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高中北师大版 (2019)Lesson 3 The Secrets of Your Memory导学案
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这是一份高中北师大版 (2019)Lesson 3 The Secrets of Your Memory导学案，共21页。
Unit 9 Learning
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.classic A．adj.适时的，及时的
( )2.recommend B．adj.&adv.遍及世界的；
在全世界
( )3.acquire C．adv.定期地
( )4.worldwide D．vt.推荐；建议
( )5.childhood E．vt.学习，获得(知识，技能)
( )6.subway F．vt.&vi.出版；发表；刊登
( )7.technique G．adj.经典的
( )8.publish H．n.童年，儿童时代
( )9.timely I．n.(美)地铁
( )10.periodically J．n.技巧，手法
[答案] 1－5 GDEBH 6－10 IJFAC
B．短语匹配
( )1.take it easy A．很荣幸做某事
( )2.as a result B．不管怎样
( )3.be curious about C．结果；因此
( )4.in one way or another D．放轻松
( )5.be honoured to do sth. E．对……好奇
[答案] 1－5 DCEBA
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．strategy n. 策略；战略；规划
2．beyond prep. 超出……范围
3．sufficient adj. 充足的
4．input n. 输入；投入
5．context n. 上下文；语境；背景
6．memorisation n. 记忆
7．sharp adj. 急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
8．arrangement n. 计划；安排
9．odd adj. 奇特的
10．novel n. 小说
Ⅰ.语境填词
timely；classic；sharp；periodically；subway；beyond；publish；worldwide；childhood；technique
1．His books have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide．
2．Except for her illnesses，she had had a particularly happy childhood．
3．It is a classic style of Gothic building.
4．The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.
5．Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers.
6．The artist combines different techniques in the same painting.
7．The extension of the subway will take several months.
8．The wind was not as sharp and cruel as it had been.
9．A nasty incident was prevented by the timely arrival of the police.
10．We will refresh this information periodically to keep our system updated.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．This is a simplified(simplify) example，but it illustrates the pattern.
2．She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar(familiar) with Japanese culture.
3．Try to memorise(memory) the names of all the people you see there tonight.
4．It's normally(normal) much warmer than this in July.
5．The region was effectively (effective) independent.
6．I'll make arrangements(arrange) for you to be met at the airport.
7．Mothers are often the ones who provide emotional(emotion) support for the family.
8．American English is significantly(significant) different from British English.
1．This is because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement.
这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。
2．A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail of a picture，a book or an event many years later，but no one has proved that there are people who really have photographic memories.
一个有详细准确的记忆的人可以在很多年后记住一幅画、一本书或一件事的每一个细节，但没有人证明有这样的人真的有详细准确的记忆。
3．As most of us do not have amazing memories like them，when memorising detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.
由于我们大多数人没有像他们一样的惊人记忆，当我们记住详细的学习材料时，我们只需要专注于重要的想法，并对我们学到的东西好奇。
4．Another effective technique to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together so that they can be easily connected to things that are already known.
另一种有效的记忆方法是将相似的想法或信息组合在一起，这样它们就可以很容易地与已知的事物联系起来。
5．This means timely review during this period，with a few revisits to what is learnt，can significantly help us to remember the information.
这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。
名师圈点
①childhood n．童年，儿童时代
②especially adv.特别地；尤其
③emotional adj.情感上的；情绪上的
④experience v．经历
⑤excitement n．兴奋，激动
⑥as a result结果；因此
as a result of...由于……
⑦retell vt.重讲，复述
⑧fix v．使固定；安装；决定，确定(日期、时间、数量等)；安排；组织
⑨photographic adj.详细准确的；照片的；摄影的
⑩detail n．细节；详情
detailed adj.详细的
⑪amazing adj.令人惊奇的
amazed adj.惊奇的；惊讶的
⑫Daniel Tammet英国人丹尼尔·塔梅4岁时经历了一场痉挛，从此世界在他眼里变得截然不同——他的两个感官神奇地联系在了一起。他的运算能力也非常惊人，一分钟内就可以算出37的4次方是多少，或者13除以97，然后给出小数点后32位的数字。
⑬helicopter n．直升机
⑭limited adj.有限的
⑮memorise vt.记忆；记住
⑯be curious about对……好奇
⑰memorisation n．记忆
⑱technique n．技巧，手法
⑲natural adj.自然的；自然而然的
⑳publish vt.& vi.出版；发表；刊登
present vt.呈现
curve n．曲线，弧线
sharp adj.急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
timely adj.适时的，及时的
review v．复习
revisit vt.重新考虑，再次讨论
significantly adv.显著地；重大地
periodically adv.定期地
effective adj.有效的
definitely adv.肯定；确实
take it easy 放轻松
原文呈现
THE SECRETS OF YOUR MEMORY
Memory expert Jemima Gryaznov answers some of the most common questions about memory.
1．Why can I remember events in my childhood①but not what happened last week?
We remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially②emotional③connections.[1] Childhood memories are often very emotional.This is because when we experience④things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement⑤.Also，interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and again.As a result⑥，we remember them much better，as retelling⑦events helps fix⑧experiences in our memories.What can we learn from all this？When remembering something new，try to connect it to our emotions.It is important to connect it with what we already know.[2] Also，we can try to retell what we have learnt to a few others.
[1]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词things。
[2]what引导宾语从句，作with的宾语。
2．Do some people really have a photographic⑨memory?
A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail⑩of a picture，a book or an event many years later，but no one has proved that there are people who really have photographic memories.Yet，there are some people who do have amazing⑪ memories.For example，Daniel Tammet⑫can remember the first 22，514
digits of pi(π) and Stephen Wiltshire can draw a detailed picture of a city from memory after flying over it in a helicopter⑬.They are both good at remembering particular things for a limited⑭time.As most of us do not have amazing memories like them，when memorising⑮detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about⑯what we learn.Asking questions about what we learn also helps with memorisation⑰.Another effective technique⑱to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together so that they can be easily connected to things that are already known.[3]
[3]so that引导目的状语从句，表示“以便；为了”。
3．Why do I forget the new words that I learnt yesterday?
Don't worry.This is natural⑲for many people.In 1885，Hermann Ebbinghaus published⑳a book called Memory and presenteda famous forgetting curve.According to him，the sharpestloss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.This means timelyreviewduring this period，with a few revisitsto what is learnt，can significantlyhelp us to remember the information.Therefore，one of the golden rules to increase how much we remember is to review the material periodically，especially during the first day after learning.This “spaced review” soon after learning helps build stronger memories and it is more effectivethan waiting to review everything before exams.
4．I'm 16，but I sometimes forget things.Is my memory getting worse?
