2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲义练习(全国通用)专题03阅读理解说明文(大题专练)(全国通用)(原卷版+解析)

这是一份2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲义练习(全国通用)专题03阅读理解说明文(大题专练)(全国通用)(原卷版+解析)，共6页。
【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解
【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式
【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分
命题·趋势·定位
1. 选材特点： 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，如《科学》《新科学家》《实验生物学杂志》等。内容聚焦社会前沿与热点问题，涵盖三大类：1）科技发明类：如人工智能、电动汽车、生物技术等最新成果；2）生态环境类：如气候变化、生物多样性保护、可持续发展等；3）医疗卫生与心理类：如新药研发、身心健康、行为科学等。题材新颖，时代感强。
2. 语篇结构： 说明文结构清晰，通常采用“总分总”的模式。首段引入话题或研究背景，中间段落通过实验、数据、例证等方式展开说明，尾段总结或展望未来。文章逻辑性强，常包含因果、对比、转折等关系。
3. 命题热点： 高频考查角度包括：细节理解题（占比最高，约50%）、推理判断题（约30%）、主旨大意题（约10%）、词义猜测题（约10%）。命题常围绕研究的“目的、过程、结果、意义”以及事物的“特点、功能、影响”等方面展开。
4. 常见的设问形式：
细节理解题：
推理判断题：What can be / What des the authr
主旨大意题：What is the best / What is the main
词义猜测题：The underlined wrd “...” prbably
热点·角度·拆解
热点角度01 细节理解题
析典例·建模型
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there's t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.
B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.
D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
【解题建模】
第一步，确定定位词“paragraph 1”。
第二步，找到答题句。定位到第一段，找到关键信息“declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility”和“pack them int the car instead”，说明人们步行减少，开车增多。
第三步，比较各选项。C项“Peple walk less and drive mre”与原文信息一致，为正确答案。
研考点·通技法
破类题·提能力
（2026·湖北黄石·二模）
Research led by King’s Cllege Lndn ffers cnvincing evidence that viewing riginal artwrk in a gallery des mre than uplift the spirit — it measurably imprves physical health. The study demnstrates that this activity can significantly reduce stress and may even strengthen the immune system.
T investigate the physilgical effects f lking at art, researchers designed an experiment invlving 50 UK vlunteers aged 18-40. Participants were divided int tw matched grups based n age, gender, and baseline stress levels. One grup visited the Curtauld Gallery t view riginal paintings by renwned artists such as Van Ggh and Gauguin, while the ther bserved high-quality digital reprductins f the same artwrks in a neutral labratry setting.
Thrughut the 20-minute sessin, each participant wre research-grade digital watches that cntinuusly mnitred heart rate variability and skin temperature — key indicatrs f autnmic nervus system activity. Saliva (唾液) samples were cllected immediately befre and after the viewing perid t measure bichemical changes. These samples were later analyzed fr levels f crtisl, a hrmne linked t stress, which is assciated with inflammatin (炎症) and chrnic diseases.
Remarkably, researchers fund that fr thse viewing riginal art, levels f the stress hrmne drpped by 22%, whereas the cntrl grup levels fell by just 8%. Meanwhile, pr-inflammatry cytkines (IL-6 and TNF-α), which are linked t stress and a number f chrnic diseases, drpped by 30% and 28% respectively fr gallery viewers, with n change in the cntrl grup. This suggests that art has a ptentially calming effect n the bdy’s inflammatry respnses.
“Frm a scientific perspective, the mst exciting ut-take is that art had a psitive impact n three different bdy systems — the immune, endcrine (内分泌的), and autnmic systems — simultaneusly. This is a unique finding, and smething we were genuinely surprised t see,” explains Dr Tny Wds, wh is the senir authr f the study.
Thugh art has lng been assciated with imprved well being, this study prvides the scientific supprt that it’s healing fr ur bdy as well.
1．What was the main gal f the research?
A．T cmpare different art styles’ effects.B．T prmte visits t a specific art gallery.
C．T measure art’s physical impact scientifically.D．T prve authentic art bsts creativity greatly.
2．Hw was the experiment cnducted?
A．By using psychlgical questinnaires.B．By surveying artists and visitrs separately.
C．By testing grups under different cnditins.D．By fcusing n shrt - term emtinal changes.
3．What key change did riginal art cause?
A．A sharp increase in heart rate.B．A rise in bld pressure levels.
C．A drp in participants’ skin temperature.D．A reductin in stress and inflammatry markers.
4．Why des Dr. Tny Wds call the discvery “unique”?
A．It cnfirms art’s link t mental pleasure.B．It uses a new methd fr data cllectin.
C．It finds pressure levels drp significantly.D．It shws art benefits multiple bdy systems.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了伦敦大学研究证实，观赏原作艺术品能显著降低压力激素与炎症指标，同时改善免疫、内分泌等多个身体系统，为艺术有益健康提供科学依据。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research led by King’s Cllege Lndn ffers cnvincing evidence that viewing riginal artwrk in a gallery des mre than uplift the spirit — it measurably imprves physical health. The study demnstrates that this activity can significantly reduce stress and may even strengthen the immune system.(由伦敦国王学院开展的一项研究提供了令人信服的证据，表明在画廊欣赏原作不仅能振奋精神，还能切实改善身体健康。该研究表明，这种活动能够显著减轻压力，甚至可能增强免疫系统)”以及第二段“T investigate the physilgical effects f lking at art, researchers designed an experiment invlving 50 UK vlunteers aged 18-40.(为了探究观赏艺术作品对人的生理产生的影响，研究人员设计了一个实验，参与实验的志愿者来自英国，年龄在18至40岁之间，共50人)”可知，这项研究的主要目标是以科学的方式测量艺术的身体影响。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Participants were divided int tw matched grups based n age, gender, and baseline stress levels. One grup visited the Curtauld Gallery t view riginal paintings by renwned artists such as Van Ggh and Gauguin, while the ther bserved high-quality digital reprductins f the same artwrks in a neutral labratry setting.(参与者根据年龄、性别以及基线压力水平被分为两个匹配组。其中一组参观了考陶德画廊，观看了梵高和高更等著名艺术家的原作画作，而另一组则在一间中立的实验室环境中观看了这些相同画作的高质量数字复制品)”可知，实验是通过在不同条件下对不同组进行测试而进行的。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Meanwhile, pr-inflammatry cytkines (IL-6 and TNF-α), which are linked t stress and a number f chrnic diseases, drpped by 30% and 28% respectively fr gallery viewers, with n change in the cntrl grup.(与此同时，与压力及多种慢性疾病相关的促炎性细胞因子（IL-6和TNF-α）在观展者的体内水平分别下降了30%和28%，而对照组的这些指标则没有变化)”可知，原始艺术降低了压力水平和炎症指标。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Frm a scientific perspective, the mst exciting ut-take is that art had a psitive impact n three different bdy systems — the immune, endcrine (内分泌的), and autnmic systems — simultaneusly.(从科学的角度来看，最令人兴奋的发现是：艺术对人体的三个不同的生理系统——免疫系统、内分泌系统和自主神经系统——产生了积极的影响，且这种影响是同时作用于这三个系统的)”可知，托尼·伍兹博士称这一发现为“独一无二”是因为它表明艺术能够促进人体多个系统的健康。故选D。
热点角度02 推理判断题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题·D篇） ...“Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A. The necessity f scial skills.
