专题07 巧用定语从句(课件) -2026年高考英语从零开始学写作（全国通用）

高中英语写作从零开始专题07 巧用定语从句核心概念：什么是定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词、名词短语或代词的品质与特征的。 主要由形容词（短语）、名词（短语）、副词（短语）、等相当于形容词的词、形容词性短语来充当。 汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语：给所修饰的名词（人、物）下定义Eg：Mary is a good teacher.玛丽一个好老师。（什么样的老师）？——一个好的老师）核心概念：什么是定语Exercise：Find the attributive in the sentences.形容词做定语动词不定式做定语形容词做定语分词短语做定语短语做定语核心概念：什么是定语从句？定语从句，就是一个句子充当“定语”，用来修饰一个名词或代词（即先行词）。简单句: I know the boy. （我认识那个男孩。）含定语从句的复合句: I know the boy who is playing basketball. （我认识那个正在打篮球的男孩。）· 先行词: the boy· 定语从句: who is playing basketball· 关系词: who (指代the boy，并在从句中作主语)核心概念：什么是定语从句？如果要表达稍微复杂一点的意思，比如说“我不喜欢不守信用的人”，这时，简单地用形容词作定语就无能为力了，就要借助于一个句子来修饰名词， 用作名词的定语，对名词进行限制。这句话可以这样说：I don’t like people who never keep their word.这个句子就是定语从句。用来修饰限定名词或者代词的句子就是定语从句，翻译过来为“……的”。核心概念：什么是定语从句？定语： 修饰、限定名词或代词的成分。Yetta is a lovely girl.Yetta is a student who is in Class 3 .who is in Class 3 .定语从句：由一个句子来修饰、限定名词或代词，并有一个连接词引导。 lovely 从句先行词......的核心概念：什么是定语从句？They have flowers which were bought yesterday.他们有昨天买的花。和我爸爸聊天的男人是个老板。The man who is talking with my father is a boss.核心概念：什么是定语从句？1. Mary likes the book (that is full of good stories). 被修饰的名词引导定语从句定语从句译文：玛丽喜欢这本（满是好故事的）书。观察例句，分析定语从句的结构核心概念：什么是定语从句？2. She has an adopted child (who she says was an orphan). 定语从句的结构： 先行词 + 关系词 + 句子被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。被修饰的名词引导定语从句定语从句译文：她有一个领养的孩子，（她说这个孩子是个孤儿）。核心概念：什么是定语从句？1. 定语从句的“骨架”：两大要素一个完整的定语从句必须包含两个部分：· 先行词： 被修饰的那个名词或代词。· 关系词： 连接主句和从句的词语，它同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一个成分（如主语、宾语、状语等）。关系代词(relative pronouns)关系副词(relative adverbs)whichwhothatwhosewhomwhenwherewhy“人的/物的”人/物翻译为物人/物人人时间名词地点名词原因名词reason主/宾/表定语宾/表状语1. 定语从句的“骨架”：两大要素1. 定语从句的“骨架”：两大要素①I have a problem which troubles me very much. There’s an issue between Alex and a new friend of mine, Lily, who I’ve been really close to for a while now.②It’s about something that happened during our last group project. In regard to Alex, with whom Lily isn't satisfied because of his contribution, he feels that Lily is being too critical.③It seems that Lily and Alex, whose argument involves their principles, need to communicate better.④Lily is the leader, which is the reason why she feels responsible for making sure everyone does their part.⑤My darling, I argue that you can organize a meeting for them in a special time when they can have in-depth one-on-one conversations, creating an atmosphere where they listen to each other attentively.Can “whose argument” be replaced by “the argument of whom”?Can “the argument of whom” be replaced by “the argument of them”?Can “that” be replaced by “which”?Can “which” be replaced by “that”?Can “whom” be replaced by “who”?thatwhowhich主语/宾语主语/宾语主语/宾语 主句先行词 从句缺主语 She was not on the train________ arrived just now./whichthat主句先行词 从句缺宾语 Is this the book ___________ you are looking for?/whichthat/不填关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。关系代词的判断步骤1.确定缺什么成分→定连词2. 辨别先行词→人 OR 物3.确定关系代词的人称和数2. 关系词的选用2. 关系词的选用who 人 主语 或 宾语 The girl who won the prize is my sister. (作主语) The man who you met is our principal. (作宾语)whom 人 宾语 (通常可被who替代或省略) The lady (whom/who) I admire most is my mother. (作宾语，可省略)whose 人或物 定语 (表示“...的”) That's the artist whose paintings are famous. I live in a room whose window faces south.1. who：指人，充当主语或宾语（可省略）。(1) The woman whom she lives next door is a famous dancer. (2) I like guys who have a good sense of humor. (3)Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. 先行词指人缺少宾语充当宾语先行词指人充当主语缺少主语先行词指人充当主语缺少主语2. whom：指人，充当宾语（可省略）。(1) I like the people who I work with (2) He is the best grammar teacher whom I have everseen . (3)It's hard to have a friend whom you can trust completely先行词，指人缺少宾语先行词，指人缺少宾语缺少宾语先行词，指人3. whose：指人/物，充当定语。