Definitelynot.Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 25.At that point，we can remember up to 200 pieces of information in a second.After this age，however，the brain starts to get smaller.By the age of 40， we lose10，000 brain cells every day.By middle age，our memory is significantly worse than when we were young.So take it easy.You are at a good age in terms of your memory.Make good use of it！
译文参考
你记忆的秘密
记忆专家杰迈玛·格里耶兹诺夫关于记忆的一些最普通问题的回答。
1．为什么我能记起童年的事，却记不起上周发生的事？
我们记得那些在我们脑海中有很强联系的事情，特别是情感联系。童年的记忆往往是非常感人的。这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。而且，我们童年的有趣或有趣的故事经常被一次又一次地讲出来。因此，我们会更好地记住它们，因为复述事件有助于巩固我们记忆中的经历。我们能从这些中学到什么？当记住一些新的东西时，试着把它和我们的情绪联系起来。把它和我们已经知道的联系起来是很重要的。同时，我们也可以尽力把我们所学的重新讲给其他一些人听。
2．有些人真的有详细准确的记忆吗？
一个有详细准确的记忆的人可以在很多年后记住一幅画、一本书或一件事的每一个细节，但没有 人证明有这样的人真的有详细准确的记忆。例如，丹尼尔·塔梅可以记住π的前22 514个数字，而斯蒂芬·威尔夏可以用直升机从一个城市上空飞过，从记忆中描绘出一个城市的详细画面。他们都擅长在有限的时间内记住特定的事情。由于我们大多数人没有像他们一样的惊人记忆，当我们记忆详细的学习材料时，我们只需要专注于重要的想法，并对我们所学到的东西好奇。询问我们学的知识也有助于记忆。另一种有效的记忆方法是将相似的想法或信息组合在一起，这样它们就可以很容易地与已知的事物联系起来。
3．为什么我忘了昨天学的生词？
别担心，这对很多人来说是很自然的。1885年，赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯出版了一本名为《记忆》的书，并提出了著名的遗忘曲线。据他说，最严重的失忆发生在学习后的早期。这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。因此，增加记忆量的黄金法则之一是定期复习材料，特别是在学习后的第一天。这种在学习后不久的“间隔复习”有助于建立更强的记忆，而且比考试前等待复习更有效。
4．我16岁，但有时会忘记一些事情。我的记忆力变差了吗？
当然不是。我们的记忆力在25岁时达到了顶峰。在这个时间上，我们可以在一秒钟内记住多达200条信息。然而，在这个年龄之后，大脑开始变小。到了40岁，我们每天失去10 000个脑细胞。到了中年，我们的记忆力明显比年轻时差。所以别紧张。从你记忆的角度讲你正处在一个记性很好的年龄。好好利用它！
速读P58－59教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及：
1．Childhood memories are emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．There are really many people with a photographic memory.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．Stephen Wiltshire can remember the first 22，514 digits of pi(π)．
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．According to Hermann Ebbinghaus，the sharpest loss of memory occurs as time goes by.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 40.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 ABBBB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息
A．what we learn
B．how much we remember
C．what we already know
D．when memorising detailed learning materials
E．who really have a photographic memory
1．It is important to connect something new with ．
2．No one has proved that there are such people ．
3．As most of us do not have amazing memories like Daniel Tammet or Stephen Wiltshire， ，we simply need to focus on the important ideas.
4．Asking questions about also helps with memorisation.
5．One of the golden rules to increase is to review the material periodically.
[答案] 1－5 CEDAB
Ⅲ.表格填空
Why can I remember events in my childhood but not what happened last week？
Above all，we remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially 1.emotional connections.Memories in 2.childhood are often emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or 3.excitement．Also，interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and again.
Do some people really have a photographic memory？
No one has proved that there are people with 4.photographic memories.But there are some people who have amazing memories such as Daniel Tammet and 5.Stephen Wiltshire.We need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.Asking questions helps with 6.memorisation.
Why do I forget the new words that I learnt yesterday？
The sharpest loss of memory 7.occurs during the very early period after learning.8.Reviewing what is learnt helps us remember the information.
I'm 16，but I sometimes forget things.Is my memory getting worse？
Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 9.25．We can remember up to 200 pieces of information in a 10.second.After that point，the brain starts to get smaller.By middle age，our memory declines.
细读P58－59教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．The reason we forget
newlylearnt things.
2．Para.2 B．The age and the memory.
3．Para.3 C．Photographic memories and
advice for us to memorise things.
4．Para.4 D．The reason for remembering
events in childhood.
[答案] 1－4 DCAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Why are childhood memories very emotional?
A．Because we often have strong feelings of fear and excitement.
B．Because they have strong connections in our mind.
C．Because they are interesting or funny.
D．Because they are what have learnt.
2．The reason for Daniel Tammet can remember the first 22，514 digits of pi(π) is that ．
A．he has a photographic memory
B．he is good at remembering particular things
C．he can draw a detailed picture
D．he has learnt it many years ago
3．According to Hermann Ebbinghaus' book，we should ．
A．review during the early period after learning
B．review during the later period after learning
C．review everything before exams
D．review everything after exams
4．People have the most powerful memory at the age of .
A．40 B．25
C．before 25 D．after 40
5．When does the sharpest loss of memory occur?
A．During the very early period after learning.
B．During the first three days after learning.
C．During the first week after learning.
D．During the first hour after learning.
[答案] 1－5 ABABA
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有给出建议的语句。
1．When remembering something new，try to connect it to our emotions.
2....when memorising detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas...
3．Another effective technique to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together...
B．判断下列语句哪些不是给出建议的语句。
1．Therefore，one of the golden rules to increase how much we remember is to review the material periodically...
2．By middle age，our memory is significantly worse than when we were young.
3．Also，we can try to retell what we have learnt to a few others.
[答案] 2
1．simple adj.简单的；朴素的；易于理解的→simplify vt.简化→simplified adj.简化了的
2．familiar adj.熟悉的；了解的→familiarity n．熟悉；通晓→unfamiliar adj.不熟悉的，不了解的
3．memory n．记忆；记忆力→memorise vt.记住；熟记
4．normal adj.通常的；平常的→normally adv.通常，平常→abnormal adj.不正常的；反常的；畸形的
5．effect n．效果；影响→effective adj.有效的→effectively adv.有效地
6．arrange v．计划；安排→arrangement n．计划；安排
7．emotion n．情绪；情感→emotional adj.情感上的；情绪上的
8．excite vt.使兴奋；使激动→exciting adj.令人兴奋的；令人激动的→excited adj.感到兴奋的；感到激动的→excitement n．激动；兴奋
1．beyond prep.在(或向)……较远的一边；晚于；迟于；超出；除……之外
①The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
在(或向)……较远的一边
②I know what I'll be doing for the next three weeks but I haven't thought beyond that. 晚于；迟于
③Our success was far beyond what we thought possible. 超出
2．sharp adj.锋利的，尖的；急剧的，猛烈的；骤然的(变化)；清楚明确的；鲜明的；敏锐的
①So I have a sharp knife in my hand now. 锋利的
②There was a sharp increase in unemployment. 急剧的
③She drew a sharp distinction between domestic and international politics. 清楚明确的
④He kept a sharp lookout for any strangers. 敏锐的
Words and Phrases
simplified adj.简化了的
(教材P56) to read simplified classic works
阅读简化了的作品
[例1] Last night，the president presented a shorter，simplified version of his speech.
昨晚，总统发表了一番更加简短明了的演讲。
[例2] Millions of people want new，simplified ways of interacting with a computer.
数以百万计的人们想要新的简化方式实现人机交互。
[造句] 上面的例子是简化了的。
The example above is simplified.
[知识拓展]
simple adj. 简单的；朴素的
simplify vt. 简化
simplification n. 简化；单纯化
simply adv. 简单地；朴素地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I hope his appointment will simplify(simple) matters.
②A number of simplifications(simple) have been made to the taxation system.
[小片段助记]
He simplified that formula.The simplification made it look simpler, and we can use it simply.
arrangement n．计划；安排；整理
(教材P58) facts and arrangements
事实和安排
[例1] If you are agreeable，my husband's office will make all the necessary arrangements.
如果你同意，我丈夫的事务所将作出所有必要的安排。
[例2] We made arrangements with them to meet in a week.
我们和他们约定一星期内见面。
[造句] 我们学院负责筹办这次会议。
Our college is to make arrangements for the meeting.
[知识拓展]
(1)make an arrangement 筹备；安排
(2)arrange vt. 安排；整理；筹备
arrange (for) sth. 安排……；协商……
arrange sth.for sb. 为某人安排某事
arrange for sb.to do sth. 安排某人做某事
arrange (with sb.) to do sth. 安排(与某人)做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I've arranged to go(go) with him to tomorrow's football match.
②The staff will be happy to help arrange for you to swim，sail，or waterski.
