重庆市科学城巴蜀2025_2026学年上学期八年级11月定时作业英语试题（文字版，含答案）

这是一份重庆市科学城巴蜀2025_2026学年上学期八年级11月定时作业英语试题（文字版，含答案），共15页。
第I卷
I.听力测试 (35分)
第一节 (每小题1分，共6分)
听一遍。根据你所听到的句子，从 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最恰当的答语。
1.A. Gd mrning!B. Hw d yu d?C. Nice t meet yu, t.
2.A. The cheetah.B. The African elephant.C. The frg.
3.A. With pleasure.B. Never mind.C. Yu're welcme.
4.A. I hpe nt.B. Thank yu!C. Srry, I can't.
5.A. I went there last week.B. It was great.C. I visited Mscw.
6.A. Gd idea!B. Srry t hear that.C. Here yu are.
第二节 (每小题1.5分，共9分)
听一遍。根据你所听到的对话和问题，从 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出正确答案。
7.A. /fig/.B. /fɪtʃ/.C. /fɪmɪ/.
8.A. Map tfu.B. Beijing rast duck.C. Ht pt.
9.A. He is quiet.B. He is utging.C. He is hard - wrking.
10.A. Water plants.B. Sweep the flr.C. Clean the windws.
11.A.B.C.
12.A. Tny.B. Tny's father.C. Tny's brther.
第三节 (每小题1.5分，共6分)
听两遍。根据你所听到的长对话，从 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出正确答案。
听第一段材料，回答第13和14小题。
13. What des the wman want t d next?
A. T ck dinner.
B. T invite his friends t his new huse.
C. T clean the bedrm.
14. When des the wman think is the best time?
A. This afternn.B. Tmrrw.C. This weekend.
听第二段材料，回答第15和16小题。
15. Wh is mre utging?
A. Jack.B. Tm.C. Lily.
16. What is Jack better at than Tm?
A. Playing basketball.B. Running.C. Making new friends.
第四节 (每小题1.5分，共6分)
听两遍。根据你所听到的短文内容，从 A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出正确答案。
17. Where is the garden?
A. Next t the dining hall.B. Behind the classrm building.C. In frnt f the library.
18. Hw ften d the students water the plants?
A. Once a week.B. Twice a mnth.C. Every afternn.
19. What d the students d with the vegetables grwn in the garden?
A. They take them hme.
B. They sell them.
C. They eat them.
20. What des the speaker expect the students t be like in the garden?
A. T be kind.B. T be hnest.C. T be quiet.
第五节 (每小题2分，共8分)
听两遍。根据你所听到的讲座内容，在横线处补全笔记。每空1词，并把答案填写在答题卡上对应的位置。
The speaker thinks if we watch dgs carefully, we can 24. ______ their "talking" t us.
II. 语法选择。(每小题1分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出语法正确的答案。
A persn has tw ears but nly ne muth. That means we shuld listen, nt just 25 . The wrd "listen" has 26 same letters as the wrd "silent" (沉默的). Listening silently is a gd quality (品质) that we shuld have. It's imprtant fr us t be a gd 27 .
When smene is sad r angry, he wants t express 28 bad feelings. At this mment, we need t listen 29 first until he lets it all ut. Then we may have a gd talk with him.
Listening is a kind f lve. Fr example, we may think ur parents are always 30 t much. But in fact, they d s because they want t teach us hw t keep healthy, hw t study well and s
n. If we listen t them 31 ur ears, eyes and hearts, ur parents will knw we really understand
them. A lving silent mment is ften 32 than wrds.
Listening sunds easy, 33 it's nt. Every head is a wrld. S we shuld learn t listen as
34 as we can, and try ur best t make urselves gd listeners frm nw n.
25.A. speakB. SpeakingC. t speak
26.A. aB. anC. the
27.A. listenB. listenerC. listening
28.A. heB. hisC. him
29.A. silentlyB. silenceC. silent
30.A. talkingB. thinkingC. giving
31.A. inB. nC. with
32.A. pwerfulB. mre pwerfulC. the mst pwerful
33
A. sB. andC. but
34.A. manyB. muchC. mre
III.辨音题. (每小题1分, 共5分)
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出划线部分发音不同的一项.