(1) This homework whose author is Tony is heartbreaking.(2)Miss Yang is an English teacher whose students don’t like English.先行词，指物句子完整先行词，指人做定语，……的句子完整做定语，……的2. 关系词的选用which 物 / 事 主语 或 宾语 The book which is on the table is mine. (作主语) The movie (which) we saw yesterday was great. (作宾语，可省略)that 人或物 主语 或 宾语 He is the greatest man that I have ever seen. (作宾语) Anything that can go wrong will go wrong. (作主语)4. which：指物，充当主语或宾语（可省略）。(1) She was not on the train which arrived just now. (2)He never got back the money which he had lent him. (3)This is the photo which I took. 先行词，指物缺少主语先行词，指物缺少宾语缺少宾语先行词，指人5. that：指人或物，充当主语或宾语（可省略)。(1)He is an excellent man who/that writes many beatiful songs.(2) This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. (3)The person that we met yesterday is my math teacher.先行词，指人缺少主语先行词，指物缺少宾语缺少宾语先行词，指人that，是人、物通杀的关系词，既可以替换指人的who，whom，也可以替换指物的which。thatwhowhich主语/宾语主语/宾语主语/宾语定语 宾语whosewhom主句先行词 从句缺宾语 I met a girl _______________ I want to marry./whothat//whom 主句 从句 This is the man _____ job is a car engineer.whose先行词缺定语2. 关系词的选用特殊考点：只用 that 的情况（口诀：不定代，序数最高级；人&物，全与唯一）1. 先行词是不定代词时，如 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等。 · I am willing to do anything that might be helpful.2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 · This is the best movie that I have ever seen. · He was the first person that arrived.3. 先行词同时包含人和物时。 · We talked about the people and the things that we remembered.4. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。 · He is the only friend that I have.2. 关系词的选用when 时间名词 (time, day等) 时间状语 I'll never forget the day when we first met.where 地点名词 (place, city等) 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.why 原因名词 (reason) 原因状语 That is the reason why I was late. 主句 从句作状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born.先行词 主句先行词 从句作状语 Please tell me the reason why you are late. 主句先行词 从句作状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.in the city.for the reason.on the day2. 关系词的选用关系副词→ 做状语2. 关系词的选用关系副词→ 做状语whenwherewhy时间状语地点状语原因状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born. Please tell me the reason why you are late. I still remember the day when I first came to the school.time, day, year地点in/during/on/atwhichsituation;stagepoint;casefield; atomspherein/on/atwhichforwhichage; periodSZ结构引导词谓语动词 关系代词关系副词由先行词决定主语+谓语+连接词+从句做主语做宾语做状语时间when地点where原因 why做定语只用that的情况只用which的情况SummarySummary解题技巧：如何正确选择关系词Step 1Step 2Step 3找到先行词先行词代指人还是物从句中缺少什么成分选定恰当的关系词口诀: 前看先行词, 辩清人或物 后看从句里, 有无主宾语解题技巧一、划分主句成分，用下划线标出定语从句二、分析定语从句中成分，判断是否缺成分，缺什么成分①缺主语/宾语/表语/定语 ②缺状语 指人who/whom/that指物which/that时间when地点where原因why关系代词看先行词关系副词看先行词技巧一：化零为整，提升句子层次感写作中最忌讳的是通篇简单句。定语从句可以将两个相关的简单句合并成一个逻辑紧密的复合句。· 平淡表达 (两个简单句):I have a friend. She loves collecting stamps.· 升级表达 (定语从句):I have a friend who loves collecting stamps.· 平淡表达:We visited a city last summer. The city is famous for its history.· 升级表达:Last summer, we visited a city which/that is famous for its history.技巧二：提供关键信息，使表达更具体定语从句可以为抽象名词（如reason, way, feeling）或泛指名词提供具体内容，让读者一目了然。· 模糊表达:I don't know the reason.· 具体表达:I don't know the reason why he was so angry.· 模糊表达:That was a wonderful experience.· 具体表达:That was a wonderful experience that I will cherish forever.技巧三：使用“非限制性定语从句”，增加补充信息非限制性定语从句是对主句的补充说明，如果去掉，主句意思依然完整。书写时用逗号与主句隔开。关系词不能用that。· 功能： 相当于一个插入语，使文章信息量更丰富，读起来更流畅。· 例句: · My father, who is a doctor, will go abroad next month. · I passed the exam, which made my parents very happy. · He went to Shanghai, where his grandparents live.技巧四：避免“头重脚轻”，学会使用分隔式定语从句有时，为了保持句子平衡，避免主语部分过长（头重脚轻），会将定语从句与它所修饰的先行词分隔开。· 头重脚轻:The day when we finally achieved our goal came.