③The hotel manager will arrange for a babysitter.
[小片段助记]
My old brother made an arrangement for the coming party.He arranged for me to buy some decorations.
as a result结果；因此
(教材P58) As a result，we remember them much better，as retelling events helps fix experiences in our memories.
因此，我们会更好地记住它们，因为复述事件有助于巩固我们记忆中的经历。
[例1] As a result，they rarely collect data，or only after a problem has been detected.
结果，它们很少收集数据，或者只在检测到问题后才收集数据。
[例2] As a result，software built for one will not easily run on the other.
结果是，为某个平台开发的软件不易于在另一个平台运行。
[造句] 结果，日产量翻了一番。
As a result，daily output has doubled.
[知识拓展]
as a result of 由于
result in 导致，造成
result from 由于；由……引起
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①When you do something with faith，it will result in success.
②Children's fear and dislike of books may result from being made to read aloud before others.
③As a result of his illness，he was late for class.
④It's generally believed that his cancer resulted from the overfull tiredness.
＝It's generally believed that the overfull tiredness resulted in his cancer.
＝It's generally believed that he suffered from cancer as a result of the overfull tiredness.
sharp adj.急剧的；猛烈的；尖的，锋利的；敏锐的
(教材P59) According to him，the sharpest loss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.
据他说，最严重的失忆发生在学习后的早期。
[例1] With a sharp knife，make diagonal slashes in the chicken breast.
用锋利的刀子斜着切开鸡胸脯。
[例2] His nose was thin and sharp.
他的鼻子又细又尖。
[造句] 他很机敏、思维敏捷并且能机智应答。
He is very sharp，a quick thinker and swift with repartee.
[知识拓展]
sharp call/corner/turn 尖叫/尖角/急转弯
look sharp 看上去很精神；注意
sharply adv. 急剧地；锐利地
sharpen vt. 削尖；使锋利
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The report was sharply(sharp) critical of the police.
②The lead broke on this pencil，so I have to sharpen(sharp) it.
significantly adv.显著地；重大地
(教材P59) This means timely review during this period，with a few revisits to what is learnt，can significantly help us to remember the information.
这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。
[例1] The two sets of figures are not significantly different.
这两组数字没有明显差别。
[例2] The French entente with Great Britain had already been significantly extended.
法国和英国之间友好协议的范围已经大幅度拓宽。
[造句] 但他们在所有其他测试中明显表现的更好。
But they performed significantly better in all other tests.
[知识拓展]
(1)significant adj. 有意义的，显著的，意味深长的
a significant look/smile 意味深长的表情/微笑
(2)significance n. 重要性；意义
be of no/great significance 无关紧要的/意义重大的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Profits have increased significantly (significant) over the past few years.
②Television is of great significance(significant)in shaping our ideas.
recommend vt.推荐，介绍；建议，劝告
(教材P108) I would recommend that you try simplified classic literature，such as short stories and novels rewritten in simple English.
我建议你试试简单的经典文学作品，比如用易于理解的英语重写的短篇故事和小说。
[例1] I recommend the book to all my students.
我向我所有的学生推荐这本书。
[例2] The report recommended a 10% pay increase.
报告提议工资增加10%。
[造句] 我们建议你早点儿预订航班。
We'd recommend you to book your flight early.
[知识拓展]
(1) 向某人推荐某物
recommend sb.for... 推荐某人做(某职位)
recommend sb.as... 推荐某人为……
(2)recommend doing sth. 建议做某事
recommend sb.to do sth. 建议某人做某事
recommend that sb.(should)do 建议……(从句用虚拟语气)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My teacher recommended a book on English study to me.
②I recommend you to obey (obey) the safety regulations.
③I recommend going(go) by air for a tour somewhere.
effectively adv.有效地
(教材P108)...I'm sure you can learn English effectively.
……我相信你能有效地学习英语。
[例1] The company must reduce costs to compete effectively.
公司要有效地参与竞争必须降低成本。
[例2] You dealt with the situation very effectively.
你应付那种局面很有一套。
[造句] 你如何有效地管理所有这些东西？
How do you effectively manage all the stuff?
[知识拓展]
(1)effect n． 效果，作用；影响
in effect 实际上；事实上
be of no effect 无效；没有作用
put/bring...into effect 实施；使生效
come into effect 开始生效；开始实施
have an effect on 对……产生影响
take effect 见效；开始实施
(2)effective adj. 有效的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①All our efforts were of no effect.
②This will，in effect，make your television a computer.
③Long prison sentences can be a very effective(effect) deterrent for offenders.
[小片段助记]
The new regulation will come into effect on May 1，2022，which will have an effect on traffic.People think it is an effective way to stop drunk driving.
Sentence Pattern
this is because...“这是因为……”
(教材P58) This is because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement.
这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。
[句式分析]
句中This is because...意为“这是因为……”，其中because引导的从句在句中作表语，This有时可用It/That替换，指代上文提到的事实。
[例1] I believe this is because I never loved him.
我相信这是因为我从来没有爱过他。
[例2] This is because it requires each member of the team to think differently.
这是因为它要求小组内的每个成员的想法都不同。
[造句] 这是因为植物可以从空气、水和阳光中制造食物。
This is because plants can make food from air，water and sunlight.
[知识拓展]
That's why... “那是……的原因”，why后接结果。
That's because... “那是因为……”，because后接原因。
The reason why...is that...
“……的理由是……”，reason作主语时表
语从句用that引导。
The reason that/which...is that...
……的理由是……(that/which引导定语从句)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That's why we see the colours spread out like a rainbow.
②The reason why he was successful was that he had worked hard.
③He has heart disease.That is because he has been smoking too much.
④ The reason that/which he gave for his being late was that he got up late.
教材
高考
1.facts and arrangements
(2020·天津卷)Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
2.As a result, we remember them much better, as retelling events helps fix experiences in our memories.
(2020·江苏卷)As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.
4.I would recommend that you try simplified classic literature, such as short stories and novels rewritten in simple English.
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)What does the speaker recommend at the end of his lecture？
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I'll have enough money in my pocket so that I can pay them off.
2．That is why our marriages fail，and we have all this fighting.
3．You may find this a bit overcomplicated，so I will simplify(simple) it.
4．We recommend that you (should) start(start) by reading the first article in this series.
5．We have to be experts in all aspects of communication in order to do this effectively(effective)．
6．She telephoned Ellen，but made no arrangements(arrange) to see her.
7．The injury resulted in the loss of sight in one eye.
8．Please sharpen(sharp) the edge of this axe.
9．Ideas about the social significance(significant) of religion have changed over time.
10．Professor Smith's lecture on body language was so important that all of the students took it seriously(serious)．
Ⅱ.短语填空
take it easy；as a result；be curious about；in one way or another；be honoured to do
1．Every one of them can be helpful in one way or another．
2．Don't be curious about things you are not supposed to know.
3．I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech.
4．Just take it easy，maybe spend some time with old friends.
5．As a result，there are fewer blacks and Hispanics on campus in the state.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially 1.emotional(emotion) connections.Memories in childhood are often emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or 2.excitement(excite)．Try to connect something to our emotions and retell 3.what we have learnt to a few others.A person with a 4.photographic (photograph) memory could remember every detail of a picture，a book or an event for a long time，but no one has proved that there are people 5.with photographic memories.But there are some people who have 6.amazing(amaze) memories such as Daniel Tammet and Stephen Wiltshire.We need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.Asking questions helps with memorisation.The 7.sharpest (sharp) loss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.8.Reviewing(review) what is learnt helps us remember the information.Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 25.After that point，the brain starts to get 9.smaller(small)．By middle age，our memory is worse 10.than when we were young.
主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．Following Jane's way of studying chimps，our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
2．Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.
