2．What can be inferred frm Ali Ghara’s wrds in paragraph 5?
A．The AI needs training t cllect health data.
B．AI’s interpretatin f medical data is accurate.
C．Cellphnes mnitr persnal privacy and security.
D．The team is imprving data cllectin and analysis.
3．What des the underlined wrd “flag” mean in the last paragraph?
A．discussB．denyC．markD．claim
4．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Ph. D．Students Build USS Enterprise n Wheels
B．Drivers Beware: Radar Spying n Yur Heartbeats
C．Healthy Driving: Radar Mnitrs Health in Vehicles
D．Radars May Knw Yur Cnditins Befre Yu D
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大滑铁卢大学的研究团队利用雷达技术将车辆转变为移动医疗中心，监测驾驶者的健康状况，提供个性化的医疗报告和紧急通信。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Inspired by the medical bay f the USS Enterprise frm Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team frm the University f Waterl uses radar technlgy t mnitr peple’s health while at the wheel, turning an rdinary car r truck int a mbile medical center.(受《星际迷航》中企业号航空母舰医疗舱的启发，滑铁卢大学的一个研究小组使用雷达技术在驾驶时监测人们的健康状况，将一辆普通汽车或卡车变成了一个移动医疗中心)”以及第二段的“Dr. Gerge Shaker, a prfessr in the Department f Electrical and Cmputer Engineering at the University f Waterl, is wrking with a team f graduate students t cmbine radar with evlving vehicle technlgy t make health checks easier. (滑铁卢大学电气与计算机工程系教授Gerge Shaker博士正在与一组研究生合作，将雷达与不断发展的车辆技术相结合，使健康检查更容易) ”可知，雷达技术结合车辆技术，来评估驾驶员的健康状况。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段的Ali Ghara说的话“We fcused n enhancing data cllectin fr exact infrmatin related t peple’s respiratry and cardivascular systems and teaching the AI hw t make medical interpretatins frm this data. (我们专注于加强数据收集，以获取与人们呼吸系统和心血管系统相关的准确信息，并教人工智能如何从这些数据中做出医学解释)”可知，研究团队正在加强雷达的数据收集能力和教AI 对医学数据进行解释。由此可推知，团队正在改善数据收集和分析的能力。故选D。
3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“The research team is building n this wrk t expand the radar technlgy’s capabilities t mnitr all vehicle ccupants’ verall health and well-being, run diagnstics and generate quality medical reprts (研究团队正在这项工作的基础上扩展雷达技术的能力，以监测所有车辆乘客的整体健康和福祉，运行诊断程序，生成高质量的医疗报告)”可知，此处介绍的是研究团队扩展雷达技术能力的目的，划线单词所在的句子为定语从句修饰reprts，结合划线单词后的“any issues that need attentin, as well as assist with emergency cmmunicatin in the event f an accident.(任何需要注意的问题，并在发生事故时协助进行紧急通信)”可知，此处指的是该报告标示出问题，符合语境，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“标示”的意义相近。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Inspired by the medical bay f the USS Enterprise frm Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team frm the University f Waterl uses radar technlgy t mnitr peple’s health while at the wheel, turning an rdinary car r truck int a mbile medical center. (受《星际迷航》中企业号航空母舰医疗舱的启发，滑铁卢大学的一个研究小组使用雷达技术在驾驶时监测人们的健康状况，将一辆普通汽车或卡车变成了一个移动医疗中心)”以及全文可知，本文介绍了研究团队利用雷达技术将车辆转变为移动医疗中心，监测驾驶者的健康状况，标题“健康驾驶：雷达在车辆中监测健康”适合作为本文的标题。故选C。
（24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Researchers studying the Pacific Ocean flr think they’ve bserved “dark xygen” being created there. The discvery may ptentially challenge cmmnly held beliefs abut hw xygen is prduced n Earth.
“Until nw, it was thught that xygen n Earth was first created nly thrugh phtsynthesis, a prcess that requires sunlight and plants. But the discvery casts dubt n that thery and raises new questins abut the rigins f life itself.” lead authr Andrew Sweetman writes in an article published Mnday in the jurnal Nature Gescience.
The scientists aren’t certain hw xygen is created at such dark depths. but they believe it’s being prduced by electrically charged minerals called plymetallic ndules.
