核心语法点知识清单 Part 5 零冠词-2026届高考英语一轮复习（全国通用）

这是一份核心语法点知识清单 Part 5 零冠词-2026届高考英语一轮复习（全国通用），共50页。
有一读者看到“零冠词”问是否印错？
不，“零冠词”并未印错。国内出版的一些英语语法书多不用这一术语，而用“不用冠词的场合”，以减少初学者学习上的负担。其实，所谓“零冠词”（亦可称为“零性冠词”）也就是不用冠词的意思。系统地讲，英语有三种冠词，即定冠词（definite article）、不定冠词(indefinite article)和零冠词(zer article)。对于已具有一定水平的读者来说，“零冠词”一词是很有用的，因为它不但简便，而且很科学。比如下面一句：
(1)Hrses are useful animals.
句中的hrses和animals即是“零冠词+复形名词”，而：
(2)The child is father f the man.
句中的father即“零冠词+单形名词”。
2 试谈“零冠词+单形类名词”结构
据说有一条语法规则说：单数（应为单形）可数名词之前必须用冠词。我们认为这样说是不妥当的，至少是不全面的。我们为什么这样说呢？原因有两个：一是单形可数名词之前不仅可用所谓“冠词”，还可用某些物主代词、某些指示代词、某些不定代词，以及某些数词等，如 my bk, this bk, n bk, ne bk；另一个是它所谓“冠词”显然仅指定冠词和不定冠词而言，而不包括零冠词（即不用冠词的场合），但事实上单形可数名词用零冠词的情况是屡见不鲜的。
单形可数名词有单形类名词（皆可数）、单形可数集体名词、单形可数物质名词与单形可数抽象名词等。这篇短文只限于谈单形类名词用零冠词的情况。为方便起见，让我们把这种情况叫做“零冠词+单形类名词”结构。
“零冠词+单形类名词”结构主要有两种用途，它们是将单形类名词加以抽象化与物质化。
首先，什么是抽象化呢？有一位语法家说得好：“一个普通名称的潜在意义主要内含着品质，品质是一般的，故而是抽象的。”这就是说，当一个个别的可数的代表着普通名称或事物的类名词用上了零冠词，它就代表一个一般的抽象的不可数的概念或品质了。或者说得简单一些，单形类名词用上零冠词就转化为一抽象名词了。这种单形类名词又可分为表人的、表物的、表地点的三种：
1.“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”可抽象化的有：
(1)He had great neatness f persn. （persn 在此表人的外表这一整体概念）
(2)Tall, gaunt and dgmatic, ne's first impressin f Laetitia was f undying latter-day puritan... （undying latter-day puritan 在此表永恒的近代清教徒的典型概念）
(3)She had the dr pen nw and was thrugh it, a rustle f girl, a fragrant, snapping shadw and was gne as the dr slammed shut. （girl 在此表典型的少女概念，可与 a burst f sun 类比）
(4)A basketful f deeply-engrssed by. （这是报上一张照片的说明，其中 by 亦表一种典型概念）
最常用的“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”结构大概就是表“人”或“人类”的 man 了。 如：
(5)Man is mrtal.
(6)Everybdy says man has evlved frm the mnkey.
(7)The skull f Peking man was discvered in 1929 in Zhukudian.
(8)We have dne all that mrtal man can d.
为什么表“人”或“人类”的 man 用零冠词呢？语法家们的意见不尽相同。有的说 man 一词就像 hme 一样，人们对之太熟悉了，谈到它时，只会觉得它是一个基本着眼点（primary cncern)， 不会想到它区别于别的什么动物或东西。如例（6）中的 man 显然与 the mnkey 不同：前者是基本着眼点，后者则有区别于其他事物的含义。有的语法家则说 man 是独一无二的事物，就像专有名词一样，所以应用零冠词。也有人说，因为说话人也是人，故总与 man 分不开，而 the hrse 则不是这样。我们倾向于第一种说法。另外，请注意例（7）与例 （8）中的 Peking man 与 mrtal man 虽有修饰语，但并不区别于其他类别。如有区别于其他类别的含义，则须用定冠词 the, 如 the Neanderthal man, the family man 等。
同样， wman 亦可用零冠词表示一基本着眼点，如对女子有偏见的人常说：
(9)Wman is frail.
(10)Wman is best when she is at rest.
(11)She had that srt f queerness, endless assertin f her wn will, which is ne f the signs f insanity in mdern wman.
用零冠词的 man 还可抽象化为男人的气质或丈夫气概，用零冠词的 wman 则表女人的气质，如：
(12)That was a lt f man （或wman ）.
表男女对照时二者皆可用零冠词，如：
(13)Wman lives lnger than man in mst cuntries.
“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”也常指一个单位中的某一职务。职务是一不可数的、无限制性的、无形的一般概念，故应用零冠词。也有人说它像是专有名词。如：
(14)I was surgen successively in tw shifts.
(15)James was received in Sctland with great rejicing and was crwned king.
(16)There is a strain f high seriusness in her reslve t manage her farm and take ver the duties f bailiff.
这种“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”之后常接一个 f 短语，如：
(17)Jhn is captain f the team.
(18)He is Manager f the Westminster Bank. （如在 Manager 前加上定冠词 the 则有卓越非凡之含义）
(19)He is Rectr f the University.
在当代英语中，一般的不是唯一的职务亦可用“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”表示，如：
(20)I’m chauffeur tnight. （chauffeur 在此表职责）
(21)He is mechanic in a factry.
(22)Had he nt been bartender in a great city at ne time until he drank s deeply that he was discharged?
(23)During the silent ride t the suburbs that mrning, Eli's thughts were drawn t the first hmicide case he'd investigated right after making detective.
但请注意下面一例中的 ynder slitary child 并不是“零冠词+表人的单形类名词”结构，而是等于 that slitary child，因为较古旧的形容词 ynder 在此= that:
(24)It's dear ld hnest Ali Baba! Yes, yes, I knw. One Christmas time, when ynder slitary child was left here all alne, he did cme, fr the first time, just like that.
2.“零冠词+表物的单形类名词”也可以转化为不可数的抽象名词，如：
(25)Car is the best mde f transprt. （car 在此表一不可数的总体概念）
(26)I tld her I had never been in s many htels in my life as since I came t Eurpe. I have never seen s many — it's nthing but htel. （htel 在此亦表一总体概念）
表人体部分的单形类名词常可转而表抽象的概念，如：
(27)“I am a persn wh cares a lt abut face,” she tld me. （face指面子）
(28)Anne went herself t the east gable and sat dwn by her windw in the darkness alne with her tears and her heaviness f heart. （heart指心情）
但下面一例中的 sul 则表一不可数的总体：
(29)The idea f chastity shuld be widened t refer t purity f sul. And it shuld apply t bth wmen and men.
3.“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”也可以转化为不可数的抽象名词。最常见的有： bed, church, hme, hspital, market, prisn （或 jail）, twn, schl, cllege 等。实例如：
(30)There is n place like hme. （hme 表一不可数的整体概念）
(31)Schl is ver at twelve. （schl 指上课）
(32)He had left cllege befre that time. （cllege 意谓“大学学业”）
(33)He risked jail. （jail 意谓“坐牢”）
注意下面句中的 place=rm:
(34)The day had faded until he culd barely distinguish place fr his feet.