35.A. batB. bradC. radD. cat
36.A. prudB. ludC. sulD. huse
37.A. bedB. ancientC. attendD. egg
38.A. agreeB. cakeC. tableD. bake
39.A. darkB. largeC. sugarD. party
IV.完型填空. (每小题1.5分, 共15分)
根据短文内容, 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入相应空格内的最佳答案.
British scientist Jane Gdall, knwn fr her creative studies f chimpanzees, 40 n
Octber 1 at the age f 91 because f illnesses.
Brn in England in 1934, Gdall had a natural lve fr wild animals and dreamed f wrking
with them in Africa. 41 , her pr family culdn't help her with mney. Instead f asking thers
fr help, she saved mney by ding several small jbs t 42 her dream.
In July 1960, at 26, Gdall finally traveled t Tanzania. With a ntebk, binculars (双筒望
远镜) and her lve fr wildlife, she entered the little - knwn wrld f wild chimpanzees. And after
that, everything in her life was 43 with chimpanzees.
Gdall lived 44 with wild chimpanzee grups t learn abut their scial lives. She gave
names t each chimp and learned that their lives were similar t 45 . She saw that chimpanzees
have cmplex (复杂的) scial lives and different 46 , such as being shy r utging.
Tw f Gdall's mst imprtant findings came in 1960. That year, she saw a grup f
chimpanzees eating red meat. Befre, we nly knew that chimps ate plants. There was smething
even 47 — a male chimpanzee making and using tls. This finding changed the idea that
humans are the nly animals that use tls.
48 ding her studies, Gdall als traveled the wrld t speak ut fr the animals. She
gave hundreds f speeches t make peple knw their difficult 49 . "The least I can d is t
speak ut fr thse wh cannt speak fr themselves," Gdall said.
40.A. deathB. diedC. deadD. dying
41.A. AndB. BefreC. AlthughD. Hwever
42.A. reach frB. fight againstC. give upD. pick up
43.A. ppularB. cnnectedC. familiarD. full
44.A. clselyB. lnelyC. regularlyD. prbably
45.A. urB. usC. ursD. we
46.A. habitsB. appearancesC. interestsD. persnalities
47.A. less surprisedB. mre surprisedC. less surprisingD. mre surprising
48.A. WithutB. ExceptC. BesidesD. Abut
49.A. pininsB. situatinsC. mistakesD. imprtance
V. 阅读理解. (A 篇每小题 1 分, BCD 篇每小题 2 分, 共 27 分)
根据下列材料, 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳答案, 并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑.
A
Peple began using pictures t shw ideas a lng time ag. Tny Buzan turned it int a useful tl called the Mind Map. The mind map uses clrful, tree - like branches t cnnect ideas. It helps peple slve prblems creatively, remember infrmatin better, and understand things easily. Here are sme key steps:
Write r draw the subject in the center.
Draw the first branches ut frm the center.
Mve t the next branches. Add sme keywrds r simple pictures.
Use different clrs t make ideas clearer.
Let's pick up a pen and give it a try!
50. What can't the Mind Map help peple?
A. Make pictures mre beautiful.B. Slve prblems creatively.
C. Remember infrmatin better.D. Understand things easily.
51. What is a first branch in the mind map?
A. a.B. b.C. c.D. d.
52. Where may this passage be frm?
A. Ck Bk.B. Travel Guide.C. Stry Bk.D. Stry Guide.
B
When mst travelers think f Dunhuang in Gansu Prvince, they will chse Mga Grttes t travel first. But this time, I decided t g t the Gbi Desert. It wasn't a cmmn trip—it let me explre the histry and beautiful scenery f Western China.
Our jurney started with a drive frm Dunhuang. The city rads sn turned int the wide, pen Gbi Desert. After tw hurs' driving t the nrthwest, I reached Yumen Pass, a relic (遗迹) n the ancient Silk Rad. Standing here, yu can really feel the weight f histry. I even thught f the famus pet Wang Zhihuan's line: “Why must the Qiang flute beman the willw? The spring wind des nt reach Yumen Pass.”