B. The meaning f sustainability.
C. The imprtance f repeated effrts.
D. The value f prfessinal pinins.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位信息。找到题干中的“mentining dctrs and lawyers”定位到最后一段。
第二步，理解深层含义。Detrinidad将照顾植物类比为医生行医和律师执业，强调这两者都是需要不断“practice”（练习、实践）的。她接着说，如果植物死了，就去再买一株。
第三步，推断意图。她并非在谈论“可持续性”或“专业意见”，而是通过类比说明，养植物需要像专业人士一样进行反复尝试，不怕失败，强调“重复努力”的重要性。故选C。
研考点·通技法
破类题·提能力
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校高三·二模）
When yu’re learning a new language, there are a lt f things t remember: spelling rules, grammar rules, punctuatin rules… the list is endless. But there’s smething that can help yu: mnemnics [prnunced “nemnics”].
Mnemnics are techniques t help yu remember things. There are a variety f them, including rhymes, spelling acrnyms and sentence mnemnics.
Rhymes are a great way t remember things. The sunds, unusual wrds and rhythm f them help yu recall ideas. D yu knw when Clumbus sailed t America? There’s a rhyme t help yu which ges like this, “In furteen-hundred and ninety-tw, Clumbus sailed the cean blue.” Mst peple wh’ve heard that never frget it!
Spelling acrnyms invlve creating a sentence based n the letters f a target wrd. Fr example, the fllwing sentence can help yu with the spelling f the wrd “because”, “Big elephants can always understand small elephants”. Ntice hw the first letter f each wrd in the sentence spells ut the wrd “because”. And if yu can’t remember the spelling f the wrd “mnemnics”, use this ne “Mike never eats meat r nuts in case he’s sick”!
Sentence mnemnics are als useful. The fllwing can help yu with the difference between the wrds “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is yur pal at schl, and a principle is a belief r rule.” Or this ne t help yu remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has tw sugars s it’s sweeter, but a desert nly has ne.” [The tw “sugars” mentined in the sentence refer t the tw s’s in the wrd “dessert”.]
Yu can learn grammar rules with sentence mnemnics t. Fr example, this ne can help yu with the psitin f adjectives, “Adjectives cme befre nuns just as ‘A’ cmes befre ‘N’.” And this ne can help yu learn abut the use f apstrphes (撇号), “Apstrphes shw pssessin.”
Mnemnics can help a lt with language learning. Why nt try inventing a few f yur wn!
1．What are mnemnics in the passage?
A．Prfessinal tl bks.B．Specific language mdel.
C．Language learning strategies.D．Different language rules.
2．Why is the rhyme abut Clumbus mentined in paragraph 3?
A．T cmpare rhymes with ther techniques.
B．T shw hw rhymes make facts memrable.
C．T prve that Clumbus was a great explrer.
D．T explain the imprtance f histrical events.
3．Which f the fllwing is an example f a sentence mnemnic?
A．“In 1066, the Nrmans did fix” rhymes the year f the Nrman Cnquest.
B．“Gerge’s elderly ld grandfather rde a pig hme yesterday” helps spell “gegraphy”.
C．“My very educated mther just served us ndles” helps remember the rder f planets.
D．“A statinery stre sells paper, while a statinary car desn’t mve” differentiates wrds.
4．Which f the fllwing wuld the authr prbably agree with abut inventing mnemnics?
A．It requires special training.B．It des nt take much time r effrt.
C．It is smething readers can try themselves.D．Language teachers shuld use it in class.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在学习新语言时，助记法（mnemnics）这种有助于记忆的技巧。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mnemnics are techniques t help yu remember things.(助记法是帮助你记忆事物的技巧)”以及全文围绕助记法在语言学习中的应用可知，助记法是语言学习策略。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据据第三段“Rhymes are a great way t remember things. The sunds, unusual wrds and rhythm f them help yu recall ideas. D yu knw when Clumbus sailed t America? There’s a rhyme t help yu which ges like this, “In furteen-hundred and ninety-tw, Clumbus sailed the cean blue.” Mst peple wh’ve heard that never frget it!(押韵法是记住事情的好方法。它们的发音、不寻常的词汇和节奏能帮助你回忆起信息。你知道哥伦布什么时候航行到美洲吗？有一首押韵的口诀可以帮助你，“在1492年，哥伦布扬帆蓝色海洋”大多数听过这个口诀的人都不会忘记！)”可知，提到关于哥伦布的押韵口诀是为了展示押韵法如何使事实易于记忆。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Sentence mnemnics are als useful. The fllwing can help yu with the difference between the wrds “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is yur pal at schl, and a principle is a belief r rule.” Or this ne t help yu remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has tw sugars s it’s sweeter, but a desert nly has ne.” [The tw “sugars” mentined in the sentence refer t the tw s’s in the wrd “dessert”.](句子助记法也很有用。下面这个句子可以帮助你区分“principal”和“principle”这两个词，“校长（principal）是你在学校的好朋友（pal），而原则（principle）是一种信念或规则”或者这个句子可以帮助你记住“deserts”（如撒哈拉沙漠）和“desserts”（如提拉米苏）在拼写上的区别，“甜点（dessert）有两个‘糖’（sugar，这里指单词里的两个s）所以更甜，而沙漠（desert）只有一个”）”可知，句子助记法用于区分单词。D选项“A statinery stre sells paper, while a statinary car desn’t mve” differentiates wrds.（“文具店（statinery stre）卖纸，而静止的（statinary）汽车不动”区分单词。）符合句子助记法特点，是句子助记法的例子。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mnemnics can help a lt with language learning. Why nt try inventing a few f yur wn! (助记法对语言学习有很大帮助。为什么不试着自己发明一些呢！)”可知，作者认为读者可以自己尝试发明助记法。故选C项。
热点角度03 词义猜测题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江·高考真题）When it came t faking a review, length was imprtant t believability, as was detail. A lng, negative review f a htel, cmplete with lts f infrmatin, tended t cnvince participants. A lengthy, psitive review, n the ther hand, was regarded as suspicius, and participants tended t trust writers that kept their glwing reviews shrt. Emtin was als imprtant in cnvincing readers — r the lack f emtin, at least. Azimi says study participants tended nt t trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The mre dispassinate that negative write-up, the mre likely it was t take the reader in.
