2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练(新高考通用)专题09阅读理解议论文(学生版+解析)

这是一份2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练(新高考通用)专题09阅读理解议论文(学生版+解析)，文件包含2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用专题09阅读理解议论文教师版docx、2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用专题09阅读理解议论文学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共43页， 欢迎下载使用。
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 主旨大意题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 细节理解题5
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 推理判断题6
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型04 词义猜测题9
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 10
题型简介
高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。
命题类型
主旨大意题：要求提炼文章核心论点，常以 “What's the main idea f the passage?” 这类问句出现，选项可能是对全文中心思想的精准概括，也可能是过于宽泛、片面的干扰表述。
细节理解题：针对文中论据、支撑性事例或特定关键信息设题，题目会明确指向文章某一处，如 “Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing statements abut... is true?”，考查学生捕捉精准细节的能力。
推理判断题：需依据文章现有论述、语气倾向推测隐含意义、作者态度，题干表述多为 “What can be inferred frm the passage?”，答案并非原文直白呈现，要经适度推导。
词义猜测题：聚焦文中超纲词、熟词僻义或特定语境下有特殊含义的词汇，例如 “The underlined wrd ‘XXX’ in the paragraph mst prbably means...”，要求结合上下文破解词义谜团。
解题思路
读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。
通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。
定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “fr example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。
推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。
核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。
题型01 主旨大意题

关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。
抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。
综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。
（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）
“Wman reading bk, under a night sky, dreamy atmsphere,” I type int Deep Dream Generatr’s Text 2 Dream feature. In less than a minute, an image is returned t me shwing what I’ve described.
Welcme t the wrld f AI image generatin, where yu can create what n the surface lks like tp-rank artwrk using just a few text prmpts (提示). But clser examinatin shws ddities. The face f the wman in my image has very dd features, and appears t be hlding multiple bks. And, while there’s an initial thrill at seeing an image appear, there’s n creative satisfactin.
AI image generatin culd influence everything frm film t graphic nvels and mre. Children’s illustratrs were quick t raise cncerns abut the technlgy. They say AI-generated art is the exact ppsite f what art is believed t be. Fundamentally, art is all abut translating smething that yu feel internally int smething that exists externally. Whatever frm it takes, true art is abut the creative prcess much mre than it’s abut the final piece. And simply pressing a buttn t generate an image is nt a creative prcess.
Beynd creativity, there are deeper issues. T create images frm prmpts, AI generatrs rely n databases f already existing art and text. This culd lead t the creatin f images that are intentinally meant t imitate the style f ther artists, withut their agreement. There is an argument that AI generatrs wrk n differently t humans when it cmes t being influenced by thers’ wrk. Hwever, a human artist is als adding emtin and nuance (细微差别) int the mix. AI desn’t d the same — it can nly cpy.
The increasing use f AI will als lead t a devaluing (贬低) f the wrk f artists. There’s already a negative prejudice twards the creative industry. Peple will begin t think that their “wrk” is as excellent as that created by smene wh has spent a career making art. It’s nnsense, f curse. Yu can use yur mbile phne t take a nice picture f yur daughter, but yu are n match fr prfessinals.
7．What is Paragraph 4 f the text mainly abut?
A．The styles f human artwrks and AI nes.
B．Human artists’ influence n AI generatrs.
C．Different means used in human and AI art creatin.
D．The drawbacks f drawing frm existing art and text.
8．Which f the fllwing best summarizes the last paragraph?
A．Art is the mirrr f life.B．Rme is nt built in a day.
C．N man can d tw things at nce.D．Dn’t judge a bk by its cver.
【答案】 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为人工智能图像生成虽然便捷，但也有不少弊端，在文中从几个方面进行了阐述。
7．主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句到第四句“T create images frm prmpts, AI generatrs rely n databases f already existing art and text. This culd lead t the creatin f images that are intentinally meant t imitate the style f ther artists, withut their agreement. There is an argument that AI generatrs wrk n differently t humans when it cmes t being influenced by thers’ wrk.(为了根据提示创建图像，人工智能生成器依赖于已经存在的艺术和文本数据库。这可能会导致在未经其他艺术家同意的情况下，故意模仿其他艺术家的风格。有一种观点认为，人工智能生成器在受他人工作影响方面与人类没有什么不同。)”和最后两句“Hwever, a human artist is als adding emtin and nuance (细微差别) int the mix. AI desn’t d the same — it can nly cpy.(然而，人类艺术家也在混合中添加情感和细微差别。人工智能不会做同样的事情——它只能复制。)”可知，第四段主要是讲在人类和AI艺术创作中使用的不同手段。故选C。
8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“The increasing use f AI will als lead t a devaluing (贬低) f the wrk f artists.(越来越多地使用人工智能也将导致艺术家的作品贬值。)”可知，“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”最能总结最后一段。故选B。
题型02 细节理解题

抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。
注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。
利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。
（23-24高三上·湖南娄底·期末）
Recently, I was walking with sme parents when we came acrss a five-pund nte lying n the grund. We std arund it fr a mment, a bit awkwardly, until smene suggested putting it n a nearby bench. Then ne f the parents remarked that we’d prbably have behaved differently — that is, we wuld have just taken the mney — had we been alne.