After that, I drve nrthwest t the ruins f Hecang City. It is an ancient city frm Western Han Dynasty. As the sun went dwn, warm light cvered the yellw sand and ld walls. It lked just like a living painting. I culdn't help wndering what life was like here 1,000 years ag.
When the sunlight faded (减弱), I went nrthwest t Yadan Natinal Park. I've watched stars frm muntains and ther deserts befre, but nthing was as amazing as the "Devil City" in the Gbi.
As night came, stars filled the sky. Unlike my hmetwn, the stars here shne brightly, and the desert was s quiet. Fr the first time in my life, I wished time wuld stp. I wanted t lse myself in this peace, far away frm the nisy city.
53. Which place in Gansu Prvince may be the first chice f mst travelers?
A. Mga Grttes.B. Gbi Desert.
C. Yumen Pass.D. The ruins f Hecang City.
54. What is the Chinese fr the underlined sentences in paragraph 2?
A. 长风几万里，吹度玉门关。
B. 愿得此身长报国，何须生入玉门关。
C. 羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。
D. 青海长云暗雪山，孤城遥望玉门关。
5. Which map is abut the writer's trip?
56. Which is the pssible title fr this passage?
A. A Wnderful Trip in Yumen Pass.
B. A Histrical and Natural Trip.
C. A Cultural Trip in Eastern China.
D. A Trip t See the Desert Stars.
C
When Oliver arrived in this hard wrld, he wasn't sure if he wuld live thrugh the first three minutes. He lay n a hard little bed and tried his best t start breathing.
Oliver fught his first battle withut much help frm the tw peple present at his birth. One was an ld wman, wh was nearly always drunk, and the ther was a busy lcal dctr, wh was nt paid enugh t be very interested in Oliver's survival.
Hwever, Oliver tried t draw his first breath, and then annunced (宣布) his arrival by crying ludly. His mther raised her pale yung face and whispered, "let me see it."
The dctr turned away frm the fire, where he had been warming his hands. He gave her the child. Lvingly, she kissed the baby with her cld white lips, then stared wildly arund the rm, fell back—and died.
The dctr began t put n his cat. "The mther was a gd - lking girl. Where did she cme frm?" "She was brught here last night," replied the ld wman. "She was fund lying in the street. Where she came frm, r what her name was, nbdy knws."
The dctr lifted the girl's left hand. "The ld stry," he shk his head. "N wedding ring, I see. Ah! Gd night."
And s Oliver was left with nly the drunken nurse. He was then sent t a special "baby farm" nearby. There, he and thirty ther children rlled arund the flr all day, withut the incnvenience f t much fd r t much clthing. Mrs. Mann, wh "lked after" them, was very experienced. She knew what was gd fr children. She als knew what was gd fr herself, s she kept fr her wn use the mney that she was given fr the children's fd. The bard which was respnsible (负责的) fr the rphans (孤儿) smetimes checked n the health f the children, but they always sent Mr. Bumble, a kind lcal pliceman, t annunce their visit the day befre. S whenever the bard arrived, f curse, the children were always tidy and clean.
On Oliver's ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble came t see Mrs. Mann. Thrugh the frnt windw, Mrs. Mann saw him at the gate, and turned quickly t the girl wh wrked with her.
"Quick! Take Oliver and thse thers upstairs t be washed!" she said. Then she ran ut t pen the gate which was always kept lcked.
— Adapted frm Oliver Twist
57. What was the weather like when Oliver was brn?
A. Warm.B. Cl.C. Cld.D. Ht.
58. What des the underlined sentence prbably mean accrding t the passage?
A. Oliver and ther children had enugh fd and clthing.
B. Oliver and ther children didn't have enugh fd r clthing.
C. Oliver and ther children had n fd r clthing at all.
D. Oliver and ther children had a very gd time in the baby farm.
59. Which is the right rder accrding t the passage?
a. Oliver was sent t a special "baby farm" nearby.
b. Mrs. Mann ran ut t pen the gate.
c. Oliver lay n a hard little bed and tried his best t start breathing.
d. Mr. Bumble came t see Mrs. Mann n Oliver's ninth birthday.
e. Oliver's mther kissed the baby with her cld white lips.