What des the underlined wrd “glwing” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Funny.
B. Abusive.
C. Insightful.
D. Praising.
【解题建模】
第一步，定位划线词“glwing”在句中的位置，它修饰“reviews”。
第二步，分析上下文。前文提到“A lengthy, psitive review... was regarded as suspicius”，这里将“glwing reviews”与“psitive review”进行了同义替换，说明“glwing”与“psitive”意思相近。
第三步，推测词义。“psitive review”意为“好评”，因此“glwing”应意为“赞美的、表扬的”，与D项“Praising”同义。
研考点·通技法
破类题·提能力
（2024·全国甲卷高考真题）
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
1．What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A．It's a survival skill.B．It's taught by mther cats.
C．It's hard t interpret.D．It's getting luder with age.
2．Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A．By listening fr sunds.B．By tuching familiar bjects.
C．By checking n smells.D．By cmmunicating with ther cats.
3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A．Perfrm apprpriately.B．Mve faster.C．Act strangely.D．D better.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther’s attentin and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a ntch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
热点角度04 主旨大意题
析典例·建模型
（2026·浙江金丽衢十二校二模）
Wdpeckers (啄木鸟) perate at an extreme level, bring thrugh slid wd with frces mre than 30 times their wn weight and drilling up t 13 times a secnd. Hw d they never miss a beat while head banging s hard?
It turns ut that the birds tense up their entire bdy t smash thrugh wd, letting ut shrt, explsive grunts with each strike, reprt Brwn University bilgist Nichlas Antnsn and his clleagues in the Jurnal f Experimental Bilgy. “Wdpeckers really are nature’s hammer in a sense,” Antnsn says.
T study hw the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Dwny Wdpeckers and carefully inserted electrdes int their muscles in the labratry. The electrdes fed int a tiny, fitted backpack that recrded electrical signals frm cntracting muscles as the birds pecked. They als checked whether the wdpeckers held their breath during exertin (用力) (like weight lifters tend t d) r exhaled (呼气) (like tennis players) while striking the wd by examining airflw thrugh the birds’ air sacs — small, balln-like structures that help them breathe in and ut. By matching these measurements with high-speed vides, the scientists tracked the wdpeckers’ taps dwn t every fur millisecnds.
Instead f using a single muscle t cntrl the actin, wdpeckers activated “every muscle frm the head t the tail,” Antnsn says. The birds used their pwerful hip flexrs t push frward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) t prepare fr the strike, and stiffened the back f their head and neck n cntact — similar t the way yu might stiffen the back f yur wrist when yu hammer a nail. They then engaged a different set f hip and neck muscles t draw back.
The birds als perfectly paired their pecks with sharp exhalatins “as anther means f stabilizing their cre muscles and pwering thrugh thse strikes,” Antnsn explains. “T be able t breathe ut 13 times per secnd and inhale n the rder f 40 millisecnds is really impressive.” Sngbirds, which aren’t clsely related t wdpeckers, are the nly ther birds knwn t s precisely time their breaths, which they d as they sing.
“Pecking is a full-bdy exercise,” says University f Alabama bilgist Nicle Ackermans, wh studies brain damage in wdpeckers and head-butting sheep. Crdinating “micr breaths” with muscle clenching and creating “this hammerlike structure in their whle bdy is such a unique apprach,” she adds.
Which f the fllwing is the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A．Wdpeckers: Smart Tl Users
B．Wdpeckers: Nature’s Hammers
C．Wdpeckers: Amazing Strength
D．Wdpeckers: Pwerful Muscle Cntrller
【解题建模】
第一步，概括文章大意。文章开篇提出问题：啄木鸟如何做到高强度啄击而不受伤？随后通过研究，揭示其通过全身肌肉协调运动（从头部到尾部）和精准配合呼吸来实现高效啄击。
第二步，寻找主题句。文章多次强调“fullbdy exercise”、“hammerlike structure”等。
第三步，匹配最佳标题。B项“Wdpeckers: Nature's Hammers”既形象地概括了啄木鸟的啄击行为（如锤子一般），又体现了其全身协调的工作原理，比C项（仅强调力量）和D项（仅强调肌肉控制）更全面、更生动。
研考点·通技法
破类题·提能力
（2025·全国2卷高考真题）
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
1．Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A．It faced tugh cmpetitin.B．It suffered a great lss.
C．It gt lts f financial supprt.D．It went surprisingly well.
2．What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A．They appeal mre t students.B．They purify the envirnment.
C．They raise the crtisl level.D．They enhance prductivity.
3．What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A．The necessity f scial skills.B．The meaning f sustainability.
C．The imprtance f repeated effrts.D．The value f prfessinal pinins.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Time t Replace HuseplantsB．Plants Bst Yur Md
C．Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD．Plants Brighten Yur Hme
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. (当Snja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Snja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Bst Yur Md (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
（建议用时：45分钟）
刷模拟
A
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）When acustic (声音的) eclgist Marcus Maeder first placed a listening device in the sil, he was unprepared fr what he heard. All srts f strange sunds flded his headphnes, revealing a dynamic wrld hidden beneath the seemingly quiet grund.
Eclgists have lng knwn that sil is hme t vast bidiversity. In just a single cup f dirt, researchers have cunted up t 100 millin life frms, ranging frm tiny bacteria t larger insects and earthwrms. These undergrund creatures play a vital rle in cycling nutrients and supprting life n Earth.
Nw, in a relatively new scientific field, knwn as sil biacustics, a grwing number f bilgists are cllecting undergrund nises t pen a windw int this cmplex and mysterius wrld. They’ve fund that smething as simple as a metal nail pushed int the dirt can becme a srt f listening pst if equipped with the right sensrs. The acustic data helps scientists answer fundamental questins, like hw creatures cmmunicate r when plants grw their rts.
Beynd basic research, undergrund acustics culd als help us take better care f the envirnment and detect pests (害虫) like rt-feeding insects, which cause billins f dllars in damage annually. By identifying the distinctive sunds f these pests, scientists hpe t develp mre ec-friendly strategies that reduce the need fr widespread chemical use.