其次，什么是物质化呢？说得简单些，就是“零冠词+单形类名词”转化为不可数的单形物质名词。例如：
(35)Apple. （这是一幅上面画有一个苹果的画的说明。 apple 在此和 meat 一样，仅表物质，不可数，无区别性）
(36)We had rast chicken fr dinner. （chicken 转化为鸡肉）
(37)Spider is a shrike's favrite fd. （spider 转化为伯劳鸟的食物）
(38)Mst city peple have never tasted squirrel, which is arguably as sweet as rabbit. （squirrel 与 rabbit 皆转化为肉食）
以上四例中的“零冠词+单形类名词”结构皆指食物。这种结构亦可指非食物，如：
(39)There is t much sun in this rm. （sun 转化为阳光）
(40)The essence f pearl mixed with essence f men and a curius dark residue was precipitated. （pearl 变为不可数的物质名词）
和单形物质名词一样，这种用零冠词的单形类名词也可与单位词连用，如：
(41)He had n chance t take a bite f biscuit.
(42)There was a stretch f bad rad beynd the river.
(43)The man had his hand bund up with shabby strips f shirt.
上面所谈的是“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的两种主要用途。下面让我们谈谈这种结构的一些其他个别的具体用法。
1.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的具体用法之一是常用来表示一种典型的品质，这种单形类名词常指人体部分（动物身体的部分亦然）以及衣物等，如：
(44)She leant with blue face and bent knees against the windw.
(45)He sat with head bent ver a pile f papers.
(46)Then he was dwn, rlling ver and ver in the warm sand, cruching with arm up t ward ff, trying t cry fr mercy.
(47)Wexfrd remained seated, legs crssed, left ft casually swinging up and dwn.
下面一些句子中的“零冠词+单形类名词”则表典型的衣物：
(48)“This is Oliver,” said Philip Cavilleri, suit by Rbert Hall, ciffure by Dm f Cranstn, cashmere sweater by Cardin.
(49)The tall and pretty bride in a white knitted dress, arm in arm with her bridegrm in dark suit and red tie, gt ut f the car in a shwer f flwers.
(50)The Greek, big aprn, sleeves rlled up, was frying prk chps in tw big skillets.
(51)Lukitch pured ut anther glass and std with bttle tipped.
注意下面三例中划横线的单形类名词亦皆属于这一类情况：
(52)A girl came in, bk in hand.
(53)He std there, pipe in muth.
(54)I fell head first dwn the stairs.
此类“零冠词+单形类名词”所指的事物不一定附属于人，如：
(55)On the flat-tpped desk was a reading lamp with whitelined green shade.
2.“介词+零冠词+单形类名词”结构常可表各种不可数的抽象概念，有许多已变成习语，如：
(56)He's six, s he'll be ging t schl this year. （t schl 表目的）
(57)An ambulance is a mtr vehicle fr carrying sick r wunded peple t hspital. （t hspital 表目的，但美国英语常用 t the hspital）
(58)He spent six mnths in jail. （in jail 指在坐牢）
(59)He is in cllege nw. （in cllege指在上大学）
(60)They were at table when we called. （at table指在吃饭）
(61)It was cnsidered a virtue nt t talk unnecessarily at sea. （at sea指在航海中）
(62)D yu cme t schl by bus ?（by bus 表手段）
(63)She knws the wrds by heart. （by heart 亦表手段）
(64)He went away n ft. （n ft表徒步）
(65)They are trying t give yung perfrmers mre pprtunities n stage. （n stage指在舞台上表演）
(66)In the past fur years, he has been int hspital 12 times. （int hspital 表住院）
(67)We sailed int prt t refit. （int prt 表入港）
(68)The case was settled ut f curt. （ut f curt 指不打官司或私了）
意指“作为”的介词 fr 与 as 之后也常接“零冠词+单形类名词”结构，如：
(69) a third man beat time t them, making d fr instrument in this betweenwrld with an empty sardine-tin.（instrument 在此表不可数的总体概念）
(70)She and her sister mved t an ld cwshed and gave up their living rms as classrm. （classrm 在此亦表不可数的总体概念）
3.“形容词+ f+ 表人体部分的单形类名词”结构中的单形类名词也常用零冠词，表不可数的典型概念，如：
(71)Father Andrew Pwel was a large man, red f face.
(72)A wman, slid f frame and vigrus, very plain in face and dress, was leading a small by f seven.
(73)She called t a tall and slender yuth, smth f cheek and bviusly becurled as t hair.
(74)Yu are genuinely gd and pure f heart.
4.“kind, srt, type 等+ f” 结构之后的单形类名词也常用零冠词，表不可数的总体，如：
(75)What kind f man is he?（有人说如用 a man 则不表“甚等样人”，而是问“一个人的具体职业”）
(76)A butterfly is a kind f insect.
(77)A hammer is a srt f tl.
(78)Yu have t stp this srt f thing.
(79)Jhn is a fine type f schlby.
(80)What type f car are yu lking fr?
(81)This is a strange species f rse.
(82)That class f bag is nt btainable nw.
饶有兴味的是 age （年龄）亦可用于此种结构，如：
(83)—What age f wman is she?
—Clse n sixty — respectable and hard wrking!
请注意 kinds, types, species 等复形名词亦可用于此种结构，但 f 之后亦常可用复形类名词。例如：
(84)These kinds f bk are useful. （亦可用复形 bks）
(85)There are many types f fficer in the army, f all kinds f rank. （亦可用复形 fficers）
5. 当介词 f 前后两个单形名词（最后面一个名词是类名词）是一种同位关系时，最后面的类名词亦须用零冠词，如：
(86)She was very much against the idea f hspital. （idea 与 hspital 同位）
(87)Miriam was nt used t the psitin f hstess. （psitin 与 hstess 同位）
(88)Each mrning at breakfast she played the rle f happy wife fr the servants' benefit. （rle 与 wife 同位）
(89)Becming ne f the mst learned men in general knwledge f this srt, and als perhaps the mst widely read man f his time, he entered upn his career f critic — withut bias, any prejudice, any narrwness...（career 与 critic 同位）
6. 单形类名词用作表语表不可数的抽象概念时应用零冠词，这种单形类名词常具有形容词的品质，如：
(90)He was master.
(91)Nw she was gypsy, pure gypsy.
(92)He lked at the pr dead thing that had been man.
(93)Marie was nineteen and virgin, but she was essentially wman.
这种单形类名词可后接副词 enugh, 如：
(94)I want yu t be warrir enugh t fight, if necessary, fr what yu believe, and fr what is right.
(95)Hardy is realist enugh t see that human nature being what it is, the cnsequences f a surrender t impulse shuld nt damn the individual irredeemably.
这种单形类名词也可与副词 all （=cmpletely）连用，如：
(96)“My byfriend is all man,” basted Anita Bussm t Pnny Plane.
(97)This may lk like an ld jalpy t yu, but it's all car.
这种单形类名词在比较结构中更像是形容词，如：
(98)She is mre mther than wife.
(99)He is mre artist than businessman.
(100)Nichlsn said that man was mre animal than man, he was sure.