This relates t a classic questin in studies f human genersity: d we behave mre selfishly when we aren’t being bserved? The debate ges n acrss the psychlgical and bilgical sciences, as well as in ppular culture, abut whether kindness can exist in a cmpetitive wrld.
Ym Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religius hliday when Jewish peple fast and ask fr frgiveness fr the wrngs they’ve cmmitted. One f the pints f Ym Kippur is t behave better regardless f wh is watching. There’s an evlutinary beauty t the teachings f Ym Kippur, which are the prducts f thusands f years f cultural changes and evlutin.
The Maasai peple f Kenya practice stua: relatinships between peple that perate based n need. When smene frms an stua relatinship with anther, they enter int an unwritten cntract t help their partner in times f need. And hunter-gatherer grups, which can represent the circumstances ur species evlved in, have many similar examples.
Cultural evlutin helps t explain the existence and cmplexity f these systems. Cultural changes are far faster than bilgical evlutin, allwing intelligent species like humans t develp behaviral adaptatins fr managing cmplex scial envirnments. Ostua, r any ther practice that helps t maintain gd treatment f thers in sciety, is the result f tens f thusands f years f cultural trial and errr. The custms passed dwn ver time are thse that help us t develp as cultural grups.
The study f thse changes has helped us t understand hw we successfully spread arund the wrld as cperative grups. Bilgical evlutin has helped humans be mre cperative, but cultural changes have accelerated this prcess.
Cultural evlutin helps us t vercme ur selfish natures. Try t understand rules befre yu ignre them — and next time yu find a fiver n the grund, yu might think abut the awkward situatin yur discvery represents.
13．What made the parents feel a bit awkward?
A．The difficulty sharing the mney.
B．The difficulty finding the wner f the mney.
C．The thught f putting the mney n the bench.
D．The thught f keeping the mney fr themselves.
15．Hw is bilgical evlutin different frm cultural evlutin?
A．It evlves much slwer.B．It takes much less time.
C．It is a mre cmplex prcess.D．It makes humans mre cperative.
【答案】13．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了在这个充满竞争的世界里善行是存在的，不同的社会中存在不同的善行的事例，而善行的存在是千百年来的文化进化所致，它帮助我们克服自私的本性。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We std arund it fr a mment, a bit awkwardly, until smene suggested putting it n a nearby bench. Then ne f the parents remarked that we’d prbably have behaved differently — that is, we wuld have just taken the mney — had we been alne. (我们围着它有点尴尬地站了一会儿，直到有人建议把它放在附近的长凳上。然后，其中一位家长说，如果我们单独在那里，我们的行为可能会有所不同——也就是说，我们会直接拿走钱)”可知，当看到地上的钱时，这些父母们实际上产生了自私的想法：将钱占为己有，这种想法使人感到有点尴尬。故选D项。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Cultural changes are far faster than bilgical evlutin, allwing intelligent species like humans t develp behaviral adaptatins fr managing cmplex scial envirnments. (文化的变化比生物进化要快得多，这使得像人类这样有智力的物种能够发展出适应复杂社会环境的行为)”可知，生物进化与文化进化的不同之处在于它进行地慢得多。故选A项。
题型03 推理判断题

以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。
体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。
关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。
（23-24高三上·河北石家庄·期末）
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man? He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he deter-mines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes, and the bk was Dn Quixte (《堂吉诃德》). And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days, while thers g t seed lng befre?
We’ve all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can’t all get there. I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us, in fact, prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us——an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs (自我), whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate (视……等同于) “cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, r running a stre———make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They’ve learned life’s mst valuable lessn.
1．The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that ________.
A．lss f freedm stimulates ne’s creativity
B．age is nt a barrier t achieving ne’s gal
C．misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D．disability cannt stp a man´s pursuit f success
2．What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4?
A．Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B．Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C．Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D．Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
3．What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5?
A．A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B．A wise man can live withut self-pity.
C．A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D．A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life.
4．What is the authr’s purpse in writing the passage?