Hwever, scientists are als recrding less welcme sunds: human-made nises, such as cnstructin r traffic, are detectable undergrund. Mre cncerning is the finding that in intensively farmed areas, the natural sunds f sil life are fading, indicating a wrrying decline in bidiversity. T help mre peple realize what we’re in danger f lsing, Maeder has started a citizen science prject that lends peple in Switzerland acustic sensrs t listen fr undergrund activities themselves. The recrdings are being gathered int a natinal library f sil sunds with the hpe f raising awareness. Demand s far is high, Maeder says. “The sensrs are always bked.”
1．What is sil biacustics abut?
A．Studying undergrund life.B．Tracking plant grwth.
C．Mnitring nise pllutin.D．Recrding natural sunds.
2．What is a practical applicatin f sil biacustics accrding t the text?
A．Bsting farm utput.B．Imprving traditinal farming.
C．Enabling targeted pest cntrl.D．Prmting nn-chemical slutins.
3．What des the high demand fr sensrs in Maeder’s prject suggest?
A．Severe decline in sil health.B．Public interest in sil eclgy.
C．Easy access t mnitring tls.D．Need t increase prject funding.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Why Sil Is N Lnger SilentB．Explring an Undergrund Wrld
C．Listening t the Hidden Sunds f SilD．Hw Human Nise Affects Bidiversity
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。科学家通过土壤生物声学收集地下声音，研究地下生物，实现环保治虫；同时发现人类活动影响土壤生物多样性，并发起项目提升公众意识。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Nw, in a relatively new scientific field, knwn as sil biacustics, a grwing number f bilgists are cllecting undergrund nises t pen a windw int this cmplex and mysterius wrld.(如今，在一个相对较新的科学领域 —— 土壤生物声学，越来越多的生物学家收集地下声音，以此打开通往这个复杂神秘世界的窗口。)”可知，土壤生物声学旨在研究地下生物。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“By identifying the distinctive sunds f these pests, scientists hpe t develp mre ec-friendly strategies that reduce the need fr widespread chemical use.(通过识别这些害虫独特的声音，科学家希望研发更环保的方案，减少大范围使用化学药剂的需求。)”可知，其实际应用是实现针对性的害虫防治。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“T help mre peple realize what we’re in danger f lsing, Maeder has started a citizen science prject that lends peple in Switzerland acustic sensrs t listen fr undergrund activities themselves. The recrdings are being gathered int a natinal library f sil sunds with the hpe f raising awareness. Demand s far is high, Maeder says. “The sensrs are always bked.”(为了帮助更多人意识到我们正面临失去什么，梅德（Maeder）发起了一项公民科学项目，该项目为瑞士民众提供声学传感器，让人们能够亲自监测地下活动。这些录音正被收录进一个全国性的土壤声音数据库，以期提高公众的认知。梅德表示，目前项目的需求很高，“传感器总是被预约一空。”)”可知，传感器需求旺盛表明公众对土壤生态抱有兴趣。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“All srts f strange sunds flded his headphnes, revealing a dynamic wrld hidden beneath the seemingly quiet grund.(各种奇怪的声音涌入耳机，展现出看似寂静的地面之下充满活力的世界。)”以及后文可知，全文围绕土壤声音展开研究，所以C项Listening t the Hidden Sunds f Sil(聆听土壤中隐藏的声音)符合主题，适合用作标准。故选C项。
B
（2026·四川省内江市·二模）In tday’s rapidly urbanizing wrld, cities are transfrming int cmplex digital ecsystems, and the next big shift is already underway: cllabrative sensing (CS). As urban ppulatin swells and underlying facilities cme under pressure, the need fr intelligent, respnsive, and efficient city systems has never been mre urgent. Enter smart cities — urban areas pwered by cnnected technlgies — and at the heart f this transfrmatin lies a pwerful cncept that is quietly reshaping urban life: cllabrative sensing.
CS, smetimes referred t as participatry r crwdsensing, is the prcess where numerus devices and peple cntribute data t cllectively mnitr, analyze, and imprve a city’s peratins. Frm detecting air pllutin t maximizing traffic flw r even predicting natural disasters, CS allws cities t gain a real-time, specific understanding f what’s happening n the grund. This isn’t just abut sensrs planted n street lights — it’s abut smartphnes, vehicles, wearables, and public facilities wrking integratedly.
This intercnnected apprach hlds massive ptential. Imagine a city where hles are identified by the shaking f yur car, where garbage pickup is imprved based n bin fill levels, r where the urban heat island effect is reduced thrugh cllective temperature mapping. These are nt future predictins — they’re real prjects already unflding in glbal tech-frward cities like Singapre, Barcelna, and Amsterdam.
But this shift isn’t withut its questins. Wh wns the data? Hw d we balance mnitring and privacy? And can smaller r develping cities tap int this wave f innvatin?
Lking ahead, the questin is n lnger if cities will adpt CS — it’s hw quickly and hw respnsibly. Whether yu’ re a plicymaker, urban planner, develper, r engaged citizen, nw is the time t get invlved in shaping the cnnected cities f tmrrw and dive deep int hw CS is redefining the blueprint fr smart cities.
1．What des the underlined wrd “swells” mean in paragraph 1?
A．Expands.B．Appears.C．Remves.D．Stabilizes.
2．What can be inferred abut CS in paragraphs 2-3?
A．It relies mainly n public sensrs.B．Daily devices can be used as its tls.
C．Tech-frward cities gain mre frm it.D．Its prjects are resisted in advanced cities.
3．Why des the writer raise questins in paragraph 4?
A．T suggest that CS be delayed indefinitely.
B．T prve that privacy utweighs innvatin.
C．T imply that CS is inaccessible t pr cities.
D．T shw that unreslved issues need attentin.
4．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．A Fresh Slutin fr Smarter Cities.B．Smart Cities in Wealthy Urban Areas.