3．Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.
4．Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.
5．Ten hours has passed since I came here.
[归纳用法]
一、名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．只表示复数意义的名词people，police，cattle等，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。
The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
警察正在搜寻一个留着胡子、皮肤黝黑的高个子男人。
2．集体名词crowd，family，team，group，government，committee，class，union，firm，staff，public等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式，强调各个成员，谓语动词则用复数形式。
As far as I know，his family is a big one.(强调整体)据我所知，他家是一个大家庭。
When I visited them yesterday，the family were having dinner.(强调成员)
昨天当我拜访他们时，他们一家人正在吃饭。
3．只作不可数名词的集体名词clothing，furniture，baggage/luggage，scenery，jewellery，equipment等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
His luggage is very heavy，and he needs someone to help him.
他的行李很重，需要有人帮他一下。
The scenery of this mountainous area is beautiful，which has attracted many tourists.
这个山区的风景很美，吸引了很多游客。
4．单复数同形的名词means，sheep，deer等作主语时，根据其表达的单复数的意义而定。
All possible means have been tried，but none of which is perfect.
所有可能的方法都试了，但是没有一个是完美的。
Every possible means has been tried and the result is very good.
每一个可能的方法都试了而且结果非常好。
5．只有复数形式的名词goods，clothes，remains等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The goods of the store are of high quality.
这个商店的货物质量好。
Her clothes are always beautiful and fashionable.
她的衣服总是很漂亮而且时尚。
6．表示成双成套的名词glasses，trousers，shoes，scissors，gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
My shoes don't fit my feet，so I have to buy another pair.
我的鞋不合脚，因此我只好再买一双。
The glasses she bought yesterday are very expensive.
她昨天买的眼镜很贵。
[名师点津]
表示成双成套的名词前若有pair of，type of等修饰时，谓语动词根据量词的形式而定。
A new pair of glasses was bought yesterday for her by her friend.
昨天她的朋友为她买了一副新眼镜。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①His family is(be) poor and he used to work hard to support his family.
②My family are (be) going on a trip this summer.
③Look! Those cattle are (be) eating grass on the hill now.
二、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
主语
谓语动词
由and或both...and连接，其内容是复数
复数
由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接
就近原则
主语后有with，together with，along with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except等词或短语时
单复数与前面的主语一致
Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research.
吉姆和玛丽是癌症研究专家。
Both Jim and his parents were sitting in the shade of a large tree.
吉姆和他父母都坐在一棵大树的树荫下。
Either you or the president is to deliver a speech about the topic.
关于这个主题，要么你要么主席来发表演讲。
Not only he but also I look down upon those who always rely on others.
不仅仅他，我也瞧不起那些一直依赖别人的人。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows the reason why she behaved strangely.
学生和老师都不知道她行为怪异的原因。
[名师点津]
and与谓语动词的单数
(1)由and连接的并列单数主语前若有no，each，many a，every等修饰，谓语动词要用单数。
Each teacher and (each) student was given a ticket.
每一位老师和学生都发了一张票。
Every hour and (every) minute is important for us.
每一小时和每一分钟对我们都很重要。
(2)当and连接的两个词指同一个人或物时，谓语动词要用单数。
The writer and poet is coming soon.
那位作家兼诗人很快就要来了。(同一个人，注意poet前无冠词)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
My neighbour and colleague is watering the flowers.
我的邻居，也是我的同事，正在浇花。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best allround forms of exercise.
②A library with five thousand books was offered(offer) to the area as a gift last year.
③Each actor and each actress was (be) invited to our school yesterday.
三、数量概念作主语时的主谓一致
1．表示时间、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Five minutes isn't enough to finish this work.
要完成这项工作，5分钟是不够的。
2．some，most，rest及分数、百分数等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据所代替的名词而定。
Most of the workers are against the plan.
大部分工人反对这个计划。(指代可数名词复数)
The rest of the fresh water has been shipped to the city.剩下的淡水已被送入城中。(指代不可数名词)
3．“a number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是，“the number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of students have made up their minds to take part in afterschool activities.
许多学生已经下定决心参加课外活动。
The number of students who have made up their minds to take part in afterschool activities is 120.
已经下定决心参加课外活动的学生人数是120.
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①Many people say 1，000 dollars is(be) a lot of money.
②About 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered (cover)with water.
③The number of the students in middle school is (be) increasing year on year.
④The rest of the girls are (be) fond of music.
四、不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1．either，each，little，much等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each of the books is worth reading.
每本书都值得读。
2．both，few，many，several等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both of the sisters are interested in medicine.
姐妹俩都对医学感兴趣。
3．all指可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；若指不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
All are present at the meeting today.
今天所有的人都参加了会议。
All of the information is very important.
所有的信息都很重要。
4．none指可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式均可；若指不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
None of them is/are aware of the danger.
他们中没有人意识到危险。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①Since everyone is (be)here，let's begin our meeting.
②None of the information about him has(have) been received.
③All are (be) willing to reach an agreement.
五、其他情况作主语时的主谓一致
1．单个动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To read English aloud every morning is of great benefit to your English study.
每天早晨朗读英语对你的英语学习大有好处。
Staring at someone in public is impolite.
在公众场合盯着某人看是不礼貌的。
2．当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What he said has been recorded.
他说的话已被录音。
What we badly need are good teachers.
我们急需的是好老师。
3．there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词一致。
There is a table and four chairs in the room.
房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。
4．定语从句中关系代词作主语，谓语动词与先行词一致。
Mr.Smith，who is now downstairs，is asking to see you.
史密斯先生要见你，他现在就在楼下。
5．the＋adj.指一类人，作主语时谓语动词用复数。
The rich make slaves of the poor.
富人把穷人变成奴隶。
[即学即练5] 单句语法填空
①What I say and think are (be) none of your business.
②There is(be) an old temple and some ancient trees on the top of the mountain.
③Having a balanced diet in our daily life is(be) good to us all.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I，who am (be) your close friend，will try my best to help you out of trouble.
2．My father，together with his workmates，has (have) been to Beijing.
3．Listening to music makes (make) me relaxed after a busy day.
4．The number of employees was(be) reduced from 40 to 25.
5．Not only the teacher but also his students like (like) playing football.
6．The population of China is (be) larger than that of any other country in the world.
7．The injured in the accident were (be) all taken to the nearby hospital.
8．Fifty dollars is (be) too expensive for the pen and you should think about it carefully.
9．Few of his family are (be) in support of him，which makes him very sad.
10．It is said that everybody is (be) going to take part in the game this afternoon.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
The Netherlands 1.is(be) one of the most beautiful countries in Europe，so Tom and Jack decided to travel there.The first day，they enjoyed the sunrise.Milk and a hamburger 2.was(be) a good breakfast for them.Not only did they take part in activities，but they tasted many delicious foods.Every boy and every girl in the Netherlands 3.was(be)friendly to them.The second day，Tom as well as Jack，4.was(be) going to visit a forested area.In Tom's opinion，wolves or tigers 5.are(be)dangerous animals，so he expected to come across either of them.Along the path which was full of bushes，and different kinds of butterflies 6.were(be) flitting from flower to flower.The government 7.has(have) taken plenty of measures to protect the area，so the surroundings 8.were(be)so attractive.Even though the wild animals didn't appear，they completely enjoyed this scenery around them.
What 9.is(be)the most important thing in your life？Through this journey，Tom and Jack understand even if the wonderful time is so short，it's just like a flash of beauty，while the more you enjoy the moment you're in，the more treasures it will bring.And many a moment still 10.keeps(keep) the memory，then frames the eternal happiness.