(101)Thugh the yungest amng them, she was mre wman than they.
为了强调， 这种单形类名词常置于句首或从句之首， 但其后要用 that，如：
(102)Little fl that he was!
(103)Beggar that I am, I am even pr in thanks.
(104)Lucky man that David was, he had a sn wh very much lved his father.
这种单形类名词还可置于从句之首，后接 as 或 thugh 或 that, 表示让步，如：
(105)Child as she was, cnsciusness f self had cme t her.
(106)She has mre sense than Mary, child thugh she is.
(107)Child that he was, he knew what was the right thing t d.
除 be 外，其他连系动词如 becme, turn, fall, stand 等亦可后接“零冠词+单形类名词”结构，如：
(108)He became king.
(109)He was a medical student befre he turned writer.
(110)She fell victim t fashin. （fell victim t 已成习语）
(111)Will yu stand gdmther t the child?
连系动词 lk 与 g 有时亦可后接“零冠词+单形类名词” 结构，如：
(112)The grup f buildings lks every inch ancient temple.
(113)I went cabin-by n bard an Indiaman.
“零冠词+单形类名词”结构用作表语时常后接 f 短语，如：
(114)The child is father f the man. （格言）
(115)We were sure that the captain was master f the situatin. （master f the situatin 已成习语）
(116)He was sn f a tailr. （强调父子关系）
(117)He was headmaster f Rugby. （强调 headmaster 与 Rugby 学校二者的关系）
(118)He was authr f many literary wrks. （was authr 可以说=wrte）
(119)Han was sle wner f a business wrth ten millin yuan. （sle wner f a business 像是一个整体，如用定冠词 the, wner 与 business 的关系就不很密切了）
“零冠词+单形类名词”结构也可后接介词 t 引导的短语，如：
(120)Was Marice niece t this man?
(121)Wh is heir t the thrne?
(122)Perhaps that was a prvidence t, fr Jhn was brther t Ellen Amelia.
请注意下面一例中“零冠词+pinhead+in size”的用法：
(123)These eruptins were pinhead in size.
7.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构一般皆表零念（即既无单念亦无复念），但当此结构用作名词的修饰语时，则可认为表复念，如：
(124)Are yu a member f a bk club? （bk club=a club that ffers bks cheaply t its members, 故 bk 在此有复念）
(125)An eyebrw pencil is a stick f clured material in a hlder, used fr darking the eyebrws. （eye-brw 在此有复念）
其他如复合名词 tthpaste, ftball 等中的tth 与 ft 皆可认为表复念。（但并非所有这种结构中的单形类名词皆表复念，如 tableclth 则= a clth fr cvering a table）
8.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构形式上常相当于同位语，实际上则起一种描写的作用，如：
(126)Hannah Marsland, widw, aged 75 years. （省略句）
(127)Thmas Betts, laburer, f n fixed address. （省略句）
(128)After cffee Michaelis, restless and ill-sitting sul, wndered what he shuld d.
(129)Burke, famus statesman, writer and philspher, was member f parliament fr Bristl frm 1774 t 1780.
9.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构还可用作宾语补语和主语补语。用作宾语补语有如：
(130)They made him prisner.
(131)He called me fl.
(132)They cntinued t hld the three Americans hstage.
将上述主动结构变为被动结构，宾语补语即变为主语补语，如：
(133)He was taken prisner.
(134)Abraham Lincln was first elected president f the United States in 1860.
10. 单形类名词指词语本身时，自然须用零冠词，如：
(135)The by cried wlf. （wlf 为一单词）
(136)The sunds help the descriptin f wandering rad.（rad 与 wandering 构成一短语）
11.“零冠词+单形类名词”结构常用在习语中，这是大家所熟知的，故只就最常见的两类各举几例。
动词+单形类名词：
(137)take rt
(138)lse heart
(139)cast anchr
(140)eat humble pie
介词+单形类名词：
(141)at hme
(142)in twn
(143)by hand
(144)n hrseback
最后简略地谈一谈另一些为人所熟知的情况：
1. 呼语、感叹语等口语中常用“零冠词+单形类名词”结构。呼语如：
(145)Cme here, by !
(146)Hell, exchange ?
(147)I'm feeling better, dctr.
(148)Stp thief !
感叹语如：
(149)O table !
(150)Pr fellw !
(151)Nice rm yu've gt here.
2. 成对的单形类名词要用零冠词， 如：
(152)Brther and sister were at breakfast.
(153)They became man and wife.
(154)Their wage is hardly enugh t keep bdy and sul tgether.
(155)The classmates left the rm arm in arm.
(156)I ask yu simply as between man and man...
(157)He turned and hurried ut, thrilling frm head t te.
(158)He ran frm il well t pumping statin t crude strage.
请注意下面三例中成对的单形类名词：
(159)I imagine train will be quicker than car.
(160)It is funny hw rgue knws rgue.
(161)They are in a great stew abut it all, mther lying dwn with screaming hysterics r smething and daughter snapping like a turtle.
3. 两个以上的单形类名词并列时亦常用零冠词，如：
(162)The little inn was really a cmbinatin f restaurant and dancing parlr and htel.
(163)His face, which was almst sculpturally masculine in its bld lines f brw, nse and jaw, sftened suddenly.
(164)A clean clth was spread befre him, with knife, frk, and spn, salt-celler, pepper-bx, glass, and pewter ale-pt.
(165)Lin hunter, snake handler, midwife and ck — Dug Wright has been all thse and mre.
(166)The man with net r bw r lance r gun creeps niselessly as he thinks, tward the frg.
单形类名词还有不少其前可以省去定冠词与不定冠词的情况，但由于这已不属于“零冠词+单形类名词”结构的范畴，我们就不在这里谈了。
3 试谈“零冠词+单形集体、物质、抽象名词”结构
在这一篇中，让我们谈谈有关“零冠词+单形集体、物质、抽象名词”结构的一些问题。我们就按此题目所列的顺序先谈“零冠词+单形集体名词”结构。
说到集体名词，学过一点语法的人就会想到 family, cmmittee, party, class, army, herd 等词，并想到这些名词的单数形式只能与定冠词或不定冠词连用，而不可用零冠词。可是这样想并不符合事实，有些单形集体名词常可用零冠词，如 mankind, humanity, fficialdm, vermin 等。 请看实例：
(1)They have perfrmed a valuable service t mankind.
(2)This is a crime against humanity.
(3)This leaves the individual at the mercy f fficialdm.
(4)He says that ftball hligans are vermin.
上述单形集体名词一般皆不可数，无复形，之所以用零冠词，对中国学生来说，是比较容易理解和使用的。中国学生较难掌握的恐怕是“零冠词+可数而有复形的单形集体名词”结构，如 family 一词。你可能会说，它不是一个像类名词一样可数的具体名词吗？怎么可以用零冠词呢？是的，它常用作可数的具体名词，故常可与定冠词、不定冠词、物主代词等连用，如：
(5)Jhn is the yungest in ur family.
(6)The Jnes family have gne n vacatin t Spain.
(7)They have a very big family — five sns and three daughters.