“These plymetallic ndules-effectively batteries in rcks — may use their electric charge t turn seawater int H2, and O2 in a prcess called seawater electrlysis.” Sweetman explains. “Seawater can be turned int H2 and O2 with 1.5 vlts f electricity, which is the amunt in an AA battery. We fund that the plymetallic ndules pssessed as much as 0.95 vlts f electricity. and multiple ndules tgether prduced even higher vltages.”
The cnventinal view is that O2 was first prduced arund three billin years ag by ancient plants called cyanbacteria and there was a gradual develpment f cmplex life since then. The ptential that there is an alternative surce requires us t have a rethink.
“The discvery culd impact deep-sea mining,” Franz Geiger, a Nrthwestern University chemistry prfessr wh wrked n the study, said in a news release. “Cmpanies cnducted explratry missins fr deep-sea mining in the 1970s and ‘80. A few years ag, a team f scientists went back t thse areas that were mined 40 years ag and fund essentially n life. But then a few hundred meters ver t the left and right, where the plymetallic ndules were nt damaged, there were plenty f life.”
1．What are required t create the first xygen n Earth accrding t cnventinal views?
A．Rcks and batteries.B．Heat and charged minerals.
C．Sunlight and plants.D．Seawater and electric charge.
2．Hw many plymetallic ndules are needed t start seawater electrlysis at least?
A．One.B．Tw.C．Three.D．Fur.
3．What is the ptential significance f the new discvery?
A．It will prvide guidelines t mining cmpanies.
B．It can reduce the impact f new mining prjects.
C．It may help scientists imprve the phtsynthesis.
D．It might lead t a new explanatin abut the rigin f life.
4．What is Franz Geiger’s attitude t deep-sea mining?
A．Disapprving.B．Favrable.C．Tleran1.D．Unclear.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家在太平洋海底发现“暗氧”的现象，这一发现挑战了关于地球上氧气产生的传统观念，并引发了关于生命起源的新问题。
1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“Until nw, it was thught that xygen n Earth was first created nly thrugh phtsynthesis, a prcess that requires sunlight and plants. (到目前为止，人们一直认为地球上的氧气最初只能通过光合作用产生，这一过程需要阳光和植物。)”可知，根据传统观点，地球上最初的氧气是通过光合作用产生的，而光合作用需要阳光和植物。故选C。
2．细节理解题。由文章第四段中的“Seawater can be turned int H2 and O2 with 1.5 vlts f electricity, which is the amunt in an AA battery. We fund that the plymetallic ndules pssessed as much as 0.95 vlts f electricity. and multiple ndules tgether prduced even higher vltages. (1.5伏特的电量就可以将海水转化为氢气和氧气，这相当于一节AA电池的电量。我们发现这些多金属结核能够产生高达0.95伏特的电量，并且多个结核共同作用能产生更高的电压。)”可知，一个多金属结核就拥有高达0.95伏特的电量，而多个结核一起产生的电压更高。至少需要两个多金属结核才能达到1.5伏特，触发海水电解。故选B。
3．细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“But the discvery casts dubt n that thery and raises new questins abut the rigins f life itself.” lead authr Andrew Sweetman writes in an article published Mnday in the jurnal Nature Gescience. (“但这一发现对该理论提出了质疑，并引发了关于生命起源的新问题。”首席作者Andrew Sweetman在周一发表于《Nature Gescience》杂志的一篇文章中写道。)”可知，这一新发现可能会导致对生命起源的新解释。故选D。
4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““The discvery culd impact deep-sea mining,” Franz Geiger, a Nrthwestern University chemistry prfessr wh wrked n the study, said in a news release. “Cmpanies cnducted explratry missins fr deep-sea mining in the 1970s and ‘80. A few years ag, a team f scientists went back t thse areas that were mined 40 years ag and fund essentially n life. But then a few hundred meters ver t the left and right, where the plymetallic ndules were nt damaged, there were plenty f life.” (“这一发现可能会影响深海采矿，”参与了这项研究的西北大学化学教授Franz Geiger在一份新闻稿中说。“公司在20世纪70年代和80年代进行了深海采矿的探索性任务。几年前，一组科学家回到了那些40年前被开采的地方，发现基本上没有生命存在。但是，在左右几百米远的地方，那些多金属结核未被破坏的区域，则有大量的生命存在。”)”可知，他对深海采矿持有一定的担忧，对此不赞同。故选A。
（24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Almst every human culture n earth has its wn music. The ldest discvered musical instruments date back ver 40,000 years t the Stne Age. But scientists believe that music itself culd be much lder than that, riginating alngside language. Why did music becme s clsely related t the human experience? I think it gave ur ancestrs sigrificant survival advantages.