C．Smartphne-Driven City Management.D．Ptential Risks in Urban Data Cllectin.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了协同感知（CS）作为智慧城市建设中的一项创新技术，阐述了其定义、工作原理、实际应用案例以及面临的挑战，展望了其在城市发展中的前景。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“As urban ppulatin swells and underlying facilities cme under pressure, the need fr intelligent, respnsive, and efficient city systems has never been mre urgent.( 随着城市人口swells，基础设施面临压力，对智能、响应迅速且高效的城市系统的需求从未如此迫切)”可推知，swells与under pressure“承受压力”对应，指人口“增长、膨胀”。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This isn’t just abut sensrs planted n street lights — it’s abut smartphnes, vehicles, wearables, and public facilities wrking integratedly.(这不只是关于安装在路灯上的传感器——还包括智能手机、车辆、可穿戴设备和公共设施协同工作)”可推知，日常设备如智能手机等都可以作为CS的工具。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“But this shift isn’t withut its questins. Wh wns the data? Hw d we balance mnitring and privacy? And can smaller r develping cities tap int this wave f innvatin?(但这种转变并非没有问题。谁拥有数据？如何平衡监控与隐私？较小的或发展中的城市能否利用这波创新浪潮？)”可推知，作者提出这些问题是为了表明CS在实施过程中还存在数据所有权、隐私保护、普及性等未解决的问题，需要引起关注和解决。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了协同感知（CS）这一新兴技术如何重新定义智慧城市建设，阐述了其概念、应用优势及面临的挑战。由此可知，A选项A Fresh Slutin fr Smarter Cities“智慧城市的新解决方案”最能概括全文主旨，适合作本文标题。B、C选项过于片面，D选项仅涉及文章部分内容。故选A。
C
（2026·安徽安庆市·二模）Frm Flrida’s Wetlands, the Miccsukee peple have lng shared islands with a 7-ft female alligatr (短吻鳄), warmly called Mama Gatr. Fr 60 years, they’ve bserved her shape the ecsystem: digging pnds t hld water in dry seasns and building raised nests fr eggs in rainy seasns, with humans keeping a respectful distance during nesting. This clse cexistence mirrrs a brader truth — alligatrs are vital “ecsystem engineers,” nt just cld-blded killers.
Scientific research nw backs the Miccsukee peple’s wisdm. Alligatr pnds serve as shelters fr fish, frgs and plants during dry seasns, while their nests create dry platfrms fr ther animals and birds. Water birds even nest abve alligatrs, which act as bdyguards against ring-tailed bears, in a tw-way beneficial arrangement. As tp predatrs (捕食者), alligatrs mve nutrients arund by mving between habitats, eating in castal areas and answering the call f nature upstream, bsting the fd web frm water plants t larger animals.
Once n the edge f extinctin due t hunting fr their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, American alligatrs made a remarkable cmeback after 1967 prtectin laws, with wild ppulatins recvering t ver three millin in Flrida and Luisiana. Tday, researchers uncver mre hidden benefits: alligatr-rich wetlands stre high levels f carbn, aiding climate change cntrl, and sme alligatrs exhibit surprising adaptability — frm resident individuals staying clse t hme t highly mbile nes traveling hundreds f kilmeters t castal waters fr fd, despite lacking salt-prcessing glands (腺体).
Cnservatin effrts, including landwners’ head-starting prgrams and the Miccsukee peple’s egg-rescue initiatives, cntinue t safeguard alligatrs. Bilgists stress that these animals deserve recgnitin nt as mnsters, but as kind guardians that maintain freshwater ecsystems, supprt bidiversity and fight climate change. As the Miccsukee knw, cexisting with alligatrs means respecting nature’s delicate balance.
1．Hw des Mama Gatr affect the lcal envirnment?
A．By living with the Miccsukee peple.B．By keeping a distance frm humans.
C．By creating pnds and high nests.D．By bsting the riginal fd web.
2．Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f Alligatr pnds?
A．Wide-ranging.B．Duble-edged.C．Shrt-lived.D．Time-limited.
3．What des the authr imply in paragraph 3?
A．American alligatrs can prcess salt.B．The 1967 laws have prven effective.
C．Nearby habitats have been destryed.D．Adaptability f species is significant.
4．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Alligatrs: Prtectrs f the Ecsystem.B．Mama Gatr: A Star f the Grassland.
C．The Miccsukee: Guardians f Nature.D．Wetlands: Sites f Cnservatin Effrts.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了短吻鳄并非冷血杀手，而是重要的“生态系统工程师”，通过具体事例展现了短吻鳄对生态环境的重要作用、其种群的恢复情况以及人们为保护短吻鳄所做的努力，体现了人与自然共生的理念。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Fr 60 years, they’ve bserved her shape the ecsystem: digging pnds t hld water in dry seasns and building raised nests fr eggs in rainy seasns, with humans keeping a respectful distance during nesting.(60年来，他们观察到它塑造了生态系统：旱季挖池塘蓄水，雨季筑高巢产卵，人类在它筑巢期间保持着尊重的距离。)”可知，短吻鳄妈妈通过挖池塘和筑高巢影响当地环境。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Alligatr pnds serve as shelters fr fish, frgs and plants during dry seasns, while their nests create dry platfrms fr ther animals and birds. Water birds even nest abve alligatrs, which act as bdyguards against ring-tailed bears, in a tw-way beneficial arrangement.(短吻鳄池塘在旱季为鱼类、青蛙和植物提供庇护所，而它们的巢穴为其他动物和鸟类创造了干燥的平台。水鸟甚至在短吻鳄上方筑巢，短吻鳄充当保镖抵御环尾熊，形成一种双向互利的关系。)”可知，短吻鳄池塘的影响范围广泛，惠及多种生物。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Once n the edge f extinctin due t hunting fr their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, American alligatrs made a remarkable cmeback after 1967 prtectin laws, with wild ppulatins recvering t ver three millin in Flrida and Luisiana.(在19世纪和20世纪，由于人们猎杀短吻鳄获取其皮，美国短吻鳄曾濒临灭绝，但在1967年保护法实施后，它们实现了惊人的复苏，佛罗里达州和路易斯安那州的野生种群已恢复到300多万只。)”可知，1967年的保护法被证明是有效的。由此可推断，1967年的法律有效帮助短吻鳄种群复苏，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章核心围绕短吻鳄展开，介绍了它们作为“生态系统工程师”对生态环境的保护作用，包括塑造生态系统、保护生物多样性、助力气候变化控制等。A选项：Alligatrs: Prtectrs f the Ecsystem (短吻鳄：生态系统的守护者)符合主题，适合用作标题，故选A。
D
（2026·湖北宜昌市·二模）Healing (修复) the Earth: Yu Can Be an Ecsystem Engineer
Facing climate change and bidiversity lss, a pwerful strategy is transfrming ur apprach: Nature-based Slutins (NbS). Instead f relying nly n cncrete and steel, NbS wrks with nature t restre ecsystems, benefiting bth peple and the planet.
✿Hw NbS Cmpares t Traditinal Engineering
The cre f NbS is using natural prcesses. As shwn in Table 1, slutins like restring wetlands r planting urban frests prvide multiple c-benefits that traditinal “Grey” infrastructure (基础设施) ften lacks.