A．T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B．T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C．T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D．T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以名著《堂吉诃德》的作者Cervantes的事迹为例，讲述了想要成功，就要不断地学习，这样人生才有意义。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining, and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives, he deter-mines t write a bk. (他今年53岁。他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸作着失败的斗争。一次战争受伤使他的左手失去了功能，他经常被关进监狱。不知出于什么动机，他决定写一本书。)”可知，Cervantes已经53岁，不再年轻，前半生一直生活在不幸中，但即便这样，他还是决定写一本书；根据第二段“The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. (事实证明，这本书350多年来一直受到全世界的欢迎。)”可知，他最终实现了目标，并取得了巨大成功。由此推知，文章用Cervantes的故事作为开始，是为了告诉读者年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere. (没什么让我们惊讶的。我们失去了惊奇感。但是，如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在。)”可知，从第4段可以推断出机会垂青于有好奇心的人。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“We learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us——an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing. (我们学会忍受我们无法改变的事情。我们学会避免自怜。我们知道，无论我们多么努力地取悦别人，有些人永远不会爱我们——这个想法一开始会让人烦恼，但最终会让人放松。)”可推知，作者是想告诉我们，要学会用恰当的方式来对待生活。故选D。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第六段“With high mtivatin and enthusiasm, we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever, we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs (自我), whether t lved nes, t fellw humans, t wrk, r t sme mral cncept. (有了高度的动力和热情，我们就能继续学习。然后我们就会知道在我们的生活中有意义是多么重要。然而，只有当我们对比我们的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，我们才能获得意义，无论是对所爱的人，对人类同胞，对工作，还是对某些道德观念。)”可知，作者的目的是为了给人们指导人们如何过上有意义的成年生活。故选A。
题型04 词义猜测题

利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。
注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。
借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。例如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。
（23-24高三上·广东东莞·期末）The mushrming vide screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away ur already rare resurce: a place fr a mment f peace. Taking a nap r reading a bk n buses is less pleasant nw, as the LCD screens bradcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable vlumes.
Yu pay the bus fare simply t get a ride—undisturbed—but nw yu are expsed t this “added value”, whether yu like it r nt. If it’s a crwded bus, the nise is even mre exasperating. Mre and mre Chinese cities have jined Shanghai, regarded as the first t put vide screens n buses, disturbing millins f passengers.

29．What des the underlined wrd “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Entertaining.
B．Encuraging.
C．Disappinting.
D．Annying.
【答案】29．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了在公交车、出租车、公寓大厅里用视频屏幕播放内容这一现象，这夺走了人们寻找片刻安宁的机会。
29．词句猜测题。根据画线词前句“Yu pay the bus fare simply t get a ride—undisturbed—but nw yu are expsed t this ‘added value’, whether yu like it r nt.(你支付公交车费用只是为了乘车——不受干扰——但现在你暴露在这种‘附加值’中，无论你喜欢与否。)”可知，乘客
乘坐公交车是为了不受干扰地乘车，但视频屏幕播放内容会打扰乘客享受安宁，再结合画线词所在句中的“a crwded bus”和“the nise”可推知，在拥挤的公交车中，播放视频的噪音会更加让人生气。exasperating意为“惹人生气的”，与annying意思最接近。故选D。
（23-24高三上·广东深圳·期末）First-year cllege students ften are expected r required t live in drmitries. In the rest years, it’s usually up t thse students t decide whether t live n r ff campus.
At first glance, ff-campus husing can appear less expensive. But the additinal expenses utside f rent — like utilities, grceries, Internet access, cable and furniture — are ften verlked. T reduce ff-campus csts, sme students chse t verpack huses r apartments, smetimes with fur r five peple in a tw-bedrm huse. Unlike ff-campus husing, the ttal cst f living n campus is typically all-inclusive, cveting rent, utilities, furniture, Wi-Fi and a meal plan.
19．What des the underlined wrd “verpack” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Overlk.B．Overcnsume.C．Overestimate.D．Overlad.
【答案】 19．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是大学生选择校内外住宿的优劣，并提供了选择建议，分析了校内住宿对学习的益处和校外住宿的独立生活技能需求。
19．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“T reduce ff-campus csts(为了减少校外居住的成本)”以及划线单词后的“smetimes with fur r five peple in a tw-bedrm huse(有时四五个人住在一套两居室的房子里。)”可知，为了降低成本，有些学生选择在两室的卧房里住进四五个人，说明房子里住的人太多，由此可推断，划线单词verpack的意思应与“塞满或者挤满”意思相近。故选D项。
(2024年新课标高考英语I卷C篇)
Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
(2024年新课标高考英语甲卷D篇)
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
12. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
13. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
15. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
(2024年北京卷英语真题)
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
1．What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A．Make an assumptin.B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestin.D．Justify a cmparisn.
