

2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义:语法五、介词和介词短语
展开五、介词和介词短语
对应学生用书p166
阅读下面材料,用适当的介词填空。
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods ____________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s.
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ____________ dogs, seven to be exact.
3.(2019·浙江卷)But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ____________ this question is not clear.
4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life ____________ walking.
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn uses less water ____________ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff.
6.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ____________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
[答案与解析]
1.of/for。考查介词。此处tracking polar bear populations做Modern methods的定语,用of连接,“methods of doing sth.”意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构;或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
2.of。考查介词。a pack of意为“一群……”。故填of。
3.to。考查介词。the answer to the question为固定用法,表示“问题的答案”,故用介词to。
4.than。根据句中的more可知,此处应用介词than引出比较对象。此处表示跑步比散步更能有效延长寿命。
5.than。由空前的less可知,此处应用介词than,表示“比”。
6.for。search for意为“寻找”,为固定搭配。
对应学生用书p166
众所周知,介词又称为前置词,是一种虚词,用来表示句子中词与词之间的关系。介词虽为虚词,但其使用的多变性使英语成为世界上最为灵活、简洁、精练的语言之一,从而值得学习者特别注意。学习介词用法除要掌握一般常规用法外,还需注意一些特殊用法、固定搭配等。 (一)表示时间的介词
介词 | 用 法 | 例词 / 例句 |
at | 表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。 | at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午) |
at the present stage 现阶段 at Christmas 在圣诞节 |
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on | 表示在具体的某一天,或某一个特定的上午/下午/晚上; |
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on (doing)...表示“刚一……”。 | on May 25 在五月二十五日 on Christmas Day 在圣诞节 |
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on a rainy morning 在一个下雨的上午 |
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on hearing the news,...一听到这则消息,…… |
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in | 表示“处于……;在……”,常与月、季节、年或一段时间连用; |
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表示“……之后”,与将来时连用。 | Mr. Yang looked after his mother in July. |
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My father will be back in three days / in three days' time. |
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after | 表示“……之后”,常与过去时态连用。 | They came back after three hours. |
within | 表示“不超过……”、“在……时间量以内”,用于各种时态。 | The meeting will end within 30 minutes. |
during | 表示“在……期间”,不能引导从句。 | in/during 1988在1988年 |
during my trip to... 在我去……旅行的期间 |
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for | 表示“(动作延续)若干时间”,有时可省略。 | I stayed in London (for) two days on my way to New York. |
since | 表示“自(某具体时间)以来”,其后跟表时间点的时间名词,常用作完成时态谓语的时间状语。 | They have been close friends since childhood. |
by | 表示“到……的时候”,其修饰的句子动作动词常用完成时态,但如果是状态动词(be),则常用一般时态。 | By noon,everybody had arrived / will have arrived there. |
注意:
1.关于“在周末”的几种表示法:
at / on the weekend 在周末——特指
at / on weekends 在周末——泛指
over the weekend 在整个周末
during the weekend 在周末期间
2.表示“时段”、“时期”,in 在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。但如果表示“在某项活动期间”,则只能用during。
但在过去时态中,in可用于表“在若干时间以内”,这时不要误用during。
The job was done during a week.(×)
The job was done in a week.(√)
这工作在一星期内就完成了。
3.(1)since the war是指“自从战争结束以来”,若指“自从战争开始以来”,须说“since the beginning of the war”。
(2)不要将since与after混淆。比较:He has worked here since 1965.(强调时间段)自从1965年以来,他一直在这儿工作。He began to work here after 1965.(强调时间点)从1965年以后,他开始在这儿工作。
(二)注意一些表示地点场所的介词
among 表示“在……之中”,只强调在某个群体中有……;
between 表示“在……之间”,强调两者之间或每两者之间;
in the middle of...表示“在……中间”,强调在某一区域的正中间。
注意:有些介词短语是习惯用法,必须强记:
beyond hope绝望,in danger在危险中,in trouble在困境 中,in public在公共场合,under construction在建设中,on business出差,in the same boat处境一样, on sale在出售
(三)表示方式、手段、工具等的介词(by,with,on,in)
1.by:The blind men thought they could learn what the elephant looked like by touching it.
make a living by teaching,by hand(手工地,靠手工地),by letter,by post,by electricity,learn sth. by heart,struck by the beauty(因美丽而着迷)
He was paid by the hour / the day / the month...(他按时/日/月/……被付给工钱)。
by plane / train / ship / air / water / sea..., by means of(用……手段,方式),by way of(经由,取道于……),by radio(=over/ through/ on the radio)
2.on:live on food,kneel on one's knees,lie / sleep on one's back / side / face仰/侧/俯卧(睡)
3.in:in English,in ink,in silence,in one voice(异口同声地),in a hurry(匆忙地),in surprise(惊讶地)
4.with:write with a pen,work with one's hands,smell with one's nose,beat the horse with a whip(鞭子)
(四)相近介词(短语)辨析
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注意:英语中有无数含有介词的短语搭配,同学们要注意平时积累。