Table 1: Cmparing Tw Appraches t Envirnmental Challenges
✿The Impact f Yuth Actin
Everyne, especially yung peple, can be an “ecsystem engineer”. Yur actins, frm lcal prjects t raising glbal awareness, create real impact. Table 2 utlines varius ways yu can participate and the unique value each brings.
Table 2: Pathways fr Yuth t Act as Ecsystem Engineers
As shwn, yu can start small n campus, expand yur impact in the cmmunity, r becme a vice fr change. Frm hands-n prjects t glbal awareness netwrks, every actin cunts. The jurney t heal ur planet begins with recgnizing yur pwer t engineer psitive change.
1．What is a characteristic f NbS?
A．Increasing steel yield.B．Serving multiple purpses.
C．Invlving lng-term csts.D．Generating higher ecnmic returns.
2．Which activity is directly linked t “hands-n learning”?
A．Observing wild birds.B．Prmting recycling.
C．Organizing themed exhibitins.D．Creating a vegetable garden.
3．What can an “ecsystem engineer” d?
A．Invest in lcal prjects.B．Access glbal netwrks.
C．Take varius practical steps.D．Learn NbS theries in class.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍基于自然的生态修复方案NbS及其相较传统工程的优势，还列举青少年成为生态工程师的三类行动方式，强调青年行动的价值。
1．细节理解题。根据文中Table 1中Nature-based Slutins (NbS)对应的 Primary functin列的内容“all-in-ne (e.g. fld cntrl, habitat, carbn sink)(多功能一体，如防洪、提供栖息地、碳汇)”可知，基于自然的解决方案的一个特点是具备多种用途。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据文中Table 2中On campus列对应的Example Activities为“builds a rain garden; starts a cmpsting (堆肥) prgram; plants native trees(建造雨水花园、开展堆肥项目、种植本土树木)”，其Cre Value Created为“hands-n learning, imprves lcal envirnment directly(实践学习，直接改善当地环境)”，而创建菜园和建造雨水花园、种植树木同属校园内的实践类活动，对应实践学习的核心价值。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据✿The Impact f Yuth Actin中“Everyne, especially yung peple, can be an “ecsystem engineer”. Yur actins, frm lcal prjects t raising glbal awareness, create real impact.(每个人，尤其是年轻人，都可以成为一名“生态系统工程师”。你的行动，从当地项目到提升全球意识，都会产生切实的影响。)”以及Table 2中列出的校园、社区、宣传层面的各类具体行动可知，“生态系统工程师”可以采取多种实际的行动来参与生态保护。故选C项。
刷真题
A
（2025·天津卷真题）
All animals take in xygen frm the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ frm their bld when breathing ut. Mst mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect xygen levels in the bld supplied t their tissues. Instead, they rely n the rising level f CO₂ in their bld t signal that they might need t take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amunt f xygen in the bld, and change their diving behavir in respnse.
T find ut if xygen levels affected seal behavir, Prfessr McKnight at the University f St. Andrews and his clleagues created a special sectin in a pl where yung seals were held. In ne crner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered frm the rain and the wind.
The breathing chamber was surrunded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming belw the surface fr abut 200 feet wuld give the seals access t a feeder where they culd eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals gt familiar with the setup, the researchers started t gradually change the cmpsitin f the air in the breathing chamber, increasing r reducing the levels f xygen and CO₂ t see an effect n their behavir. Sure enugh: the higher the level f xygen, the lnger the seals stayed at the feeder.
The finding suggests that seals dn’t just physically respnd t xygen levels by changing their heart rate r breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware f them t change their behavir. This ability wuld put seals in a class beynd any land mammals that have been tested. Since xygen levels n land remain stable, humans dn’t seem t have evlved (演化) t ntice lw bld xygen levels, smetimes nt even when they’re abut t pass ut in free-diving.
Therefre, in free-diving withut xygen tanks, accidents are quite cmmn. Our reliance n sensing CO₂ levels in ur bld instead f xygen may be t blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasnable strategy n land, where grwing CO₂ tends t signal breathing issues. But when hlding ur breath during diving, relying n CO₂ levels is risky, especially n repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, ur sensitivity t CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a persn will, withut awareness, pass ut befre they get t the surface.
1．What d mst mammals rely n t determine when t take a breath?
A．The grwing amunt f CO₂ in their bld.
B．The rising level f xygen in their lungs.
C．The intensity f their physical activity.
D．The bld supply t bdy tissues.
2．When wuld the seals stay at the feeder fr a lnger perid f time?
A．When they needed t take in mre fd at the feeder.
B．When the xygen level in the chamber grew higher.
C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup.
D．When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised.
3．What results in humans’ inability t ntice lw xygen levels in their bld?
A．The unstable CO₂ levels in the air.
B．Their lack f attentin t breathing.
C．The cnstant xygen levels n land.
D．Their functinally changeable heart rate.
4．Why d accidents ften ccur when divers g free-diving?
A．Their breath cannt be held lng enugh.
B．They cannt adjust the cnsumptin f xygen.
C．They may fail t ntice rising CO₂ levels sn enugh.
D．Their breathing rgans stp wrking prperly underwater.
5．Which statement is prbably supprted by McKnight’s seal research?
A．Seals have evlved t survive in lw xygen envirnments.
B．Seals are quick t sense xygen levels and act accrdingly.
C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with lw bld xygen levels.
D．Seals are mre sensitive t changes in the envirnment than ther mammals.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧气稳定未演化出此能力。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Mst mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect xygen levels in the bld supplied t their tissues. Instead, they rely n the rising level f CO₂ in their bld t signal that they might need t take a breath.(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信号)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Once the seals gt familiar with the setup, the researchers started t gradually change the cmpsitin f the air in the breathing chamber, increasing r reducing the levels f xygen and CO₂ t see an effect n their behavir. Sure enugh: the higher the level f xygen, the lnger the seals stayed at the feeder.(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置，研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就越长)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since xygen levels n land remain stable, humans dn’t seem t have evlved (演化) t ntice lw bld xygen levels, smetimes nt even when they’ re abut t pass ut in free-diving.(由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜水即将昏倒时也没有)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in, ur sensitivity t CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a persn will, withut awareness, pass ut befre they get t the surface.(因为每次我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性)”可知，潜水员在自由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amunt f xygen in the bld,and change their diving behavir in respnse.(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相应地改变它们的潜水行为)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals dn’t just physically respnd t xygen levels by changing their heart rate r breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware f them t change their behavir.(这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为)”可知，McKnight的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据此采取行动。故选B。
B
（2025·全国二卷真题）
Des yur sul die a little every time yu thrw away unused fd? Mine des. Maybe that feeling cmes frm grwing up in Suth Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was mre f an uncmfrtable reminder f fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Fd waste is a grwing cncern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. Frm technlgical slutins t educatinal campaigns, fd prducers and sellers are lking fr ways t use mre f what we’re already grwing. But last mnth, ne ppular New Yrk City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu t exclusively (专门) ffer fd that wuld therwise be thrwn away.