2．What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Accepted by.B．Determined by.C．Awakened by.D．Discvered by.
3．As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A．appreciativeB．dubtfulC．uncncernedD．disapprving
4．It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A．cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B．cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C．stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D．turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于cntingent n我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词cncepts and wrds，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
(2023年全国乙卷英语真题）
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
5．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．Hw past events shuld be presented.B．What humanity is cncerned abut.
C．Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D．Why written language is reliable.
6．What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A．His reprt was scientific.B．He represented the lcal peple.
C．He ruled ver Btany Bay.D．His recrd was ne-sided.
7．What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Prblem.B．Histry.C．Vice.D．Sciety.
8．Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A． Hw Maps Tell Stries f the Wrld B． A Shrt Histry f Australia
C． A Histry f the Wrld in 100 Objects D． Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
7．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以cnversatin指的是“历史”。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
A
【来源】湖北省沙市中学2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题
There have been many prblems with ur schls tday, the biggest f which is clsely related t ur culture. In general, ur culture, as represented in the media, gets excited by famus stars, and cnstantly stresses that it’s what yu have, nt what yu are, that cunts. Parents are encuraged t be away frm even very small children fr mst f the day. T many vters g fr pliticians wh wuld rather cut schl funding than t get rid f tax cuts fr the wealthy. All cntribute greatly t the prblems f educating ur children.
Tday’s teachers have t deal with a culture that is vastly different than in the past. They reprt that there is, amng mre children than ever, a lack f mtivatin, n drive t succeed r even try. The rle mdels that bys view in the media mstly cnsist f men in cmedies and ther shws wh are rude and ften extremely immature; self-centered verpaid athletes; men in mvies, televisin dramas, vide games, etc. wh are preccupied with vilence and pwer. As Lenard Sax wrte in Bys Adrift, “Teenage bys are lking fr mdels f mature adulthd, but we n lnger make any cllective effrt t prvide such mdels.” Girls are attacked nt nly with such annying images f males, but als with wmen wh are preccupied with appearance and are extremely materialistic.
In such a cultural envirnment, it is mre imprtant than ever t have respnsible, lving and caring parents wh have enugh time and mtivatin t devte t their children and see t it as their duty t mdel fr them and raise them with high standards f hnesty and respnsibility alng with tending t their physical needs. They need t care enugh t see that their children are nt attacked with the garbage that cmes frm mvie, televisin and cmputer screens. In tday’s culture, they are basically alne in this effrt since, unfrtunately, s much is wrking against them.
Until we, as a culture, face the truth abut urselves — that we are nt prviding adequately fr a great many f ur children — the strm will cntinue t sweep ver ur educatin system.
1．Hw is paragraph 1 mainly develped?
A．By analyzing causes.B．By shwing differences.
C．By describing a prcess.D．By using time rder.
2．What des tday’s culture prbably bring t the children?
A．Narrw access t entertainment.B．Little desire fr success.
C．Few materialistic mdels.D．Pr understanding abilities.
3．Accrding t the text, in tday’s culture parents need t _________.
A．devte mre t their childrenB．find hnest mdels fr their children
C．keep their children away frm cmputersD．help their children develp mtivatin
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards tday’s culture?