Unit 9 Learning
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.classic A．adj.适时的，及时的
( )2.recommend B．adj.&adv.遍及世界的；
在全世界
( )3.acquire C．adv.定期地
( )4.worldwide D．vt.推荐；建议
( )5.childhood E．vt.学习，获得(知识，技能)
( )6.subway F．vt.&vi.出版；发表；刊登
( )7.technique G．adj.经典的
( )8.publish H．n.童年，儿童时代
( )9.timely I．n.(美)地铁
( )10.periodically J．n.技巧，手法
[答案] 1－5 GDEBH 6－10 IJFAC
B．短语匹配
( )1.take it easy A．很荣幸做某事
( )2.as a result B．不管怎样
( )3.be curious about C．结果；因此
( )4.in one way or another D．放轻松
( )5.be honoured to do sth. E．对……好奇
[答案] 1－5 DCEBA
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．strategy n. 策略；战略；规划
2．beyond prep. 超出……范围
3．sufficient adj. 充足的
4．input n. 输入；投入
5．context n. 上下文；语境；背景
6．memorisation n. 记忆
7．sharp adj. 急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
8．arrangement n. 计划；安排
9．odd adj. 奇特的
10．novel n. 小说
Ⅰ.语境填词
timely；classic；sharp；periodically；subway；beyond；publish；worldwide；childhood；technique
1．His books have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide．
2．Except for her illnesses，she had had a particularly happy childhood．
3．It is a classic style of Gothic building.
4．The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.
5．Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers.
6．The artist combines different techniques in the same painting.
7．The extension of the subway will take several months.
8．The wind was not as sharp and cruel as it had been.
9．A nasty incident was prevented by the timely arrival of the police.
10．We will refresh this information periodically to keep our system updated.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．This is a simplified(simplify) example，but it illustrates the pattern.
2．She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar(familiar) with Japanese culture.
3．Try to memorise(memory) the names of all the people you see there tonight.
4．It's normally(normal) much warmer than this in July.
5．The region was effectively (effective) independent.
6．I'll make arrangements(arrange) for you to be met at the airport.
7．Mothers are often the ones who provide emotional(emotion) support for the family.
8．American English is significantly(significant) different from British English.
1．This is because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement.
这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。
2．A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail of a picture，a book or an event many years later，but no one has proved that there are people who really have photographic memories.
一个有详细准确的记忆的人可以在很多年后记住一幅画、一本书或一件事的每一个细节，但没有人证明有这样的人真的有详细准确的记忆。
3．As most of us do not have amazing memories like them，when memorising detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.
由于我们大多数人没有像他们一样的惊人记忆，当我们记住详细的学习材料时，我们只需要专注于重要的想法，并对我们学到的东西好奇。
4．Another effective technique to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together so that they can be easily connected to things that are already known.
另一种有效的记忆方法是将相似的想法或信息组合在一起，这样它们就可以很容易地与已知的事物联系起来。
5．This means timely review during this period，with a few revisits to what is learnt，can significantly help us to remember the information.
这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。
名师圈点
①childhood n．童年，儿童时代
②especially adv.特别地；尤其
③emotional adj.情感上的；情绪上的
④experience v．经历
⑤excitement n．兴奋，激动
⑥as a result结果；因此
as a result of...由于……
⑦retell vt.重讲，复述
⑧fix v．使固定；安装；决定，确定(日期、时间、数量等)；安排；组织
⑨photographic adj.详细准确的；照片的；摄影的
⑩detail n．细节；详情
detailed adj.详细的
⑪amazing adj.令人惊奇的
amazed adj.惊奇的；惊讶的
⑫Daniel Tammet英国人丹尼尔·塔梅4岁时经历了一场痉挛，从此世界在他眼里变得截然不同——他的两个感官神奇地联系在了一起。他的运算能力也非常惊人，一分钟内就可以算出37的4次方是多少，或者13除以97，然后给出小数点后32位的数字。
⑬helicopter n．直升机
⑭limited adj.有限的
⑮memorise vt.记忆；记住
⑯be curious about对……好奇
⑰memorisation n．记忆
⑱technique n．技巧，手法
⑲natural adj.自然的；自然而然的
⑳publish vt.& vi.出版；发表；刊登
present vt.呈现
curve n．曲线，弧线
sharp adj.急剧的，猛烈的；尖的，锋利的
timely adj.适时的，及时的
review v．复习
revisit vt.重新考虑，再次讨论
significantly adv.显著地；重大地
periodically adv.定期地
effective adj.有效的
definitely adv.肯定；确实
take it easy 放轻松
原文呈现
THE SECRETS OF YOUR MEMORY
Memory expert Jemima Gryaznov answers some of the most common questions about memory.
1．Why can I remember events in my childhood①but not what happened last week?
We remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially②emotional③connections.[1] Childhood memories are often very emotional.This is because when we experience④things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement⑤.Also，interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and again.As a result⑥，we remember them much better，as retelling⑦events helps fix⑧experiences in our memories.What can we learn from all this？When remembering something new，try to connect it to our emotions.It is important to connect it with what we already know.[2] Also，we can try to retell what we have learnt to a few others.
[1]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词things。
[2]what引导宾语从句，作with的宾语。
2．Do some people really have a photographic⑨memory?
A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail⑩of a picture，a book or an event many years later，but no one has proved that there are people who really have photographic memories.Yet，there are some people who do have amazing⑪ memories.For example，Daniel Tammet⑫can remember the first 22，514
digits of pi(π) and Stephen Wiltshire can draw a detailed picture of a city from memory after flying over it in a helicopter⑬.They are both good at remembering particular things for a limited⑭time.As most of us do not have amazing memories like them，when memorising⑮detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about⑯what we learn.Asking questions about what we learn also helps with memorisation⑰.Another effective technique⑱to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together so that they can be easily connected to things that are already known.[3]
[3]so that引导目的状语从句，表示“以便；为了”。
3．Why do I forget the new words that I learnt yesterday?
Don't worry.This is natural⑲for many people.In 1885，Hermann Ebbinghaus published⑳a book called Memory and presenteda famous forgetting curve.According to him，the sharpestloss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.This means timelyreviewduring this period，with a few revisitsto what is learnt，can significantlyhelp us to remember the information.Therefore，one of the golden rules to increase how much we remember is to review the material periodically，especially during the first day after learning.This “spaced review” soon after learning helps build stronger memories and it is more effectivethan waiting to review everything before exams.
4．I'm 16，but I sometimes forget things.Is my memory getting worse?