A. c-a-d-b-eB. c-e-a-d-b
C. e-c-b-d-aD. e-b-d-a-c
60. What can we infer frm the passage?
A. Oliver and ther kids were always tidy and clean.
B. The dctr and the nurse tk gd care f Oliver.
C. The bard was respnsible fr the rphans.
D. Oliver's mther wasn't married when he was brn.
D
①Thusands f years ag, Chinese texts were n animal bnes r bambs befre peple wrte them n paper. Nw, these ld texts have a new "hme" in mdern times.
② This year, a team frm Nanjing Agricultural University (农业大学) made a large language mdel (LLM) called Xunzi. Wang Dngb, the team leader, said they named it Xunzi because Xunzi was a great thinker wh clearly explained hw t use a language.
③ T make Xunzi, Wang and his partners did much wrk first. After 2013, their team spent much time changing sme ancient bks like Siku Quanshu int digital (数字) frms. Wang said, "We studied thusands f ancient Chinese texts. This wrk is very imprtant fr the LLM."
④ Testing the mdel als tk much time. They had t check if it wrked well and met users' needs. Wang said, "Success is never easy. We tried many times befre we gt successful in the end."
⑤ ▲ Nw, Xunzi can translate (翻译) and understand sme ancient Chinese texts. It can als help peple understand infrmatin like names r places frm ancient Chinese texts.
⑥ Fr example, if yu put pinyin "shangu" int the mdel yu'll find its translatin as "valley" (山谷) in mdern Chinese. Yu'll als see it can be a persn's curtesy name (字) in sme ld texts. It even gives shrt intrductins abut the persn. Wang said, "The mdel helps us find mre infrmatin that we didn't see in the past."
⑦ Nt lng ag, Wang's team put Xunzi nline. Peple arund the wrld can use it fr free. It shws that mre and mre peple are using it. Wang said, "Many peple tld me that they wuld never get clse t ancient Chinese texts withut Xunzi."
61. Which sentence can be put in the ▲ ?
A. But their hard wrk n Xunzi the LLM brings gd results.
B. The reasn why they made Xunzi the LLM is very clear.
C. S we believe mre and mre peple want t use Xunzi the LLM.
D. There's a lng way t g befre Xunzi the LLM gets mre ppular.
62. If we put pinyin "taibai" int Xunzi the LLM, we may NOT get ▲ .
A. its translatin as "t white" in mdern Chinese.
B. the intrductin f a famus writer in China.
C. the infrmatin abut a persn's curtesy name.
D. different ideas f "t white" in different languages.
63. What can we infer (推断) frm the passage?
A. Siku Quanshu is a mdern bk that peple like t use in universities.
B. Wang's team tried many times befre they culd get successful.
C. Xunzi the LLM can translate and understand sme ancient English texts.
D. Xunzi the LLM interests mre peple t learn abut ancient Chinese texts.
64. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage? (P=Paragraph)
Ⅵ. 口语应用. (每小题 1 分, 共 5 分)
阅读下面对话, 从方框内 7 个选项中选择 5 个恰当的句子完成此对话, 并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑.
A. When is the Spring Festival?
B. Did yu enjy the Spring Festival last mnth?
C. Why d yu use the clr red?
D. There are lts f things t d.
E. My grandparents live in a peaceful cuntryside.
F. I went t my grandparents' hme.
G. Is the Spring Festival n January 1st?
A: Hi, Mei Lin! Lng time n see. 65
B: Yes. It's my favrite hliday when all my family get tgether.
A: 66 .
B: N. It is n the first day f the first lunar (农历) mnth.
A: That's interesting. What d yu usually d during the festival?
B: 67 We clean up ur hme, enjy dumplings tgether, and hang up red paper - cuts.
A: 68
B: Because it is cnnected t happiness and gd luck in ur culture.
A: I see. S where did yu spend the Spring Festival this time?