但这只是单形集体名词 family 的一种用法，是一种较普通的用法。但 family 还有另一种用法，即其与零冠词连用的用法。这种用法似乎比较少见，但却是事实，故应引起中国学生的格外注意。现举几例如下：
(8)I didn't knw yu had family. （family 在此意谓“亲人”）
(9)On the wall is anther cuplet reading, “Family f 100 years values charities; pleasure f first grade is reading.”
(10)a man f family （指出身名门之人）
像 family 这样既可用定冠词和不定冠词，也可用零冠词的单形集体名词还有一些，现再举几例如下：
(11)In these nvels sciety figures largely as a jungle.
(12)If the lady marries the gamekeeper, it is nt class-spite, but in spite f class.
(13)I figure we can make d with three in crew.
(14)Srry, fellws, ffice wants Sid and me back right away.
(15)This appeal t ld acquaintance must have been extremely distasteful t the Chief Inspectr.
(16)Yuth smetimes lack prudence.
(17)It is a prper ffice f public authrity t guard against accidents.
下面一例中的单形集体名词 grup 的用法则有点特殊：
(18)The mvement's secretary, Michael Terry, said it was Britain's largest anti-apartheid rally since grup was frmed 25 years ag.
这里的 grup 亦可代之以 the grup， 所以有的语法家管这种现象唤作“临界情况” (brderline case)。这种临界情况似乎更常见于单形类名词，如：
(19)Beg yur pardn. I am a man f few wrds and a bad hand at explanatin — but lady here is extremely curius that there shuld be n rw.
这种单形类名词往往用以引导一个句子，所以要大写，如：
(20)—Where did yu get all this infrmatin?
—A well-infrmed surce. Fellw wh gave me this gun. Revsn.
应该指出，上面所说的这一类单形集体名词，并非都可以与零冠词连用，比如单形集体名词 audience 在当代英语中就似乎很少用零冠词。又，像 plice, peple 等集体名词当然也常可用零冠词，但我们认为它们并非单形集体名词，而是无单形的复形集体名词（也有人将它们唤作群体名词）。
现在让我们再谈“零冠词+单形物质名词”结构。学过一点语法的人，看到这种结构，可能马上会觉得它是显而易见的，如 water, milk, hney, wine, tea 等单形物质名词当然常用零冠词，这有什么可讨论的呢？是的，如果单形物质名词都是这样，问题就简单了。上面所举的一些单形物质名词常常只用其单形，不用其复形，同时又往往不可数，所以常可用零冠词。但有一些单形物质名词并不是这样。它们不但常用其单形，也常用其复形，同时它们也常常是可数，如 cake, seed, brick, clud, rpe, stne 等。 对这些单形物质名词，我们中国学生往往只会用定冠词、不定冠词以及物主代词等表其单念，如a cake, the cake, my cake, 实例如：
(21)She said she wuld bake a cake fr my birthday.
(22)She cut the cake and gave me a piece.
(23)That's my cake yu're eating!
而不会将这些单形物质名词与零冠词连用，表其零念，如：
(24)Are yu fnd f cake ?
(25)We always have cake fr tea n Sundays.
(26)I enjyed sitting dwn with friends ver cffee and cake when the day's wrk was ver.
现将其他类似的单形物质名词与零冠词连用的情况举例如下：
(27)The hall is paved with brick.
(28)There is mre clud tday than yesterday.
(29)He bund it with rpe.
(30)All brick is artificial; nly stne is natural.
(31)All these trees were grwn frm seed.
(32)Frm the mney bag the ld man pured a small heap f cin.
(33)They started t wear western dress.
(34)The eggs were packed in straw.
注意 frest 与 jungle 亦可与零冠词连用，表零念，如：
(35)Abut 26,000 square miles f the cuntry are under frest.
(36)Sn high jungle clsed in.
dessert 虽可数，表单念，但亦可用零冠词表零念，如：
(37)Fr dessert there was ice cream.
表示声音的名词亦应是物质名词。如 sund, vice, nise 等皆可用零冠词，例：
(38)Sund travels better in water than in air.
(39)With cmmanding vice he said:“Hands ff! N, I must g, nt yu! Yu have a wife and children. I have n ne!”
(40)I dn't like nise.
表灯光火焰的单形物质名词 light, flame 等也是一样，如：
(41)The huse blazed with light.
(42)The aircraft disappeared in a ball f brilliant yellw flame.
最后，让我们谈一下“零冠词+单形抽象名词”结构。和单形物质名词一样，有许多单形抽象名词都可以与零冠词连用，如 hnesty, happiness, beauty, music, luck, cmmerce, transprtatin 等。但这些单形抽象名词一般都不可数，没有复形，所以它们用零冠词是容易理解因而也是容易掌握的。但有不少单形抽象名词并不是这样，它们是可数的，都有复形，如：act, day, feeling, fact, habit, thught, sng 等。我国学生对这一类单形抽象名词与定冠词或不定冠词连用的情况比较熟悉，试以 sng 为例：
(43)Please sing us a sng.
(44)I like the sng very much.
但对下列一些句中的“零冠词+sng”结构恐怕就感到有点陌生了：
(45)Our grup had all burst int sng.
(46)The bird is in full sng.
让我们将其他类似的单形抽象名词与零冠词连用的情况再举一些例子如下：
(47)It was day nw utside.
(48)That reads like fictin, but is indeed fact.
(49)I met her by accident.
(50)She was already years lder in thught and act.
(51)Feeling, blessedly, had at least mmentarily fled.
(52)—Why d yu still cllect stamps?
—I dn't knw. I suppse it's habit.
(53)We turn t Germany fr methd, g t France fr culture.
(54)They were studying the develpment f language in children.
(55)Use yur head and avid truble.
(56)The car's in pr cnditin.
(57)Lk here, Gerge, I'm acting n principle.
(58)His father was a cunt. He was next in line.
(59)Nthing shuld be left t chance.
(60)The principle is nt pen t questin.
(61)These ranches are answer enugh.
4 对“零冠词+单形名词”结构的几点补充
我们就“零冠词+单形名词”结构只作了一般的介绍，还有两三个个别问题需要加以说明如下：
1. 有人认为，不可数名词如有限制性定语，就不可用零冠词。这种看法显然不够全面，是将问题简单化了。事实上，“零冠词+带限制性定语的不可数名词”结构并不罕见。但在举例说明之前，需要澄清一下限制性定语与非限制性定语的区别。
限制性定语与非限制性定语相对。前者对其所修饰的名词来说是必不可少的，否则会影响到全句的意思。如 classical music 中的 classical 就是一限制性定语，因为它是必不可少的，去掉就会影响其所在句子的含义。有人认为 classical 不是限制性定语，而是非限制性定语，这是一种误解。非限制性定语与限制性定语相反，它只是对其所修饰的名词的一种纯属附加的不是必不可少的说明，如 dead wall 和 mrtal man 中的dead 与 mrtal （请注意这两个修饰语皆不重读）。用作非限制性定语的从句的非限制性尤为明显，这里就恕不举例了。
现在我们就“零冠词+带定语的不可数单形名词”结构举例如下：
先看“零冠词+其定语为单词的不可数单形名词”结构的例证：
(1)Thrugh the midday hurs he sat with glazed face, the bttle handy, listening t the telescreen.
(2)Ahead was unbrken desert frm the sea t the fthills f the distant, rugged purple muntains.