A．Psitive.B．Dissatisfied.C．Uncertain.D．Apprving
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了当今学校教育面临的问题，特别是与文化环境紧密相关的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In general, ur culture, as represented in the media, gets excited by famus stars, and cnstantly stresses that it’s what yu have, nt what yu are, that cunts. Parents are encuraged t be away frm even very small children fr mst f the day. T many vters g fr pliticians wh wuld rather cut schl funding than t get rid f tax cuts fr the wealthy.(总的来说，我们的文化，如媒体所展现的，对明星们兴奋不已，并不断强调重要的是你拥有什么，而不是你是什么样的人。父母们被鼓励在大部分时间里远离即使是很小的孩子。太多的选民选择那些宁愿削减学校资金也不愿取消对富人的减税政策的政治家)”可知，第一段主要通过分析原因（文化、父母、政客的行为）来展开，说明了当前学校教育问题背后的文化因素。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They reprt that there is, amng mre children than ever, a lack f mtivatin, n drive t succeed r even try.(他们报告说，比以往更多的孩子缺乏动力，没有成功的欲望，甚至不愿意尝试)”可知，当今的文化环境可能使孩子们缺乏成功的欲望和动力。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In such a cultural envirnment, it is mre imprtant than ever t have respnsible, lving and caring parents wh have enugh time and mtivatin t devte t their children and see t it as their duty t mdel fr them and raise them with high standards f hnesty and respnsibility alng with tending t their physical needs.(在这样的文化环境中，拥有负责任、充满爱心和关怀的父母比以往任何时候都更重要，他们有足够的时间和动力来投入到孩子身上，并把为他们树立榜样、以高标准的诚实和责任感养育他们视为自己的责任，同时照顾他们的身体需求)”可知，在当今的文化中，父母需要更多地投入到孩子身上。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Until we, as a culture, face the truth abut urselves — that we are nt prviding adequately fr a great many f ur children — the strm will cntinue t sweep ver ur educatin system.(除非我们作为一种文化，正视我们自己的真相——即我们没有为许多孩子提供足够的支持——否则风暴将继续席卷我们的教育体系)”可推知，作者对当今的文化环境持不满态度，认为它没有为孩子们提供足够的支持。故选B。
B
【来源】湖南省雅礼中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考英语试题
The negative nature f peer pressure is ften presented withut questin. The undesirable effect f peer pressure cannt be denied, but is it als pssible that peer pressure might nt entirely deserve its bad reputatin? Culd peer pressure als have psitive effects n the persnal develpment and behavir f yung peple? A lk at the scientific literature reveals exactly that: peer pressure is nt always a frce fr the dark side.
Many studies suggest that peer pressure and the desire t cnfrm (顺从) are simply a part f being human. Humans, after all, are highly scial beings. If humans are hard-wired t respnd t peer pressure, then it makes sense t examine hw it can be used t change behavir in a psitive way. Imagine a situatin: student X has always enjyed playing the guitar but is lazy and unmtivated. Althugh initially unwilling, she is persuaded t jin a schl band. The grup f students is preparing fr a perfrmance and the existing members are enthusiastic, fcused and hardwrking. Gradually, student X is caught up in the spirit f the band and befre lng she is willingly making the same cmmitment f time and effrt s they can all achieve a cmmn gal.
S hw des it wrk? Peer pressure — bth psitive and negative — fllws a recgnizable psychlgical prcess. If student X des nt cnfrm t the established culture f the band, she risks rejectin. T dispel this tensin, student X changes her habits and increases the amunt f time and energy she devtes t practice. Sme psychlgists describe this rearrangement f persnal gals r standards t achieve harmny as part f a grup as an “identity shift”.
The key t understanding the cncept f peer pressure and its pwer ver humans is t clsely examine the science f the prcess, rather than fcus n its negative aspects. Prviding a ne-dimensinal view f the cncept encurages the bias(偏见) that peer pressure is a strictly undesirable feature f human sciety. Instead, we shuld be explring ways t use its pwer fr gd.
5．Why des the authr raise the tw questins abut peer pressure in paragraph 1?
A．T present misinterpretatins f it.B．T encurage reflectin n it.
C．T dubt the investigatins int it.D．T shw general perceptins f it.
6．What shuld student X d t fit int the band?
A．Enhance her leadership.B．Stick t her ld rutines.
C．Learn t play mre instruments.D．Invest mre energy in playing the guitar.
7．What des the underlined wrd “dispel” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Hide.B．Sense.C．Remve.D．Display.
8．Hw des the authr lk at peer pressure?
A．It can be put t gd use.
B．It is an unwanted feature f human sciety.
C．It ges far beynd scientific explanatin.
D．It has mre advantages than disadvantages.