· 平衡优美:The day came when we finally achieved our goal.长句翻译1. 那个在操场上打篮球的男孩是我的同桌。（who/that）2. 我们应该尊敬那些为社会做出贡献的人。（who/that）3. 你认识那个正在给学生们上课的女老师吗？（who/that）4. 这是我昨天从书店买的那本英语词典。（which/that）5. 他送给我的礼物是一个精美的笔记本。（which/that）6. 能解决这个难题的方法很少。（which/that）7. 我永远记得我第一次去北京的那一天。（when）8. 这是我们去年夏天度假的地方。（where）9. 他没有告诉我们他拒绝邀请的原因。（why）10. 我的哥哥是一名医生，他在一家大型医院工作。（who）长句翻译1. 译文：The boy who/that is playing basketball on the playground is my deskmate.优化思路：先行词the boy指人，从句用现在进行时（is playing）强调动作正在进行，who/that在从句中作主语，不可省略。2. 译文：We should respect those who/that have made contributions to society.优化思路：先行词those（指代人）后用who/that引导，“make contributions to”（为……做贡献）是地道搭配，从句用现在完成时表动作已完成。3. 译文：Do you know the woman teacher who/that is giving a lesson to the students?优化思路：先行词the woman teacher指人，从句用现在进行时，who/that作主语，“give a lesson to sb.”（给某人上课）符合英文表达习惯。4. 译文：This is the English dictionary which/that I bought from the bookstore yesterday.优化思路：先行词the English dictionary指物，从句用一般过去时（bought），which/that作宾语，可省略，“buy sth. from...”（从……买某物）是固定搭配。5. 译文：The gift which/that he gave me is a beautiful notebook.优化思路：先行词the gift指物，从句用一般过去时，which/that作宾语，可省，主句用一般现在时表客观事实。长句翻译6. 译文：There are few methods which/that can solve this difficult problem.优化思路：先行词methods指物，从句用情态动词can表“能够”，which/that作主语，不可省略，“solve the problem”（解决问题）是常用短语。7. 译文：I will never forget the day when I first went to Beijing.优化思路：先行词the day指时间，when在从句中作时间状语，从句用一般过去时，“first went to”符合语境。8. 译文：This is the place where we spent our holiday last summer.优化思路：先行词the place指地点，where在从句中作地点状语，从句用一般过去时，“spend one’s holiday”固定搭配。9. 译文：He didn’t tell us the reason why he refused the invitation.优化思路：先行词the reason指原因，why在从句中作原因状语，从句用一般过去时（refused），“refuse the invitation”（拒绝邀请）符合表达。10. 译文：My elder brother, who is a doctor, works in a large hospital.优化思路：非限定性定语从句用逗号隔开，先行词my elder brother指人，who在从句中作主语，不可省略，补充说明哥哥的职业。长句翻译11. 我们参观了长城，它是世界七大奇迹之一。（which）12. 李明通过了考试，这让他的父母非常高兴。（which）13. 我出生在1998年，那一年发生了很多重大事件。（when）14. 杭州是一座美丽的城市，很多游客都想去那里游览。（where）15. 这就是我们讨论了很长时间的问题。（about which）16. 他就是我刚才和你提到的那位教授。（to whom）17. 我们应该学习那些古人留下的宝贵经验。（from which）18. 正如我们所预料的那样，他在比赛中获得了第一名。（as）19. 那个父母都是工程师的女孩学习非常努力。（whose）20. 这是一座屋顶是红色的古老建筑。（whose）长句翻译11. 译文：We visited the Great Wall, which is one of the Seven Wonders of the world.优化思路：先行词the Great Wall指物，非限定性从句用which引导（不用that），补充说明长城的身份，“Seven Wonders of the world”（世界七大奇迹）是固定表达。12. 译文：Li Ming passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.优化思路：which指代前面整个句子（“通过考试”这件事），在从句中作主语，非限定性从句补充说明事件的结果。13. 译文：I was born in 1998, when many important events happened.优化思路：先行词1998指时间，非限定性从句用when引导，补充说明那一年的情况，从句用一般过去时（happened）。14. 译文：Hangzhou is a beautiful city, where many tourists want to visit.优化思路：先行词Hangzhou指地点，非限定性从句用where引导，补充说明城市的吸引力，“want to visit”（想去游览）符合语境。15. 译文：This is the problem about which we discussed for a long time.优化思路：“讨论问题”是discuss about the problem，介词about提前，关系代词用which（指代物），不可用that。长句翻译16. 译文：He is the professor to whom I referred to you just now.优化思路：“提到某人”是refer to sb.，介词to提前，关系代词用whom（指代人），“just now”（刚才）提示从句用一般过去时（referred）。17. 译文：We should learn from the valuable experience which the ancient people left.优化思路：“从……学习”是learn from sth.，介词from提前，关系代词用which（指代experience），“ancient people”（古人）是地道表达。18. 译文：As we expected, he won the first prize in the competition.优化思路：as引导非限定性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，“正如……”，可置于句首（which不可），“as we expected”（正如我们所预料）是固定搭配。19. 译文：The girl whose parents are both engineers studies very hard.优化思路：whose表“……的”，修饰先行词the girl，从句中“parents are both engineers”（父母都是工程师）作定语，逻辑清晰。20. 译文：This is an ancient building whose roof is red.优化思路：whose修饰先行词ancient building，表“建筑的屋顶”，比“the roof of which”更简洁，符合书面表达习惯。高中英语写作从零开始谢谢观看