(3)He saw the lift waiting with pen dr.
(4)Lukitch pured ut anther glass and std with bttle tipped. （定语后置）
(5)The skull f Peking man was discvered mre than 70 years ag in Zhukudian.
(6)He was eating biled tngue.
(7)Cast irn cntains mre carbn than malleable irn.
(8)He wears lng hair.
(9)There is sft brwn sugar n the table.
(10)With cmmanding vice he said:“Hands ff!”
(11)British plicy was admirably expunded by the Prime Minister.
(12)At n time have we thught f suspending rescue activity.
(13)The gentleman-farmer was dressed in cheerful style.
(14)It bulged t bursting pint.
再看“零冠词+其定语为短语的不可数单形名词”结构的例证：
(15)Of ttal timber cnsumed by furniture-making, nly 35 per cent is supplied by the State. （定语为一分词短语）
(16)He described cperatin and crdiatin between the tw cuntries as sincere and practical. （定语为 between 引导的介词短语）
(17)One f the fur freedms spken f by President Rsevelt was freedm frm fear. （定语为 frm 引导的介词短语）
(18)Agreement n reductin f missiles between the superpwers is impssible, as it has been fr s many years. （定语为 n 引导的介词短语）
(19)Pwer t the embassy has been cut and the security frces were playing searchlights acrss the building at night.（ 定语为 t 引导的介词短语）
(20)Cmpliance with the laws is expected f all citizens. （定语为 with 引导的介词短语）
有人说名词之后如有 f 短语所修饰，其前则必须用定冠词，不可用零冠词。这是一种绝对化的说法。在英语里，“名词+f 短语”结构之前确实常常用定冠词而不用零冠词，但其前用零冠词的情况也并不罕见。由于这个问题对中国学生来说比较重要，所以我们愿多举一些例子加以说明。当然我们在此仍只限于“零冠词+其定语为f 短语的不可数单形名词”结构。
(21)Please reply by return f pst. （return f pst 是一成语）
(22)Everyne behaved with cmplete presence f mind. （presence f mind 是一成语）
(23)Mr. Sparkler, in absence f mind, had smelt s hard at a sprig in his hand as t be n the verge f the ffence in questin. （absence f mind 是一成语）
(24)The pliceman was accused f derelictin f duty. （derelictin f duty 是一成语）
(25)Pride f place is likely t g t lcal her Sergel Bubka, wh will be trying t imprve his wrld ple vault recrd yet again. （pride f place 是一成语）
(26)The value f rmantic literature... des nt depend n beauty f wrds r beauty f fact.
(27)We have an accurate estimate f cst f ur living.
(28)At dusk f the same day, the father fund the tmb had been pened and the crpse was missing.
(29)Fcus f the issue currently is n Mnterey Park, a city f 50,000 that is 40 per cent Asian, 37 per cent Hispanic, 22 per cent white and ne per cent black, near Ls Angeles.
(30)He was advcating freedm f speech, freedm f the press, freedm f assembly, freedm f thught.
(31)At mments it seemed t him that he wuld reel frm very jy f the certain fulfillment f a great desire, that was all but immediately within his cntrl.
(32)T prmte standard Yi language and enrich life f the ethnic grup f Yi natinality living in Liangshan Ranges f Sichuan Prvince, a lcal film cmpany experiments with dubbing films in the lcal dialect.
(33)We live within reach f the shps. （within reach f 是一成语）
(34)The principal cause which makes life unsatisfactry is want f mental cultivatin.
在当今英语里，其定语为 f 短语的不可数单形名词如表动作的话，其前用零冠词的情况就更多了，这大概是由于强调动作从而降低 f 短语的重要性的原故。且看：
(35)Cnstructin f a mdern theatre began this spring in western suburbs.
(36)We knw cllapse f the lung des ccur nt nly pstperatively but in ther cnditins as well.
(37)It is apprpriate that sme time be devted t thrugh study f the results f the Appl missins.
(38)Omissin f “the” in this case is nt bligatry.
(39)The ceremny was annunced by lud beating f the gng.
(40)Clearance f this cheque culd take a week.
(41)Cnversin f yur heating system frm cal t gas will be cstly.
(42)The tw cuntries are fighting fr cntrl f the straits.
(43)Waste f fd is wicked while peple are hungry.
(44)Negtiatin f the wet rad was nt easy.
(45)Mr. Merdle, lss f appetite is a serius thing with yu, and yu must have it seen t.
(46)There remains in speech, and even mre in writing, wide scpe fr free use f the articles, s lng as ne des nt break the cnventins.
(47)China will begin its payment n the lan half a year after cmpletin f the prjects.
(48)Supply f stred cabbages is a matter f majr imprtance in all nrthern cities in winter and spring, the usual slack seasn fr vegetable grwing.
(49)Rain yesterday frced abandnment f all play n the secnd day f the Australian Open Tennis Champinships.
(50)The Irish Gvernment ppses payment f ransms, believing that this will lead t further kidnappings.
(51)Careless treatment f the hves f a wild dnkey resulted in it bleeding t death.
(52)Inquiry f the peratr will get yu the right telephne number.
(53)The advantage which these rural enterprises enjy is that they can shift easily t prductin f gds in shrt supply n the market.
由于动名词强调动作，因而它也常用于“零冠词+动名词+f短语”结构，如：
(54)Clsing f his safe was a duty which he had never relegated t a subrdinate.
(55)Opening f the tmb began n April 28 in Fengxiang Cunty, 140 kilmetres west f the Shaanxi prvincial capital f Xi'an.
(56)Ratining f mre than 70 prducts has been drpped.
(57)“Tingling f the ears is a sign that a persn is being talked abut,” said the ld wman.
“零冠词+其定语为从句的不可数单形名词”结构也屡见不鲜，如：
(58)Milk frm which the cream has been taken is called skim milk.
(59)Water that is impure ften causes serius illness.
(60)Petry that relates t the beings f anther wrld ught t be at nce mysterius and picturesque.
(61)In dry areas, peple plant crps n land that is pr and arid.
2. 关于“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”可以转化为“零冠词+不可数的单形抽象名词”，常举含有 hme, schl, cllege, hspital, stage, prt, curt 和 jail等例证。实际上，还有不少其他“零冠词+表地点的单形类名词”结构也可以转化为“零冠词+不可数的单形抽象名词”结构，如下面各例中所划出的名词：
(62)What time did yu g t bed last night?
(63)They g t church every Sunday.
(64)Mther has gne t market.
(65)Let's g back t camp.
(66)She never dared t g int restaurants t far ff campus with him.
(67)As a by his great ambitin was t g t sea.
(68)I'm ging t twn. （具有目的性）
(69)Our party has nt been in ffice fr years.
(70)The ld salesman advised me t cme back t shp the next day.
(71)Braving the extremely cld water, they jumped int the sea and brught the uncnscius wman t shre.
(72)The criminal was sent t prisn fr 20 years.
(73)We're ging t be married in temple.
(74)He rwed steadily up river fr purpses f his wn.
(75)Frm the veranda he lked dwn valley, but there was as yet n light near the camp f Devitt's men.
(76)Varieties accrding t regin have a well-established label bth in ppular and technical use: dialects.
(77)The spaceship is in rbit rund the mn.