【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是议论文。文章讨论了同伴压力的正面影响，并通过学生X的例子，强调同伴压力在激发积极行为和个人发展方面的潜力。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“The negative nature f peer pressure is ften presented withut questin. The undesirable effect f peer pressure cannt be denied, but is it als pssible that peer pressure might nt entirely deserve its bad reputatin? Culd peer pressure als have psitive effects n the persnal develpment and behavir f yung peple? A lk at the scientific literature reveals exactly that: peer pressure is nt always a frce fr the dark side.(同辈压力的消极性质通常是毫无疑问的。同伴压力的不良影响是不可否认的，但是否也有可能同伴压力并不完全配得上它的坏名声呢？同辈压力是否也会对年轻人的个人发展和行为产生积极影响？科学文献揭示了这一点：同辈压力并不总是黑暗面的力量)”可知，作者在第一段首先指出同伴压力的负面影响毋庸置疑, 接着提出了两个问题: 同伴压力是否也有可能不完全是负面的? 同伴压力是否也会对年轻人的个人发展和行为产生积极影响? 作者最后指出, 科学文献表明同伴压力并不总是负面的。由此可推知，作者提出这两个问题是为了引起人们对同伴压力的反思，从而提出自己的观点——同伴压力并不总是负面的。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Gradually, student X is caught up in the spirit f the band and befre lng she is willingly making the same cmmitment f time and effrt s they can all achieve a cmmn gal.(渐渐地，学生X被乐队的精神所吸引，不久之后，她愿意付出同样的时间和精力，这样他们就可以实现一个共同的目标)”和第三段“If student X des nt cnfrm t the established culture f the band, she risks rejectin.(如果学生X不符合乐队的既定文化，她就有被拒绝的风险)”可知，如果学生 X 想融入乐队，就需要和成员们一起努力，投入更多时间和精力练习吉他。故选D。
7．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“If student X des nt cnfrm t the established culture f the band, she risks rejectin.(如果学生X不符合乐队的既定文化，她就有被拒绝的风险)”以及后文“student X changes her habits and increases the amunt f time and energy she devtes t practice(学生X改变了自己的习惯，增加了练习的时间和精力)”可知，学生X改变了她的习惯，投入了更多的时间和精力练习，她这样做就是为了不被排斥，即为了消除由于害怕被排斥而带来的紧张。故划线词意思是“消除”。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead, we shuld be explring ways t use its pwer fr gd.(相反，我们应该探索如何利用它的力量做好事)”可知，作者认为同伴压力可以被很好地利用起来。故选A。
C
【来源】江西省赣州市赣州赣抚吉十五校联考2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考试题
“T get ahead in this wrld, dn’t we need a little bit f perfectinism?” As smene wh has researched perfectinism fr ver a decade, I’m asked this questin a lt. And I used t think that was true. It’s hard t succeed nwadays. Yu’ve gt t sacrifice yurself, keep pushing well beynd what’s cmfrtable, and live life n yur tiptes. That’s just the cmmn things in a cmpetitive sciety where there are nly a few winners, I believed.
Yet, research finds that perfectinism has n relatinship with perfrmance. Perfectinistic peple struggle really hard, but they’re n mre likely t be successful. One reasn is that perfectinistic peple wrk hard but unsustainably s. They ften find themselves in the sapping zne and ppsite returns n their effrts.
Anther is that many perfectinists are wrld champins at self-dubt. When things get tugh, when it lks like failure is heading their way, the anticipated shame and embarrassment are s fierce that perfectinistic peple are unwilling t put frth any further effrt that might allw thers t discver their shrtcmings. S, they simply give up t avid fears f failure, which makes failure mre likely.
Fr perfectinists, dialing dwn gals and aiming fr excellence instead desn’t usually wrk. On the cntrary, it’s imprtant t learn t embrace the inevitability f setbacks, failures, and things nt ging quite as planned. It’s imprtant t be able t sit cmfrtably with these humanizing experiences, t let them be, and nt need t drive them ut f existence.
S we shuldn’t struggle t be perfect because perfectinism desn’t lead t success. Instead, d recgnize that learning t embrace imperfectins and setbacks helps us t accept urselves and keep mving frward.
9．What is the authr’s initial belief abut perfectinism?
A．It has n relatinship with perfrmance.
B．It leads t self-dubt and fear f failure.
C．It is unsustainable and leads t burnut.
D．It is necessary fr success in tugh sciety.
10．What des the underlined wrd “sapping” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Falling.B．Reserving.
C．ExcitingD．Refreshing.
11．Why d many perfectinists give up when faced with challenges?
A．They are nt willing t wrk hard.
B．They are afraid f shame frm failure.
C．They are unwilling t accept any failure.
D．They are unable t dial dwn their gals.
12．What is the best title f the text?