B: 69
第Ⅱ卷
Ⅶ. 根据首字母、句意、音标及汉语提示填单词或用所给词的正确形式填空.（每小题 1 分,共 6 分）
70. In this cartn, all the /ˈkærəktəz/ are cute and have their wn interesting stries.
71. Reading bks helps us build a (cnnect) between what we learn and real life.
72. My mm is a little f s she ften writes dwn imprtant things n a ntebk.
73. He seems quiet in class, but (事实上) he's very funny when he talks t his friends.
74. The (sweet) f the apple pie filled the kitchen, making everyne want t taste it right away.
75. Our science teacher tld us t fllw the lab i step by step t stay safe.
Ⅷ. 按要求完成句子, 每空一词, 81 题请将完整的句子填写在答题卡上对应的位置.（每小题 2 分, 共 12 分）
76. Peter cut the paper int a beautiful flwer with a pair f scissrs.(改为否定句)
Peter the paper int a beautiful flwer with a pair f scissrs.
77. Jill is the tallest in ur class.(改为同义句)
Jill is taller than student in ur class.
78. Kristin 和 Lucy 每天工作得多么努力啊!(翻译句子)
Kristin and Lucy wrk every day!
79. The shrt - legged yellw cat with a big head weighs 3.5 kilgrams.(对划线部分提问)
the f the shrt - legged yellw cat with a big head?
80. Bees need ur, and there is a we can d.(原文填空)
81. the, was, team, that, the, they, final, lst, match, weekend, last, disappinted (.)(连词成句)
IX. 概要补全.（82和83小题，每小题3分；84和85小题，每小题2分；共10分）
阅读文章，用恰当的短语或句子补全概要。补全部分总词数不超过30词，不能照抄原文连续超过3个词。
Xi'an, a city in China, means "western peace". It's a very ld city, even lder than many thers in China. Famus travelers like Marc Pl visited Xi'an n the Silk Rad.
When it cmes t Xi'an, peple always think f the Terractta Warrirs (兵马俑) first. In fact, there's s much mre t explre, but I nly have a fur - day trip.
I stayed at the Han Tang Inn. It was a cmfrtable and friendly htel n a small street near the Zhnglu ('Bell Twer') subway statin. It was easy t visit the Terractta Warrirs. I usually dn't like turs, but fr ging utside the city (abut an hur east f Xi'an), I feel like jining ne. I paid 238 yuan fr a minibus with ten peple. "The emperr was Ying Zheng. We call him Qin Shihuang because he started the Qin Dynasty," said Jia Jia, ur nice tur guide. "He was a gd leader," she added, "but als very strict." The museum had three areas. We just saw the biggest ne last.
And it was time fr the city center. I explred it easily by myself because it is small. I really enjyed seeing the Bell and Drum Twers in the city center. These pagda - like buildings with their curved rfs are impressive and beautifully lit at night. The Hngwu Emperr built them in the 14th century. The Bell Twer was the imprtant mark f the start f the day, and the Drum Twer, its end.
The ancient city wall is als a must - see fr me. We can enter at different places, but the main suthern gate, Yngning Gate, is the prettiest. I rde a bike arund the whle wall (abut 13 kilmeters). It was cld and I culdn't finish the whle ride, but the views frm Yngning Gate t Changle Gate were s amazing, especially when the glden sunlight bathed the ancient stne path, leaving lng shadws that danced alngside my wheels — it felt like cycling thrugh a living painting.
Fur days was very shrt but my trip was filled with timeless treasures — I learned a lt like making an ld friend with Xi'an in just fur days.
My great fur - day trip was t ancient Xi'an. Many famus visitrs came here lng ag.
Althugh 82 , I culd just chse sme f them. Firstly, t see the amazing Terractta Warrirs, I jined a minibus tur. Our guide Jia Jia tld us 83 . Then, alne in dwntwn, I enjyed the lit Bell Twers and Drum Twers. At last, I rde a bike n the ld city wall. The cld stpped me frm finishing the whle ride, but 84 .
In a wrd, the trip in Xi'an is 85 .
X. 任务型阅读.（第86 - 87题每小题2分，第88 - 89题每小题3分，共10分）
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，回答问题。
This year is special fr China's wrld f math. It's all because f ne great wman — Wang Hng.
Wang was brn in 1991 in Guilin. Her parents were bth middle schl teachers. She shwed an unusual talent fr math at an early age. When she was just five years ld, she already finished first - grade math and went straight t secnd grade.