Fr tw weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailr-made t raise awareness regarding fd waste.
A study by the Fd Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 punds f fd waste fr every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and f that waste nly 15.7% is dnated r recycled. Up t 84.3% is simply thrwn ut. Restaurants like Sil in the UK have experimented with zer-waste systems, but wastED tk the cncept t its lgical cnclusin.
It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine.
Thugh wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed frm the start as a shrt-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned t its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways t address prblems f sustainability, and that yu can make an amazing meal ut f almst anything.
1．What can be inferred abut the authr’s early life?
A．He witnessed fd shrtage.B．He enjyed the lcal cuisine.
C．He dnated fd t Africans.D．He helped t ck at hme.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry ut the experiment?
A．T custmize dishes fr guests.B．T make the public aware f fd waste.
C．T test a fd prcessing methd.D．T imprve the UK’s zer-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Why the ingredients were used.B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made f.D．Where the ingredients were bught.
4．What can we learn abut wastED?
A．It has ended as planned.B．It is creating new jbs.
C．It has regained ppularity.D．It is criticized by tp chefs.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling cmes frm grwing up in Suth Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was mre f an uncmfrtable reminder f fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailr-made t raise awareness regarding fd waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Thugh wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed frm the start as a shrt-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned t its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
C
（2025·北京高考真题）
The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better.
Fr many years, psychlgists saw identity as a cmbinatin f smene’s values, beliefs, gals and scial rles. Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives.
Our life stry is smething that starts cming tgether in ur teenage years, when we begin t rganise ur lives int chapters arund key events r life changes, and begin t see urselves as bth the central character and, t a varying extent, the stry’s authr. Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t.
Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. He discvered that whether smene describes having had sme cntrl ver events in their past is an imprtant predictr f a persn’s mental health. Anther key theme invlves finding sme kind f psitive meaning after stressful events. “Peple culd talk abut gaining knwledge r persnal grwth,” says Jhnsn. His research shws that this is ften missing fr peple with mental health cnditins. The gd news is that there is evidence we can learn t change ur wn stry.
Lisa Green, anther researcher, sunds a few ntes f cautin (谨慎). Fr instance, hearing abut the pwer f redemptive (拯救性的) stries, many peple may feel frced t find a psitive angle n hrrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes peple t lk fr the silver lining behind every clud.
If yu want t turn ver a new leaf, thugh, ne tp tip is that it helps t chse a significant date that signals the start f a new “chapter”. Cntrary t ppular dubt, reslutins made n 1 January are mre effective fr this reasn. S, whether yur gal is saving mney r getting fit, there is n better time t becme the authr f ur wn destiny (命运).
1．What can be inferred abut persnal stries?
A．They are unrelated t health.B．Cnsistent nes lead t stress.
C．They are relevant t happiness.D．Thematic nes hld back change.
2．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Talking abut gains frm failure is negative.B．New Year reslutins are well received.
C．The West tends t vervalue ptimism.D．Scial rles fail t be highlighted.
3．What des the authr mainly d in this passage?
A．Clarify a gal.B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a cmparisn.D．Illustrate an apprach.
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Hw self-identity wrks.B．Hw stry-tellers are made.
C．Hw persnal stries raise dubts.D．Hw timing affects persnal identity.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes peple t lk fr the silver lining behind every clud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“Hw self-identity wrks. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。
D
（2025·天津高考真题）
Science serves as a pwerful tl fr unlcking the mysteries f the universe, but understanding its limitatins is essential fr its effective applicatin. There are ccasins where I have used the handle f a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result wuld have been better if I’d had a mre suitable tl at hand. As far as science ges, it is really gd at testing things that are testable, but nt s fr thse that are nt.
We can d, and have dne, an impressive amunt with ur brains. But there are limits. Smetimes these limits g away if we keep at it fr lng enugh — we just need better facilities and experiments t get the answer. Breaking new grund in mdern science this way can be cstly. Next-generatin supercmputers r incredibly large telescpes are expensive, yet these may be required t find answers t sme f the unslved mysteries f the universe.
Smetimes the limits we encunter in trying t unlck the nature f the universe are cgnitive (认知的). Think abut this: human DNA is nly abut 1.2 percent different frm that f chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, n questin. But culd yu teach them advanced mathematics? What if ur DNA were anther 1.2 percent further evlved than it is? What might ur brains be capable f then? The level f abstract thinking might be unimaginable.
Smetimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws f nature we may never be able t understand, hwever advanced ur brains might becme. There are experiments we might never be able t perfrm. We may never be able t test what caused the universe t be created, and what caused the cause f the universe being created. This is where science may never break thrugh.
Fr smething t be cnsidered scientific, it must, by definitin, be testable. There is a prblem here: it may nt need t be testable right nw, but it must be testable at sme pint in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that desn’t mean it is wrng. It means it is untestable fr nw. These untestable ideas als happen t be sme f the mst interesting nes, prbably because they’ve puzzled humanity fr centuries.
1．Why des the authr mentin “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1?
A．T demnstrate hw tls can be used creatively.
B．T highlight cnsequences f using a wrng tl.
C．T shw the necessity f keeping a handy tl within reach.
D．T stress the need fr the right tl t achieve desired results.
2．What is ften required in breaking new grund in science?
A．Brader science educatin.B．Mre advanced facilities fr experiments.
C．Deeper understanding f the brain pwer.D．Mre investment in next-generatin scientists.
3．Hw des the authr assess human beings in terms f their cgnitive capacity?
A．They are just 2.4% away frm true abstract thinking.
B．They are slightly smarter than ther intelligent beings.
C．They are yet t evlve further t learn mre abut the universe.
D．They are gd at slving prblems with advanced mathematics.
4．What message des Paragraph 4 cnvey?
A．Sme puzzles abut the universe are way beynd scientific explratin.
B．Experimental research lays slid fundatins fr space technlgy.
C．Bundaries f science can be pushed back with determined effrts.
D．Limitatins f science may result frm insufficient testing.