A．Why Yu Shuld Embrace “Gd Enugh”
B．Why Kids Need “Intelligent Failure”
C．What Is A Better Way T Seek Guidance
D．What We Can benefit Frm Perfectinism
【答案】9．D 10．A 11．B 12．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述我们不应该为追求完美而奋斗，因为完美主义不会带来成功。相反，要认识到，学会接受不完美和挫折有助于我们接受自己并继续前进。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段““T get ahead in this wrld, dn’t we need a little bit f perfectinism?” As smene wh has researched perfectinism fr ver a decade, I’m asked this questin a lt. And I used t think that was true. (“要想在这个世界上出人头地，我们难道不需要一点完美主义吗？”作为一个研究完美主义超过十年的人，我经常被问到这个问题。而且我过去也认为的确如此。)”可知，作者认为要出人头地，我们需要一点完美主义，因此作者最初认为完美主义是在社会上取得成功的必要条件。故选D。
10．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Perfectinistic peple struggle really hard, but they’re n mre likely t be successful. One reasn is that perfectinistic peple wrk hard but unsustainably s. They ften find themselves in the sapping zne and ppsite returns n their effrts. (完美主义者确实非常努力，但他们并不比其他人更有可能成功。其中一个原因是，完美主义者虽然努力，但这种努力是不可持续的。他们常常发现自己处于sapping区，并且他们的努力常常得不到相应的回报)”可知，完美主义者工作努力但不可持续，因此他们经常发现自己处于“sapping”区，即消耗精力、令人疲惫的区域，与他们的努力相反。故划线词意思是“令人疲惫的、消耗精力的”。A. Falling下降的；B. Reserving保留的；C. Exciting令人兴奋的；D. Refreshing令人耳目一新的。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Anther is that many perfectinists are wrld champins at self-dubt. When things get tugh, when it lks like failure is heading their way, the anticipated shame and embarrassment are s fierce that perfectinistic peple are unwilling t put frth any further effrt that might allw thers t discver their shrtcmings. (另一个原因是，许多完美主义者都是自我怀疑的世界冠军。当事情变得艰难，看起来失败即将来临时，预期的羞耻和尴尬是如此强烈，以至于完美主义者不愿意付出任何进一步的努力，这可能会让别人发现他们的缺点)”可知，许多完美主义者面对挑战时会放弃是因为他们害怕失败带来的羞愧。故选B。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Yet, research finds that perfectinism has n relatinship with perfrmance. (然而，研究发现完美主义与表现无关。)”以及最后一段“S we shuldn’t struggle t be perfect because perfectinism desn’t lead t success. Instead, d recgnize that learning t embrace imperfectins and setbacks helps us t accept urselves and keep mving frward. (所以我们不应该挣扎着追求完美，因为完美主义并不会带来成功。相反，要认识到学会接纳不完美和挫折有助于我们接受自己并继续前行)”可知，文章主要讲述了新的研究表明，完美主义并不一定能带来成功，反而可能会让人筋疲力尽，害怕失败。相反，我们应该学会接受不完美和挫折，这样才能接受自己。因此推断A项“为什么你应该接受‘足够好’”为最佳标题。故选A。
D
【来源】江苏省泰州中学2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题
Teaching is a caregiving prfessin. We all have that ne teacher wh inspired us t aim higher, chse a certain career path, r simply discver ur passins. This rle cmes with nt nly many satisfactins, but lts f pressure t hld yurselves t a higher standard. The respnsibilities f teachers nly increased during the pandemic, s teachers had t shw cmpassin fr students and parents — ften withut expecting the same treatment. That’s why it’s s easy t think f teachers as selfless peple that give it all fr future generatins.
Hwever, where des that leave teachers? Educatrs are taught t d many things, but their educatin is usually lacking in addressing the emtinal prblems f being a teacher. During the pandemic, I failed t make my nline classes as enjyable as pssible fr my students. Later, it turned ut that ther teachers were having prblems as well. I had zer reasns t feel s islated in my experience. What I needed was self-cmpassin. Accrding t Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, “Self-cmpassin is simply cmpassin directed inwards.” In ther wrds, it’s abut shwing yurself the same care and understanding that yu typically shw students r ther peple in yur life. Sme peple have mre self-cmpassin than thers, and wrking twards achieving mre f it can help yu in all aspects f yur life.
Being a teacher cmes with s many expectatins and respnsibilities. In thery, nbdy’s perfect, but there’s great pressure t be a gd rle mdel, educatr, mentr, etc. The inner critic has s much mre “material” t wrk with when yu’ re in frnt f a class. It’s n wnder that in stressful situatins, it’s harder t cntrl yur self-talk. Fr example, if yu fail t uplad a lessn n time, yur inner critic will jump at the chance t say, “Yu’ re s frgetful, and I can’t believe yu did this.”
It’s n secret that teachers are usually under a lt f stress. A part f the slutin can be incrprating self-cmpassin int teaching, which can nt nly enhance a satisfactry jb but als have a gd effect n students.
13．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Teachers’ dedicating themselves t the cause f teaching.
B．Teachers’ shwing great cmpassin fr themselves.
C．Teachers’ suffering frm unknwn mental pressure.
D．Teachers’ failing t learn smething in their careers.
14．Which f the fllwing fits with Dr. Kristin Neff’s view n self-cmpassin?
A．Self-cmpassin is hard fr teachers t learn.
B．Self-cmpassin helps teachers understand students well.
C．The mre self-cmpassin yu have, the mre benefits yu’ll get.