Definitelynot.Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 25.At that point，we can remember up to 200 pieces of information in a second.After this age，however，the brain starts to get smaller.By the age of 40， we lose10，000 brain cells every day.By middle age，our memory is significantly worse than when we were young.So take it easy.You are at a good age in terms of your memory.Make good use of it！
译文参考
你记忆的秘密
记忆专家杰迈玛·格里耶兹诺夫关于记忆的一些最普通问题的回答。
1．为什么我能记起童年的事，却记不起上周发生的事？
我们记得那些在我们脑海中有很强联系的事情，特别是情感联系。童年的记忆往往是非常感人的。这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。而且，我们童年的有趣或有趣的故事经常被一次又一次地讲出来。因此，我们会更好地记住它们，因为复述事件有助于巩固我们记忆中的经历。我们能从这些中学到什么？当记住一些新的东西时，试着把它和我们的情绪联系起来。把它和我们已经知道的联系起来是很重要的。同时，我们也可以尽力把我们所学的重新讲给其他一些人听。
2．有些人真的有详细准确的记忆吗？
一个有详细准确的记忆的人可以在很多年后记住一幅画、一本书或一件事的每一个细节，但没有 人证明有这样的人真的有详细准确的记忆。例如，丹尼尔·塔梅可以记住π的前22 514个数字，而斯蒂芬·威尔夏可以用直升机从一个城市上空飞过，从记忆中描绘出一个城市的详细画面。他们都擅长在有限的时间内记住特定的事情。由于我们大多数人没有像他们一样的惊人记忆，当我们记忆详细的学习材料时，我们只需要专注于重要的想法，并对我们所学到的东西好奇。询问我们学的知识也有助于记忆。另一种有效的记忆方法是将相似的想法或信息组合在一起，这样它们就可以很容易地与已知的事物联系起来。
3．为什么我忘了昨天学的生词？
别担心，这对很多人来说是很自然的。1885年，赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯出版了一本名为《记忆》的书，并提出了著名的遗忘曲线。据他说，最严重的失忆发生在学习后的早期。这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。因此，增加记忆量的黄金法则之一是定期复习材料，特别是在学习后的第一天。这种在学习后不久的“间隔复习”有助于建立更强的记忆，而且比考试前等待复习更有效。
4．我16岁，但有时会忘记一些事情。我的记忆力变差了吗？
当然不是。我们的记忆力在25岁时达到了顶峰。在这个时间上，我们可以在一秒钟内记住多达200条信息。然而，在这个年龄之后，大脑开始变小。到了40岁，我们每天失去10 000个脑细胞。到了中年，我们的记忆力明显比年轻时差。所以别紧张。从你记忆的角度讲你正处在一个记性很好的年龄。好好利用它！
速读P58－59教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及：
1．Childhood memories are emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．There are really many people with a photographic memory.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．Stephen Wiltshire can remember the first 22，514 digits of pi(π)．
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．According to Hermann Ebbinghaus，the sharpest loss of memory occurs as time goes by.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 40.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 ABBBB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息
A．what we learn
B．how much we remember
C．what we already know
D．when memorising detailed learning materials
E．who really have a photographic memory
1．It is important to connect something new with ．
2．No one has proved that there are such people ．
3．As most of us do not have amazing memories like Daniel Tammet or Stephen Wiltshire， ，we simply need to focus on the important ideas.
4．Asking questions about also helps with memorisation.
5．One of the golden rules to increase is to review the material periodically.
[答案] 1－5 CEDAB
Ⅲ.表格填空
Why can I remember events in my childhood but not what happened last week？
Above all，we remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially 1.emotional connections.Memories in 2.childhood are often emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or 3.excitement．Also，interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and again.
Do some people really have a photographic memory？
No one has proved that there are people with 4.photographic memories.But there are some people who have amazing memories such as Daniel Tammet and 5.Stephen Wiltshire.We need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.Asking questions helps with 6.memorisation.
Why do I forget the new words that I learnt yesterday？
The sharpest loss of memory 7.occurs during the very early period after learning.8.Reviewing what is learnt helps us remember the information.
I'm 16，but I sometimes forget things.Is my memory getting worse？
Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 9.25．We can remember up to 200 pieces of information in a 10.second.After that point，the brain starts to get smaller.By middle age，our memory declines.
细读P58－59教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．The reason we forget
newlylearnt things.
2．Para.2 B．The age and the memory.
3．Para.3 C．Photographic memories and
advice for us to memorise things.
4．Para.4 D．The reason for remembering
events in childhood.
[答案] 1－4 DCAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Why are childhood memories very emotional?
A．Because we often have strong feelings of fear and excitement.
B．Because they have strong connections in our mind.
C．Because they are interesting or funny.
D．Because they are what have learnt.
2．The reason for Daniel Tammet can remember the first 22，514 digits of pi(π) is that ．
A．he has a photographic memory
B．he is good at remembering particular things
C．he can draw a detailed picture
D．he has learnt it many years ago
3．According to Hermann Ebbinghaus' book，we should ．
A．review during the early period after learning
B．review during the later period after learning
C．review everything before exams
D．review everything after exams
4．People have the most powerful memory at the age of .
A．40 B．25
C．before 25 D．after 40
5．When does the sharpest loss of memory occur?
A．During the very early period after learning.
B．During the first three days after learning.
C．During the first week after learning.
D．During the first hour after learning.
[答案] 1－5 ABABA
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有给出建议的语句。
1．When remembering something new，try to connect it to our emotions.
2....when memorising detailed learning materials，we simply need to focus on the important ideas...
3．Another effective technique to remember things is to group similar ideas or information together...
B．判断下列语句哪些不是给出建议的语句。
1．Therefore，one of the golden rules to increase how much we remember is to review the material periodically...
2．By middle age，our memory is significantly worse than when we were young.
3．Also，we can try to retell what we have learnt to a few others.
[答案] 2
1．simple adj.简单的；朴素的；易于理解的→simplify vt.简化→simplified adj.简化了的
2．familiar adj.熟悉的；了解的→familiarity n．熟悉；通晓→unfamiliar adj.不熟悉的，不了解的
3．memory n．记忆；记忆力→memorise vt.记住；熟记
4．normal adj.通常的；平常的→normally adv.通常，平常→abnormal adj.不正常的；反常的；畸形的
5．effect n．效果；影响→effective adj.有效的→effectively adv.有效地
6．arrange v．计划；安排→arrangement n．计划；安排
7．emotion n．情绪；情感→emotional adj.情感上的；情绪上的
8．excite vt.使兴奋；使激动→exciting adj.令人兴奋的；令人激动的→excited adj.感到兴奋的；感到激动的→excitement n．激动；兴奋
1．beyond prep.在(或向)……较远的一边；晚于；迟于；超出；除……之外
①The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
在(或向)……较远的一边
②I know what I'll be doing for the next three weeks but I haven't thought beyond that. 晚于；迟于
③Our success was far beyond what we thought possible. 超出
2．sharp adj.锋利的，尖的；急剧的，猛烈的；骤然的(变化)；清楚明确的；鲜明的；敏锐的
①So I have a sharp knife in my hand now. 锋利的
②There was a sharp increase in unemployment. 急剧的
③She drew a sharp distinction between domestic and international politics. 清楚明确的
④He kept a sharp lookout for any strangers. 敏锐的
Words and Phrases
simplified adj.简化了的
(教材P56) to read simplified classic works
阅读简化了的作品
[例1] Last night，the president presented a shorter，simplified version of his speech.
昨晚，总统发表了一番更加简短明了的演讲。
[例2] Millions of people want new，simplified ways of interacting with a computer.
数以百万计的人们想要新的简化方式实现人机交互。
[造句] 上面的例子是简化了的。
The example above is simplified.
[知识拓展]
simple adj. 简单的；朴素的
simplify vt. 简化
simplification n. 简化；单纯化
simply adv. 简单地；朴素地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I hope his appointment will simplify(simple) matters.
②A number of simplifications(simple) have been made to the taxation system.
[小片段助记]
He simplified that formula.The simplification made it look simpler, and we can use it simply.
arrangement n．计划；安排；整理
(教材P58) facts and arrangements
事实和安排
[例1] If you are agreeable，my husband's office will make all the necessary arrangements.
如果你同意，我丈夫的事务所将作出所有必要的安排。
[例2] We made arrangements with them to meet in a week.
我们和他们约定一星期内见面。
[造句] 我们学院负责筹办这次会议。
Our college is to make arrangements for the meeting.
[知识拓展]
(1)make an arrangement 筹备；安排
(2)arrange vt. 安排；整理；筹备
arrange (for) sth. 安排……；协商……
arrange sth.for sb. 为某人安排某事
arrange for sb.to do sth. 安排某人做某事
arrange (with sb.) to do sth. 安排(与某人)做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I've arranged to go(go) with him to tomorrow's football match.
②The staff will be happy to help arrange for you to swim，sail，or waterski.
③The hotel manager will arrange for a babysitter.
[小片段助记]
My old brother made an arrangement for the coming party.He arranged for me to buy some decorations.
as a result结果；因此
(教材P58) As a result，we remember them much better，as retelling events helps fix experiences in our memories.