5．What has the authr added t the definitin f a scientific idea?
A．Crrect ideas are testable.B．Untestable ideas can be true.
C．Sme scientific ideas may never be testable.D．An idea must be testable t be seen as crrect.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出科学是探索宇宙的有力工具，但存在局限，包括需先进设备、人类认知待进化、有根本性难题难突破，还补充不可测试的想法未必错误。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Science serves as a pwerful tl fr unlcking the mysteries f the universe, but understanding its limitatins is essential fr its effective applicatin. There are ccasins where I have used the handle f a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result wuld have been better if I’d had a mre suitable tl at hand. As far as science ges, it is really gd at testing things that are testable, but nt s fr thse that are nt. (科学是解开宇宙奥秘的有力工具，但了解其局限性对于其有效应用至关重要。有时我会把刀柄当作锤子来使用，但要是手边有更合适的工具就好了。就科学而言，它在能进行测试的事物上表现得非常出色，但对于那些无法测试的事物则不然。)”可知，作者在第一段中提及“刀”和“锤子”是为了强调使用合适的工具以达到预期效果的重要性。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“We can d, and have dne, an impressive amunt with ur brains. But there are limits. Smetimes these limits g away if we keep at it fr lng enugh — we just need better facilities and experiments t get the answer. Breaking new grund in mdern science this way can be cstly. Next-generatin supercmputers r incredibly large telescpes are expensive, yet these may be required t find answers t sme f the unslved mysteries f the universe. (我们的大脑能够完成并且已经完成了大量的工作。但也有其局限性。有时，如果我们持续努力足够长的时间，这些局限性就会消失——我们只是需要更先进的设备和实验来得出答案。以这种方式在现代科学领域开辟新领域可能会耗费大量资源。下一代超级计算机或极其巨大的望远镜价格不菲，但这些可能是解决宇宙中一些未解之谜所必需的。)”可知，在科学领域开拓新领域时，通常需要更先进的实验设备。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“What if ur DNA were anther 1.2 percent further evlved than it is? What might ur brains be capable f then? The level f abstract thinking might be unimaginable. (倘若我们的DNA进化程度再提高1.2%呢？那我们的大脑又会具备怎样的能力呢？抽象思维的水平或许会令人难以想象。)”可知，作者认为人类的认知能力尚未进一步进化以更好地了解宇宙。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Smetimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws f nature we may never be able t understand, hwever advanced ur brains might becme. There are experiments we might never be able t perfrm. We may never be able t test what caused the universe t be created, and what caused the cause f the universe being created. This is where science may never break thrugh. (有时我们所遭遇的限制是根本性的。存在着一些自然法则，即便我们的大脑变得再先进，我们也可能永远无法理解。还有一些实验我们可能永远无法进行。我们或许永远无法验证是什么导致了宇宙的诞生，以及是什么导致了宇宙诞生的原因。这就是科学可能永远无法取得突破的地方。)”可知，第4段传达了有些关于宇宙的谜题远远超出了科学探索的范畴。故选A。
5．细节理解题。根据第五段“If an idea is untestable, that desn’t mean it is wrng. It means it is untestable fr nw. These untestable ideas als happen t be sme f the mst interesting nes, prbably because they’ve puzzled humanity fr centuries. (如果一个想法无法进行验证，这并不意味着它就是错误的。这意味着目前它还无法被验证。而这些无法验证的想法恰恰往往是最具趣味性的，可能是因为它们已经困扰人类数百年之久。)”可知，作者认为不可测试的想法也可能是正确的。故选B。
2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文）
卷别
词数
主题
话题
命题形式
2025·全国一卷D篇
331
人与自然
减少自来水中微塑料污染的研究
细节理解题、推理判断题
2025·全国二卷C篇
266
人与自然
室内植物对心理和工作效率影响
细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2025·全国二卷D篇
340
人与社会
餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材引关注
细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标I卷D篇
364
人与自然
引导公民参与生物多样性拍照片
细节理解题、推理判断题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷C篇
322
人与社会
推荐AI相关书籍
词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷D篇
351
人与自我
介绍“动机序列”在演讲中的应用
细节理解题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷C篇
315
人与社会
“群体智慧”效应的研究
主旨大意题、推理判断题
2023·新课标I卷D篇
330
人与社会
数字极简主义生活方式的倡导
细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题
第一步
确定定位词
在题干中确定一两个定位词，如专有名词、数字、年代或核心名词。
第二步
找到答题句
用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子。认真研读该句及上下文。
第三步
比较各选项
将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项。注意排除无中生有、张冠李戴、以偏概全的选项。
第一步
定位信息源
根据题干关键词定位到原文的相应段落或句子。
第二步
分析字面含义
理解原文的字面意思，把握其基本事实和观点。
第三步
推断深层意图
结合上下文、作者态度、逻辑关系（因果、转折、类比等）进行合理推断，得出言外之意。
第一步
定位划线词
在原文中找到划线词所在的句子，明确其在句中的位置和词性。
第二步
利用上下文线索
分析划线词前后的内容，寻找定义、解释、同义词、反义词、因果或举例等线索。
第三步
代入验证
将推测出的词义代入原文，看句子是否通顺、逻辑是否合理。
第一步
概括文章大意
通读全文，尤其是首尾段落，把握文章的核心话题和主要内容
第二步
寻找主题句
注意寻找段落主题句，通常位于段首或段尾，以及反复出现的关键词。
第三步
匹配最佳标题
标题应能概括全文主旨，避免以偏概全或过于宽泛。通常选择包含关键词、形象生动且高度概括的选项。
Aspect
Traditinal “Grey” Infrastructure
Nature-based Slutins (NbS)
Primary functin
single-purpse (e.g. fld wall)
all-in-ne (e.g. fld cntrl, habitat, carbn sink)
Lng-term cst
high maintenance and replacement csts
lwer lifetime csts, self-sustaining
Eclgical benefit
ften breaks the balance f lcal ecsystems
enhances bidiversity and ecsystem health
Cmmunity value
limited recreatinal r scial value
prvides green space, imprves well-being
Area f Actin
Example Activities
Cre Value Created
On campus
builds a rain garden; starts a cmpsting (堆肥) prgram; plants native trees
hands-n learning, imprves lcal envirnment directly
In cmmunity
jins wetland clean-ups; mnitrs wildlife species; prmtes recycling
cmmunity participatin, prtects public ecsystems and resurces
Thrugh awareness
creates science blgs/ vides; rganizes themed exhibitins; leads discussins
spreads knwledge, inspires brader cmmunity actin