Sme peple think talent makes life easy. But Wang's path was far frm smth. In middle schl, her grades were nt gd at first: she was nt in the tp 100. But she didn't give up. She wrked very hard, and later became ne f the tp ten students in her grade. At the age f sixteen, she entered Peking University and learned mre abut math.
In 2011, Wang went t France t study. “I felt a little lst at that time,” the girl said. “I gave up n math and studied architecture (建筑学) fr six mnths. Then I remembered hw hard I had learned math befre. I nly dubted myself because my classmates were all very smart.” Wang became cnfident again and returned t math. She studied even harder and gt her PhD (博士学位) at MIT (美国麻省理工学院).
This past February, Wang did smething really amazing. She slved a century - ld math prblem - the Kakeya cnjecture. Mathematicians (数学家) all ver the wrld were s surprised and excited! Nw, Wang is a prfessr at tw great universities.
With all her great achievements, Wang Hng is living a future even bigger than her dreams. When a reprter asked Wang Hng t share sme advice with junir high schl students struggling (费力地) with math, she smiled and replied gently, “____________________”.
86. Were Wang Hng's grades in the tp 100 at first in her middle schl?
_______________________________________________________________________
87. What makes this year special fr China's math wrld?
_______________________________________________________________________
88. What makes Wang Hng successful in the field f math?
_______________________________________________________________________
89. Please try yur best t end the last paragraph. (Abut 30 wrds)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
XI. 书面表达.（15分，其中12分为内容分，3分为书写分）
愿得一知己，聊以慰平生。这世间总有一个人，愿把他/她所有的欢乐与苦痛都与你分享，这个人就是你的知己好友。你校英语学习社团正在开展关于友谊的征文比赛。请写一篇文章投稿，介绍你的好朋友，并讲述一个发生在你们之间的动人故事。
参考信息：
要求：
1. 80-120词左右，开头已给出，不计入总词数；
2. 不得出现自己的校名、班级、姓名等相关信息。
Friendship is ne f the mst precius things in life, and I want t share my stry with my clsest friend._____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
试卷答案
听力部分（略）
II. 语法选择
25. A（1分） 26. C（1分） 27. B（1分） 28. B（1分） 29. A（1分） 30. A（1分） 31. C（1分） 32. B（1分） 33. C（1分） 34. B（1分）
III. 辨音题
35. B（1分） 36. C（1分） 37. B（1分） 38. A（1分） 39. C（1分）
IV. 完型填空
40. B（1.5分） 41. D（1.5分） 42. A（1.5分） 43. B（1.5分） 44. A（1.5分） 45. C（1.5分） 46. D（1.5分） 47. D（1.5分） 48. C（1.5分） 49. B（1.5分）
V. 阅读理解
A篇
50. A（1分） 51. B（1分） 52. D（1分）
B篇
53. A（2分） 54. C（2分） 55. C（2分） 56. B（2分）
C篇
57. C（2分） 58. B（2分） 59. C（2分） 60. D（2分）
D篇
61. A（2分） 62. D（2分） 63. D（2分） 64. B（2分）
VI. 口语应用
65. B（1分） 66. G（1分） 67. D（1分） 68. C（1分） 69. F（1分）
VII. 根据首字母、句意、音标及汉语提示填单词或用所给词的正确形式填空
70. characters(1分) 71. cnnectin(1分) 72. frgetful(1分) 73. actually(1分) 74. sweetness(1分) 75. instructins(1分)
VIII. 按要求完成句子
76. didn't cut（2分）
77. any ther（2分）
78. Hw hard（2分）
79. What's; weight（2分）
80. help; way（2分）
81. The team was disappinted that they lst the final match last weekend.(2分)
IX. 概要补全
82. the trip was shrt(3分)
83. abut Ying Zheng(3分)
84. the views were amazing(2分)
85. filled with treasures(2分)
X. 任务型阅读
86. N, they weren't.（2分）
87. Because Wang Hng slved the Kakeya cnjecture.(2分)
88. Her talent, hard wrk and cnfidence.(3分)
89. Dn't give up easily when facing difficulties in math. Keep wrking hard and believe in yurself.(3分)
XI. 书面表达（略）