因此，我们会更好地记住它们，因为复述事件有助于巩固我们记忆中的经历。
[例1] As a result，they rarely collect data，or only after a problem has been detected.
结果，它们很少收集数据，或者只在检测到问题后才收集数据。
[例2] As a result，software built for one will not easily run on the other.
结果是，为某个平台开发的软件不易于在另一个平台运行。
[造句] 结果，日产量翻了一番。
As a result，daily output has doubled.
[知识拓展]
as a result of 由于
result in 导致，造成
result from 由于；由……引起
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①When you do something with faith，it will result in success.
②Children's fear and dislike of books may result from being made to read aloud before others.
③As a result of his illness，he was late for class.
④It's generally believed that his cancer resulted from the overfull tiredness.
＝It's generally believed that the overfull tiredness resulted in his cancer.
＝It's generally believed that he suffered from cancer as a result of the overfull tiredness.
sharp adj.急剧的；猛烈的；尖的，锋利的；敏锐的
(教材P59) According to him，the sharpest loss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.
据他说，最严重的失忆发生在学习后的早期。
[例1] With a sharp knife，make diagonal slashes in the chicken breast.
用锋利的刀子斜着切开鸡胸脯。
[例2] His nose was thin and sharp.
他的鼻子又细又尖。
[造句] 他很机敏、思维敏捷并且能机智应答。
He is very sharp，a quick thinker and swift with repartee.
[知识拓展]
sharp call/corner/turn 尖叫/尖角/急转弯
look sharp 看上去很精神；注意
sharply adv. 急剧地；锐利地
sharpen vt. 削尖；使锋利
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The report was sharply(sharp) critical of the police.
②The lead broke on this pencil，so I have to sharpen(sharp) it.
significantly adv.显著地；重大地
(教材P59) This means timely review during this period，with a few revisits to what is learnt，can significantly help us to remember the information.
这意味着在这段时间内及时复习，再复习一下所学的知识，可以大大帮助我们记住这些信息。
[例1] The two sets of figures are not significantly different.
这两组数字没有明显差别。
[例2] The French entente with Great Britain had already been significantly extended.
法国和英国之间友好协议的范围已经大幅度拓宽。
[造句] 但他们在所有其他测试中明显表现的更好。
But they performed significantly better in all other tests.
[知识拓展]
(1)significant adj. 有意义的，显著的，意味深长的
a significant look/smile 意味深长的表情/微笑
(2)significance n. 重要性；意义
be of no/great significance 无关紧要的/意义重大的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Profits have increased significantly (significant) over the past few years.
②Television is of great significance(significant)in shaping our ideas.
recommend vt.推荐，介绍；建议，劝告
(教材P108) I would recommend that you try simplified classic literature，such as short stories and novels rewritten in simple English.
我建议你试试简单的经典文学作品，比如用易于理解的英语重写的短篇故事和小说。
[例1] I recommend the book to all my students.
我向我所有的学生推荐这本书。
[例2] The report recommended a 10% pay increase.
报告提议工资增加10%。
[造句] 我们建议你早点儿预订航班。
We'd recommend you to book your flight early.
[知识拓展]
(1) 向某人推荐某物
recommend sb.for... 推荐某人做(某职位)
recommend sb.as... 推荐某人为……
(2)recommend doing sth. 建议做某事
recommend sb.to do sth. 建议某人做某事
recommend that sb.(should)do 建议……(从句用虚拟语气)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My teacher recommended a book on English study to me.
②I recommend you to obey (obey) the safety regulations.
③I recommend going(go) by air for a tour somewhere.
effectively adv.有效地
(教材P108)...I'm sure you can learn English effectively.
……我相信你能有效地学习英语。
[例1] The company must reduce costs to compete effectively.
公司要有效地参与竞争必须降低成本。
[例2] You dealt with the situation very effectively.
你应付那种局面很有一套。
[造句] 你如何有效地管理所有这些东西？
How do you effectively manage all the stuff?
[知识拓展]
(1)effect n． 效果，作用；影响
in effect 实际上；事实上
be of no effect 无效；没有作用
put/bring...into effect 实施；使生效
come into effect 开始生效；开始实施
have an effect on 对……产生影响
take effect 见效；开始实施
(2)effective adj. 有效的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①All our efforts were of no effect.
②This will，in effect，make your television a computer.
③Long prison sentences can be a very effective(effect) deterrent for offenders.
[小片段助记]
The new regulation will come into effect on May 1，2022，which will have an effect on traffic.People think it is an effective way to stop drunk driving.
Sentence Pattern
this is because...“这是因为……”
(教材P58) This is because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or excitement.
这是因为当我们第一次体验事物时，我们常常会有强烈的恐惧或兴奋感。
[句式分析]
句中This is because...意为“这是因为……”，其中because引导的从句在句中作表语，This有时可用It/That替换，指代上文提到的事实。
[例1] I believe this is because I never loved him.
我相信这是因为我从来没有爱过他。
[例2] This is because it requires each member of the team to think differently.
这是因为它要求小组内的每个成员的想法都不同。
[造句] 这是因为植物可以从空气、水和阳光中制造食物。
This is because plants can make food from air，water and sunlight.
[知识拓展]
That's why... “那是……的原因”，why后接结果。
That's because... “那是因为……”，because后接原因。
The reason why...is that...
“……的理由是……”，reason作主语时表
语从句用that引导。
The reason that/which...is that...
……的理由是……(that/which引导定语从句)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That's why we see the colours spread out like a rainbow.
②The reason why he was successful was that he had worked hard.
③He has heart disease.That is because he has been smoking too much.
④ The reason that/which he gave for his being late was that he got up late.
教材
高考
1.facts and arrangements
(2020·天津卷)Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
2.As a result, we remember them much better, as retelling events helps fix experiences in our memories.
(2020·江苏卷)As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.
4.I would recommend that you try simplified classic literature, such as short stories and novels rewritten in simple English.
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)What does the speaker recommend at the end of his lecture？
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I'll have enough money in my pocket so that I can pay them off.
2．That is why our marriages fail，and we have all this fighting.
3．You may find this a bit overcomplicated，so I will simplify(simple) it.
4．We recommend that you (should) start(start) by reading the first article in this series.
5．We have to be experts in all aspects of communication in order to do this effectively(effective)．
6．She telephoned Ellen，but made no arrangements(arrange) to see her.
7．The injury resulted in the loss of sight in one eye.
8．Please sharpen(sharp) the edge of this axe.
9．Ideas about the social significance(significant) of religion have changed over time.
10．Professor Smith's lecture on body language was so important that all of the students took it seriously(serious)．
Ⅱ.短语填空
take it easy；as a result；be curious about；in one way or another；be honoured to do
1．Every one of them can be helpful in one way or another．
2．Don't be curious about things you are not supposed to know.
3．I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech.
4．Just take it easy，maybe spend some time with old friends.
5．As a result，there are fewer blacks and Hispanics on campus in the state.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We remember things that have strong connections in our mind，especially 1.emotional(emotion) connections.Memories in childhood are often emotional because when we experience things for the first time，we often have strong feelings of fear or 2.excitement(excite)．Try to connect something to our emotions and retell 3.what we have learnt to a few others.A person with a 4.photographic (photograph) memory could remember every detail of a picture，a book or an event for a long time，but no one has proved that there are people 5.with photographic memories.But there are some people who have 6.amazing(amaze) memories such as Daniel Tammet and Stephen Wiltshire.We need to focus on the important ideas and be curious about what we learn.Asking questions helps with memorisation.The 7.sharpest (sharp) loss of memory occurs during the very early period after learning.8.Reviewing(review) what is learnt helps us remember the information.Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 25.After that point，the brain starts to get 9.smaller(small)．By middle age，our memory is worse 10.than when we were young.