D．The mre yu understand thers, the mre self-cmpassin yu’ll have.
15．What can be inferred frm the example given in paragraph 3?
A．Teachers’ respnsibilities matter.B．Teachers have a lt f wrk pressure.
C．Teachers play a big rle in students’ life.D．It’s nrmal fr teachers t d wrng things.
16．What is mainly talked abut in the text?
A．The imprtance f teachers’ self-cmpassin.
B．The suggestins n raising future generatins.
C．The necessity f reducing the burden n teachers.
D．The appraches t teachers’ grwth and develpment.
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了教师自我同情的重要性，指出教育者通常缺乏对自身情感问题的关注，而在疫情期间，教师更需要自我同情来应对压力，同时自我同情也能对教学和学生产生积极影响。
13．词句猜测题。第一段中“That’s why it’s s easy t think f teachers as selfless peple that give it all fr future generatins.(这就是为什么很容易把老师看作是无私的人，他们为下一代付出了一切)”指出老师是无私的人，他们为下一代付出了一切；根据指代关系和第二段中“Hwever, where des that leave teachers? Educatrs are taught t d many things, but their educatin is usually lacking in addressing the emtinal prblems f being a teacher.(然而，那对教师来说意味着什么？教育者被教导要做很多事情，但他们的教育通常缺乏解决作为教师所面临的情感问题)”可知，尽管教育者为下一代付出了一切，但他们自己却通常缺乏对自身情感问题的关注。由此可推断出，指示代词“that”指代的是上文中“老师们无私地为教学事业奉献一切”的这一行为。故选A项。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Accrding t Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, ‘Self-cmpassin is simply cmpassin directed inwards.’ In ther wrds, it’s abut shwing yurself the same care and understanding that yu typically shw students r ther peple in yur life. Sme peple have mre self-cmpassin than thers, and wrking twards achieving mre f it can help yu in all aspects f yur life.(该领域的主要研究人员克里斯汀·内夫博士说：“自我同情只是向内的同情。”换句话说，就是对自己表现出你通常对学生或生活中其他人表现出的同样的关心和理解。有些人的自我同情比其他人更多，努力获得更多的自我同情可以在你生活的方方面面帮助你)”可知，克里斯汀·内夫博士认为自我同情就是对自己的同情，拥有更多的自我同情可以在生活的各个方面帮助你。由此推知，克里斯汀·内夫博士会赞同“The mre self-cmpassin yu have, the mre benefits yu’ll get.(你拥有的自我同情越多，你得到的益处就越多)”。故选C项。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Being a teacher cmes with s many expectatins and respnsibilities. In thery, nbdy’s perfect, but there’s great pressure t be a gd rle mdel, educatr, mentr, etc.(作为一名教师，有很多期望和责任。从理论上讲，没有人是完美的，但要成为一个好的榜样、教育者、导师等等，压力是很大的)”和“Fr example, if yu fail t uplad a lessn n time, yur inner critic will jump at the chance t say, ‘Yu’ re s frgetful, and I can’t believe yu did this.’(例如，如果你没有按时上传课程，你内心的批评者会抓住机会说：‘你太健忘了，我不相信你竟然会这样做。’)”可知，本段通过未能按时上传课程的例子，说明了教师内心的批评者会如何利用这个机会来指责自己，由此可推断出，这个例子表明了教师的工作压力很大。故选B项。
16．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段中“What I needed was self-cmpassin. Accrding t Dr. Kristin Neff, a lead researcher in this field, ‘Self-cmpassin is simply cmpassin directed inwards.’ In ther wrds, it’s abut shwing yurself the same care and understanding that yu typically shw students r ther peple in yur life. Sme peple have mre self-cmpassin than thers, and wrking twards achieving mre f it can help yu in all aspects f yur life.(我需要的是自我同情。该领域的主要研究人员克里斯汀·内夫博士说：“自我同情只是向内的同情。”换句话说，就是对自己表现出你通常对学生或生活中其他人表现出的同样的关心和理解。有些人的自我同情比其他人更多，努力获得更多的自我同情可以在你生活的方方面面帮助你)”和最后一段“It’s n secret that teachers are usually under a lt f stress. A part f the slutin can be incrprating self-cmpassin int teaching, which can nt nly enhance a satisfactry jb but als have a gd effect n students.(众所周知，教师通常承受着很大的压力。解决方案的一部分可以是将自我同情融入教学中，这不仅可以提升工作的满意度，而且对学生也有好处)”可知，文章主要指出教师需要关注自身的情感问题，通过自我同情来应对压力，同时也能对教学产生积极影响，即论述了教师自我同情的重要性。故选A项。