(78)A yung Plish hijacker explded a hand grenade at Warsaw Airprt when the authrities ignred a 10-minute-ultimatum t prvide him with an aircraft t leave cuntry, airprt surces said.
(79)The yellw and purple pansies that brdered lush green lawn seemed t lift their faces in welcme.
3. 最后再补充一点，即关于有的语法家所谓的“普遍化（universalizatin)”问题。什么是“普遍化”呢？简单地说，就是特指的“the 或物主代词+某些名词（包括单复形）”结构变为泛指的“零冠词+某些名词（包括单复形）”结构。但这种泛指的范围是有限的，即所谓“有限泛指（restricted genericness）”。 由于本文只谈单形名词，所以我们在这里只讨论单形名词的“有限泛指”。让我们先举一例如下：
(80)Wrk was ver fr the day.
这里的单形名词 wrk 即是由特指的“the wrk”结构变来的“零冠词+wrk”结构。
这种结构在当代英语中十分普通。但在100多年前，人们还多用 the wrk, 所以我们当今所用的有限泛指的“零冠词+某些名词”结构是一种比较近的现象。为什么会产生这种现象呢？主要原因有二：一是人们为了简洁方便，零冠词大有愈来愈被人广泛运用的趋势，尤其是报章杂志更是经常使用零冠词；二是由于客观上的需要，零冠词表一定程度的泛指，使人有一种熟稔之感，常表多次性或经常性等。现再举一些例证如下：
1.相当于“the+单形名词”
(81)Wine is ridiculusly cheap here.
(82)Rumur has it that Jean's getting married again.
(83)Accrding t reprt he's nt cming back.
(84)Accrding t traditin, the castle is haunted.
(85)Legend relates that the first Christian church here was funded by n less a persn than St. Jseph f Arimathe.
(86)Histry repeats itself.
(87)Whatever its cnsequences, time wuld clse ver them.
(88)There may be rm fr the humrus aspects by and by, but they are inpprtune while revlutin is in mid-career. （此句在谈论文学）
(89)Unemplyment still remains higher amng wmen and juveniles than it was in 1934.
(90)Emplyment imprved during the mnth.
(91)At the crner f Russel Square, traffic was nt dense.
(92)In bth August and September rainfall was still belw the nrmal.
这种普遍化的单形名词亦可带有定语，如：
(93)Public interest in it has rather increased than diminished.
(94)General pinin was against him. （带定语的 pinin 常用零冠词，再如： public pinin, wrld pinin, British pinin, freign pinin, infrmed pinin, civilized pinin, accepted pinin, judicial pinin 等）
(95)Tensin in the United States ver the incident... is subsiding.
2.相当于“物主代词+单形名词”，多用作主语，如：
(96)Christian wuld nt say anther wrd. Disillusin was cmplete. （相当于 his disillusin）
(97)His inclinatin had cmprmised his dignity when reasn slept. （相当于 his reasn）
(98)It was as if virtue had gne ut f him. （相当于 his virtue）
(99)She must be prepared fr a harder task than that f rushing away while reslutin was fresh. （相当于 her reslutin）
(100)Then thught returned upn the rtten unfairness f it all. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+ thught）
(101)Where an evening paper is cncerned, publicatin must f curse be always lcal.（相当于 its publicatin）
(102)Even befre the plling day they wrked hand in hand with the municipal plice, but nw c-peratin is cmplete. （相当于 their c-peratin）
(103)Presently speech flwed mre freely. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+speech）
(104)Cnversatin was desultry and matter f fact t the pint f suspiciusness, until di Pnari emerged again with a girl at his side. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+cnversatin）
(105)On this particular Tuesday, exasperatin was intensified. （相当于物主代词[由上下文定]+exasperatin）
(106)Nw her thught went back t the evening Anne had arrived at Green Gables, and memry recalled a vivid picture f the dd, frightened child in her prepsterus yellwish-brwn winter dress, the heart-break lking ut f her tearful eyes. （相当于 her memry）
有时亦可用作宾语，如：
(107)He left wrk at 5:30 p.m. （相当于 his wrk）
(108)The business rerganizatin has increased utput withut enlarging the market. （相当于 their utput）
(109)Sir Samuel Hare is nt likely t submit, as Sir Jhn Simn did, t divide respnsibility with his clleague. （相当于 his respnsibility）
亦可用作介词的宾语（大都已成为固定词组），如：
(110)I had knwn bth him and Jane since childhd. （相当于 my childhd）
(111)Children culd be trained frm infancy t wrk their wn fire brigades. （相当于 their infancy）
(112)They die in yuth. （相当于 their yuth）
(113)He hlds his ffice fr life. （相当于 his whle life）
(114)He began t drink quite early in life. （相当于 his life）
(115)A few years ag a well-knwn publicist made a brief appearance after death t a friend. （相当于 his death）
(116)“Where is the university?” the freign visitr t Oxfrd will ask n arrival. （相当于 his 或 her arrival）
(117)These things, she hped, wuld cme after marriage. （相当于 her marriage）
(118)A bk is still a new bk six mnths after publicatin. （相当于 its publicatin）
这种普遍化的单形名词亦可常有定语，如：
(119)Cnversatin during the drive t the htel never sared abve a certain level. （物主代词由上下文定）
(120)Interest in the air race t Australia has rather tailed ff this week. （物主代词由上下文定，也可能相当于 public interest）
(121)Then came cntact with Sctt, wh was lking fr ballads, f which Hgg had a stre frm his mther, Margaret Laidlaw. Acquaintance with Sctt brught a mre practical literary aspect. （相当于 his acquaintance）
但请注意，这样的单形名词可能有歧义。它既可用作普遍化的名词，亦可用作非普遍化的名词，如：
(122)They were t receive the blessings f civilizatin.
如作普通化的名词理解， civilizatin 相当于 ur civilizatin; 如作非普通化的名词理解，the blessings f civilizatin 则意味着 the blessing incident t the state f being civilized.