主谓一致
[观察例句]
1．Following Jane's way of studying chimps，our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
2．Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.
3．Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.
4．Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.
5．Ten hours has passed since I came here.
[归纳用法]
一、名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．只表示复数意义的名词people，police，cattle等，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。
The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
警察正在搜寻一个留着胡子、皮肤黝黑的高个子男人。
2．集体名词crowd，family，team，group，government，committee，class，union，firm，staff，public等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式，强调各个成员，谓语动词则用复数形式。
As far as I know，his family is a big one.(强调整体)据我所知，他家是一个大家庭。
When I visited them yesterday，the family were having dinner.(强调成员)
昨天当我拜访他们时，他们一家人正在吃饭。
3．只作不可数名词的集体名词clothing，furniture，baggage/luggage，scenery，jewellery，equipment等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
His luggage is very heavy，and he needs someone to help him.
他的行李很重，需要有人帮他一下。
The scenery of this mountainous area is beautiful，which has attracted many tourists.
这个山区的风景很美，吸引了很多游客。
4．单复数同形的名词means，sheep，deer等作主语时，根据其表达的单复数的意义而定。
All possible means have been tried，but none of which is perfect.
所有可能的方法都试了，但是没有一个是完美的。
Every possible means has been tried and the result is very good.
每一个可能的方法都试了而且结果非常好。
5．只有复数形式的名词goods，clothes，remains等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The goods of the store are of high quality.
这个商店的货物质量好。
Her clothes are always beautiful and fashionable.
她的衣服总是很漂亮而且时尚。
6．表示成双成套的名词glasses，trousers，shoes，scissors，gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
My shoes don't fit my feet，so I have to buy another pair.
我的鞋不合脚，因此我只好再买一双。
The glasses she bought yesterday are very expensive.
她昨天买的眼镜很贵。
[名师点津]
表示成双成套的名词前若有pair of，type of等修饰时，谓语动词根据量词的形式而定。
A new pair of glasses was bought yesterday for her by her friend.
昨天她的朋友为她买了一副新眼镜。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①His family is(be) poor and he used to work hard to support his family.
②My family are (be) going on a trip this summer.
③Look! Those cattle are (be) eating grass on the hill now.
二、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
主语
谓语动词
由and或both...and连接，其内容是复数
复数
由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接
就近原则
主语后有with，together with，along with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except等词或短语时
单复数与前面的主语一致
Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research.
吉姆和玛丽是癌症研究专家。
Both Jim and his parents were sitting in the shade of a large tree.
吉姆和他父母都坐在一棵大树的树荫下。
Either you or the president is to deliver a speech about the topic.
关于这个主题，要么你要么主席来发表演讲。
Not only he but also I look down upon those who always rely on others.
不仅仅他，我也瞧不起那些一直依赖别人的人。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows the reason why she behaved strangely.
学生和老师都不知道她行为怪异的原因。
[名师点津]
and与谓语动词的单数
(1)由and连接的并列单数主语前若有no，each，many a，every等修饰，谓语动词要用单数。
Each teacher and (each) student was given a ticket.
每一位老师和学生都发了一张票。
Every hour and (every) minute is important for us.
每一小时和每一分钟对我们都很重要。
(2)当and连接的两个词指同一个人或物时，谓语动词要用单数。
The writer and poet is coming soon.
那位作家兼诗人很快就要来了。(同一个人，注意poet前无冠词)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
My neighbour and colleague is watering the flowers.
我的邻居，也是我的同事，正在浇花。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best allround forms of exercise.
②A library with five thousand books was offered(offer) to the area as a gift last year.
③Each actor and each actress was (be) invited to our school yesterday.
三、数量概念作主语时的主谓一致
1．表示时间、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Five minutes isn't enough to finish this work.
要完成这项工作，5分钟是不够的。
2．some，most，rest及分数、百分数等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据所代替的名词而定。
Most of the workers are against the plan.
大部分工人反对这个计划。(指代可数名词复数)
The rest of the fresh water has been shipped to the city.剩下的淡水已被送入城中。(指代不可数名词)
3．“a number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是，“the number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of students have made up their minds to take part in afterschool activities.
许多学生已经下定决心参加课外活动。
The number of students who have made up their minds to take part in afterschool activities is 120.
已经下定决心参加课外活动的学生人数是120.
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①Many people say 1，000 dollars is(be) a lot of money.
②About 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered (cover)with water.
③The number of the students in middle school is (be) increasing year on year.
④The rest of the girls are (be) fond of music.
四、不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1．either，each，little，much等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each of the books is worth reading.
每本书都值得读。
2．both，few，many，several等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both of the sisters are interested in medicine.
姐妹俩都对医学感兴趣。
3．all指可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；若指不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
All are present at the meeting today.
今天所有的人都参加了会议。
All of the information is very important.
所有的信息都很重要。
4．none指可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式均可；若指不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
None of them is/are aware of the danger.
他们中没有人意识到危险。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①Since everyone is (be)here，let's begin our meeting.
②None of the information about him has(have) been received.
③All are (be) willing to reach an agreement.
五、其他情况作主语时的主谓一致
1．单个动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To read English aloud every morning is of great benefit to your English study.
每天早晨朗读英语对你的英语学习大有好处。
Staring at someone in public is impolite.
在公众场合盯着某人看是不礼貌的。
2．当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What he said has been recorded.
他说的话已被录音。
What we badly need are good teachers.
我们急需的是好老师。
3．there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词一致。
There is a table and four chairs in the room.
房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。
4．定语从句中关系代词作主语，谓语动词与先行词一致。
Mr.Smith，who is now downstairs，is asking to see you.
史密斯先生要见你，他现在就在楼下。
5．the＋adj.指一类人，作主语时谓语动词用复数。
The rich make slaves of the poor.
富人把穷人变成奴隶。
[即学即练5] 单句语法填空
①What I say and think are (be) none of your business.
②There is(be) an old temple and some ancient trees on the top of the mountain.
③Having a balanced diet in our daily life is(be) good to us all.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I，who am (be) your close friend，will try my best to help you out of trouble.
2．My father，together with his workmates，has (have) been to Beijing.
3．Listening to music makes (make) me relaxed after a busy day.
4．The number of employees was(be) reduced from 40 to 25.
5．Not only the teacher but also his students like (like) playing football.
6．The population of China is (be) larger than that of any other country in the world.
7．The injured in the accident were (be) all taken to the nearby hospital.
8．Fifty dollars is (be) too expensive for the pen and you should think about it carefully.
9．Few of his family are (be) in support of him，which makes him very sad.
10．It is said that everybody is (be) going to take part in the game this afternoon.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
The Netherlands 1.is(be) one of the most beautiful countries in Europe，so Tom and Jack decided to travel there.The first day，they enjoyed the sunrise.Milk and a hamburger 2.was(be) a good breakfast for them.Not only did they take part in activities，but they tasted many delicious foods.Every boy and every girl in the Netherlands 3.was(be)friendly to them.The second day，Tom as well as Jack，4.was(be) going to visit a forested area.In Tom's opinion，wolves or tigers 5.are(be)dangerous animals，so he expected to come across either of them.Along the path which was full of bushes，and different kinds of butterflies 6.were(be) flitting from flower to flower.The government 7.has(have) taken plenty of measures to protect the area，so the surroundings 8.were(be)so attractive.Even though the wild animals didn't appear，they completely enjoyed this scenery around them.
What 9.is(be)the most important thing in your life？Through this journey，Tom and Jack understand even if the wonderful time is so short，it's just like a flash of beauty，while the more you enjoy the moment you're in，the more treasures it will bring.And many a moment still 10.keeps(keep) the memory，then frames the eternal happiness.
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