In prehistric times, music strengthened the bnd between cmmunity members. Singing and drumming tgether released chemicals like xytcin, dpamine and endrphins in the brain, which led t psitive emtins that allwed grups t cperate better in hunting,child-caring and prtectin against utside threats, Singing while wrking made labr less bring and tiring. Our brains seem wired at birth t link music with psitive emtins and tgetherness and mthers may have sung t little babies as an early frm f emtinal cmmunicatin.
Music als enhanced defenses. Guards beating drums and making nise during the night signaled that they were ready t cunter surprise enemy attacks. Yung night watchmen sang t indicate they were awake and vigilant. Sldiers used instruments t send warning calls acrss lnger distances.
In all these ways, music enhanced survival dds ver human evlutin (进化). Grups that culd make music tgether-whether a simple drumbeat r a beautiful sng-were mre cmmunicative,cperative and defensive, Natural selectin then passed n the capacity fr music t the next generatins.
Supprting this, scientists have discvered specific regins f the brain devted t musical prcessing. Babies have the ability t detect musical patterns and tnes. Even patients with severe dementia (痴呆) respnd emtinally and physically t their favrite childhd sngs when nthing else can cause a reactin.
S next time yu find yurself singing alng t a catchy tune, remember that music is part f what makes us uniquely human. Our Stne Age ancestrs sang and drummed because it enhanced their survival. We engage with music nw simply because we are brn t d s.
1．What is an advantage f music accrding t the text?
A．It culd keep sldiers awake.B．It culd help babies speak earlier.
C．It culd enhance prductivity.D．It culd cure certain rare diseases.
2．Which best explains the wrd “vigilant” underlined in paragraph 3?
A．Tired.B．Hungry.C．Strng.D．Watchful.
3．What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 5?
A．Summarize the previus paragraph.B．Add sme backgrund infrmatin.
C．Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.D．Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
4．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．My View Abut the Imprtance f Music
B．Every Human Culture Has its Unique Music
C．The Oldest Musical Instrument Was Unearthed
D．Music May Cme Int Existence Befre Language
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是音乐在人类社会发展中所起到的重要作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Singing and drumming tgether released chemicals like xytcin, dpamine and endrphins in the brain, which led t psitive emtins that allwed grups t cperate better in hunting,child-caring and prtectin against utside threats, Singing while wrking made labr less bring and tiring.(一起唱歌和打鼓会在大脑中释放催产素、多巴胺和内啡肽等化学物质，从而产生积极的情绪，使团队在狩猎、照顾孩子和抵御外部威胁方面能够更好地合作。边工作边唱歌可以减少劳动的无聊和疲劳。)”可知，音乐可以提高生产力。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前的部分“Yung night watchmen sang t indicate they were awake(年轻的守夜人唱歌表明他们醒着)”可知，守夜人肯定需要保持清醒和警惕，所以，划线单词vigilant与watchful“警惕的”意义一致。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。第五段开头的this指的是上一段最后一句提到的“Natural selectin then passed n the capacity fr music t the next generatins.(自然选择将音乐的能力传给了下一代。)”，而第五段提到的这些例子“Babies have the ability t detect musical patterns and tnes. Even patients with severe dementia respnd emtinally and physically t their favrite childhd sngs when nthing else can cause a reactin.(婴儿有识别音乐模式和音调的能力。即使是患有严重痴呆症的患者，在没有其他任何东西能引起反应的情况下，也会对他们最喜欢的童年歌曲做出情感和身体上的反应。)”正是为了说明人类的音乐能力是遗传下来的，所以，第五段的作用是提供信息证明上一段提出的观点：自然选择将音乐的能力传给了下一代。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是音乐在人类社会发展中所起到的重要作用。所以用A项“My View Abut the Imprtance f Music(我对音乐重要性的看法)”作为本文的题目，与文章主题相符合。故选A项。