最后，必须指出，普遍化的名词有时其前固然亦可加上定冠词或物主代词而意义不变，但大都似乎都已成为习惯说法，不可再加上定冠词或物主代词了。
5 试谈“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构（一）
我们常说专有名词大都不用冠词（专指定冠词与不定冠词而言），也就是说，专有名词一般都用零冠词。但这是为什么呢？我们知道，定冠词与不定冠词都是限定词，对名词有限定或修饰的作用。而专有名词是独一无二的，或如一些语法家所说，其本身概念已是很明确了的，故而不需要任何词予以限定或修饰。也有的语法家说，专有名词只是一个毫无内容的但为人们所熟悉的（为人们所最熟悉的人或物常用零冠词，如 man, hme 等）空名，所以应用零冠词。
在谈到专有名词之前应用什么冠词时，一般语法书都比较着重“the + 专有名词”结构，如说江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、某些国名，以及含有普通名词的机关团体、朝代、建筑物、报章杂志等名称之前须用定冠词。而谈到“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构时，则只列举几个人名、地名、称呼语等。实际上这种结构的内涵是很丰富的，我们愿意在这里较为详细地论述一下。
首先让我们看一看“零冠词 + 表人的单形专有名词”结构。一般语法书谈到这种结构时，只列举几个人名，如 Jhn, Mary, Smith, Shakespeare 等。其实，表人的专有名词并不只限于人的姓名；表一个民族的个别成员的专有名词，如 Chinese, German, Frenchman 等，也应属于这一类。那么，这些表一民族个别成员的专有名词可不可以用零冠词呢？答案是肯定的，且看下面两个实例：
(1)I'm Chinese and she's American. （这里用零冠词的 Chinese 与 American 乃指国籍，如说 a Chinese 或 an American 则指民族血统而言）
(2)The man was playing Injun with them, and they did nt like it. （Injun 是美国口语，即Indian， 可参较 She played Ophelia.；但如用表人的单形类名词，则须用定冠词 the，如：Yu have played the fl.）
带称号的人名也常用零冠词。最常见的是“零冠词+称号+人名”结构（人名为教名者皆予以指出，否则皆一般为姓氏），如：
(3)King Gerge （须用教名）
(4)Queen Victria （须用教名）
(5)Prince Edward （须用教名）
(6)Ppe Clement （须用教名）
(7)Sir Jhn （须用教名，但亦可说 Sir Jhn Falstaff）
但下面例证中的人名皆用姓氏：
(8)Earl Humphrey
(9)Viscunt Castlereagh
(10)Barn Fisher
(11)Lrd Palmerstn
(12)Cardinal Manning
(13)Bishp Blugram
(14)Dean Inge
(15)President Lincln
(16)Chancellr Adenauer
(17)General Grant
(18)Clnel Rgers
(19)Majr Dbbin
(20)Captain Walker
(21)Lieutenant Pearsn
注意讲到外国的称号时，其前则一般皆用定冠词 the，如：
(22)the Czar Nichlas （须用教名）
(23)the Kaiser Wilhelm （须用教名）
(24)the Archduke Ferdinand （须用教名）
称号 Emperr 之前亦常用定冠词，如：
(25)the Emperr Naplen （或用小写的 emperr，人名用教名）
但在当代英语中，emperr 之前亦可用零冠词，如：
(26)Xidi Village began t thrive during the reign f Emperr Wanli f the Ming Dynasty.
以上所谈到的称号皆表官职或神职。在英语中表平民的称号之前多用定冠词，如：
(27)the pet Virgil
(28)the engineer Hudsn
(29)the tailr Symns
然而表平民的称号之前用零冠词的情况也不少，如：
(30)Dctr Smith
(31)Prfessr Jhnsn
(32)Mr Batten
(33)Mrs Tdd
(34)Miss Sullivan
(35)Ms Jacksn （常用在书面语中）
表亲属的称号有的亦用零冠词，如：
(36)Grandpa （或 Grandma）Jankins
(37)Uncle Sam （须用教名）
(38)Aunt Sally （须用教名）
(39)Brther Tm （须用教名，但现已多不用这种称号）
(40)Sister Carrie （须用教名，但现已多不用这种称号）
但请注意下面的称号并不表亲属：
(41)Father Drew 德鲁神父
(42)Mther Reilly 赖莉大妈
(43)Brther Michael 迈克尔修士（须用教名）
(44)Sister Catherine 凯瑟琳修女（须用教名）
在当代英语中，尤其在报刊上，几乎任何表人际关系或职业的称号皆可用零冠词，如：
(45)Farmer Gerge
(46)Nurse Cavell （亦可说 Sister Cavell）
(47)Banker Gaudin
报刊中的称号常小写，如：
(48)high jumper Zhu Jianhua
(49)gymnast Li Ning
(50)spiker Lang Ping
(51)teacher Li
(52)baker Smith
(53)wrker Craven
(54)daughter Zizi
(55)rphan Chen Yiqun
(56)wife Karen
称号之前还可有修饰语，如：
(57)18-year-ld fellw cuntryman Shane Barr
(58)slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King
有的读者可能提出这样的问题：上述“零冠词+称号+人名”结构也可以变作“定冠词+称号+人名”结构，如既可说 Banker Gaudin，也可说 the banker Gaudin，那么二者有何不同呢？对于这个问题，我们愿引述一下一位语法权威的看法。他说称号之前如不用冠词，人名就变成了首要成分 （primary member)。“零冠词+称号+人名”结构是一较为紧密的结构，称号往往不重读，而需要重读的是人名。称号已经与人名结合在一起，几乎变成人名的一部分了。他还说这里之所以可用零冠词是由于受了人名的影响力的原故。Banker Gaudin （也可以用小写 banker，其区别仅仅在于大写比小写较为正式）即可如此解释。那么如何解释 the banker Gaudin （一般皆用小写 banker）呢？根据上面的解释，我们即可认识到这是一种较为松散的结构，重点在称号上，应重读，以区别于从事其他职业的姓 Gaudin 的人。
上面所讲的全都是关于“零冠词+称号+人名”结构的情况。换句话说，上述情况全都是称号在前，人名在后。那么有没有一种人名在前称号在后亦即“人名+零冠词+称号”结构呢？答案也是肯定的，如古旧的例证：
(59)Piers Plwman
(60)Susan Chambermaid （Susan 是教名）
这种结构现在仍偶尔用之，如：
(61)Mickey Muse （Mickey 是教名）
(62)Dnald Duck （Dnald 是教名）
有些外国称号倒常置于人名之后，如：
(63)Kubla Khan
(64)Jnes Sahib
饶有趣味的是《西游记》中“猴王”亦用此结构译为：
(65)Mnkey King
这种“人名+零冠词+称号”结构中的称号之后还可有一 f 短语，如：
(66)Mary Queen f Scts （Mary 是教名）
(67)Edward Prince f Wales （Edward 是教名）
请注意人名之后的称号一般要重读，因为这种后置的称号很像是人的姓氏。另外，和“零冠词+称号+人名”结构一样，“人名+零冠词+称号”结构也是一种很紧密的结构，称号与人名也已几乎结合为一体，只是称号需要重读而已。与之相比较，“人名+定冠词+称号”结构，如 Green the philspher，就比较松散了，“定冠词+称号”则起一种区别性的作用，这可从下面一句中看得很清楚：
(68)I mean Green the philspher, nt the histrian.
应该指出，上述两种结构有时可以并存，如既可说：
(69)Jhn Baptist
亦可说：
(70)Jhn the Baptist
但现在后者更为常见。
6 试谈“零冠词 + 单形专有名词”结构 （二）
在《试谈“零冠词+单形专有名词”结构 （一）》中已经讨论过“零冠词+表一个民族的个别成员的专有名词”结构与“零冠词+带称号的专有名词”结构。
在这里我们愿意谈一谈“零冠词+表称呼语 (address)的专有名词”结构。最为普通的表称呼语的专有名词自然是姓名了。在熟人之间可直呼教名，如：
(1)Jhn, yu are wanted n the phne.
(2)Cme int the garden, Maud.
(3)Jack, pay attentin.
(4)Yu are a strange man, Arther.
(5)Cme, Ruth, give me yur hand.
(6)These, Sarah, are very gd.
以前直呼姓氏的情况也不罕见，且从一著名英国小说《法国中尉的女人》 （The French Lieutenant's Wman ）摘录一二例如下：
(7)Grgan, wuld yu have had me live a lifetime f pretense?
(8)I am a dctr, Smithsn.
但现今这样直呼姓氏的情况已不多，只在表军队、学校、监狱等时尚可听到。下面一例中的 Smith 就是一囚犯的姓：
(9)Smith ! ut f pckets in the cells!
有一些表示家人的名词也应属于专有名词一类，所以这种名词之前亦须用零冠词，现举几例如下：
(10)Dad, Mm has such a lad. （亦可说 Daddy）
(11)I just dn't knw hw t d it, mm. （或 Mmmy, 皆是美国用语，英国用语为 mum 或 mummy）
(12)Thank yu, Uncle.
(13)Take me swimming, Auntie. （或称呼 Aunt; auntie 亦可拼作 aunty）
除上述表家人的称呼语外，还有 mther, mum, grandfather （或 grandpa），grandmther （或 grandma, granny）等。
nurse 等亦可看作家人，用零冠词，如：
(14)Where's Nurse ?
一些表示尊称的名词，如 sir, madam, mister, miss, missus 等，亦须用零冠词，因为它们也应被看作是专有名词，实例如：
(15)Anything else, sir ?
(16)Did yu rder a taxi, madam ?（请注意 madam 在美国英语中常被缩略为 ma'am）
(17)The dctr's cming, miss.
(18)Whever pulled that trigger, missus, it was Gd's hand aimed the gun.
有些表职位的名词也可被当作尊称使用，如：
(19)I'm feeling much better, Dctr.
(20)— Carry n, Sergeant.
— Yes, Clnel.
(21)That's all I knw, Inspectr.
此外还有 prfessr, general 等，神职有 father （神父），sister （修女），bishp, vicar 等。表职业的用零冠词的称呼语就更多了。这种称呼语并不是尊称，只可在有关的场合中使用,如：
(22)Waiter, d yu serve crabs?
(23)Nurse, I want yu. （nurse 在此意指“护士”）
(24)Guard ! （意指“警卫员”）
(25)Baker !
(26)Operatr, culd yu put thrugh a call t New Yrk, please?
常用作称呼语的表职业的名词还有 driver, cabbie, barmaid （英国用语），bartender （美国用语），attendent, cnductr, fficer 等。
将普通名词用作称呼语，亦可看作专有名词，须用零冠词，如：
(27)Cme here, by !
(28)Hasen tk a lng gulp f his drink and sighed cntentedly. “Man, I needed this,” he said.
(29)Hi, twin.
(30)Here's lking at yu, baby. （baby 在此为美俚，意指女人）
此外还有许多，如 brther, sister, girl, lady, mate （英国用语），buddy （美国用语）， guy, sn 等。注意这些称呼语都是非正式用语，不可用于正式场合，也不可用于不太熟悉的人。
也应注意有不少用作称呼语的普通名词具有褒义，如 dear, darling, dearest, lve, hney （主要用于美国）,friend, sweetheart 等，实例：
(31)We mustn't be late, dear, must we?
(32)Dn't be silly, darling.
(33)Thanks a lt, lve.
(34)Gee, hney, that's a swell dress yu've gt n!
非指人的普通名词用作称呼语时，亦须用零冠词，如：
(35)Hell, Exchange ?
(36)Taxi !
(37)Hy-a-hy! Gate !
“零冠词+称呼语”结构还可有修饰语，如：
(38)What wuld yu like, Shirley dear ?
(39)Yung man, give me a hand.
最后，请注意：
1. 在美国， miss, ma'am, mister 和 sir 较为普通，而在英国，则用得不那么广泛。
2. teacher 作为称呼语是中国用法，在英美等国是不用的。
3. 在信件中常用“Dear+姓名”结构（如 Dear Jane），但在非正式信件（如便条）中可省去 dear。
4. 对陌生人一般不用称呼语，要交谈时可以用 Excuse me.，美国人也用 I beg yur pardn.。说 Hey 则是很不礼貌的。
5. 对 King 的称呼须用 Yur Majesty，对具有 duke 等爵位的人须用 Yur Grace 或 Sir。对有爵位的贵妇应用 yur ladyship。
6. 称呼语还常用作 yu 的同位语，如：
(40)Yu fl ! （亦可说 Fl yu!）
(41)Yu pig !
(42)Yu idit ; d yu knw what peril yu stand in?
(43)Yu, Rbert, will have t wrk harder.
7. 称呼语的位置可在句首、句中或句末。位于句首者如上述例 （1）、（3）等，位于句中者如上述例 （5）、（6）等，位于句末者如上述例 （2）、（4）等。
8. 表家人的称呼语可以变为第三人称，如：
(44)Father says we mustn't.
(45)Give it t Mther.
(46)Please tell ck t make sme cffee fr me.
9. 感叹语中的呼唤语也常用零冠词，如：
(47)By ! what a game!
(48)Fl ! Cward!
(49)Annying man ! He was arrgant enugh already.
10. 下面一句中其后没有逗号的 Mary 不是称呼语，而是祈使句的主语：
(50)Mary cme here. （正如 Yu cme here.中的 yu 不是称呼语而是祈使句主语一样）
11. 下面一句中的 Gd 也不是称呼语，注意句中的动词 bless 是虚拟式：
(51)Gd bless yu. （= May Gd bless yu.）
12. 关于称呼语的大小写的问题，一般皆可以从上述例句中得到答案。但请注意有不少称呼语既可大写，亦可小写，如表家人的 father, mther, uncle 等。表职位的称呼语亦如此。但表职业的 waiter, driver, peratr 等则应小写。
13. 顺便提一下，表集体的单形或复形称呼语亦须用零冠词，如：
(52)Platn, attentin!
(53)Wrkers f all cuntries, unite!
7 “零冠词+名词”与“物主代词+名词”的区别
有人问： Ms.Wang was helping us with mathematics...中的mathematics之前为什么不加ur?
此处加不加物主代词ur都是正确英语，正如我们常可说：
(1)Have yu had breakfast ?
也可说：
(2)Have yu had yur breakfast ?
一般说来，二者的区别在于：“零冠词+名词”强调其一般性或典型性，“物主代词+名词”则强调个别性或特殊性。再如：
(3)shw disappintment.
shw ne's disappintment
(4)prepare lessns
prepare ne's lessns
(5)ask permissin
ask ne's permissin
(6)I like everything in place.
I like everything in its place.
但请注意，这只是一般而论，绝不可以绝对化，如lse cnsciusness已成固定说法，就不可说lse ne's cnsciusness；反之亦然，如lse ne's key, 就不可以说lse key。
8 为什么表方向的名词在此用零冠词？
有人问： 有这样一道题：
(1)The street is abut twenty kilmeters_____.
A.frm nrth t suth
B.frm the nrth t the suth
C.frm the east t west
D.frm the west t east
所给答案为A，为什么不是B?
表方向时: nrth, suth, east, west一般不用定冠词the，再如：
(2)Which way is suth ?
(3)Set the cmpass t nrth and then wrk ut the directin we have t walk.
(4)East r west, hme is best.
表方向的词如是副词，自然也用零冠词，如：
(5)The ship is sailing west.
(6)The windw faces suth.
表方向的名词如特指地域，其前则应用定冠词the,如：
(7)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(8)It is cld in the nrth.