专题02 认识句子的成分(课件) 2026年高考英语从零开始学写作（全国通用）

高中英语写作从零开始专题02 认识句子的成分核心概念：什么是句子？一个完整的英语句子，就像一栋小房子，必须要有基础结构，否则就会倒塌。· 必须有的部分：主语 (Subject) + 谓语 (Predicate)。· 表达一个完整的意思：告诉别人“谁/什么” + “做了什么/是什么”。主宾补定状谓表I want you to find a yellow key to open the door.The key is on your left.核心概念：什么是句子？句子成分基本成分核心成分状语（修饰动词）修饰成分句子成分主语谓语动词谓语成分宾语间接宾语直接宾语补语宾语补足语主语补足语（表语）定语（修饰名词）1. 主语· 功能：句子的主体，说明句子讲的是“谁”或“什么”。它是句子的发起者。· 位置：通常在句首（倒装句除外）。· 由什么充当：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词等。· 标志：回答“谁？”或“什么？”的问题。例句：· The cat is sleeping. （这只猫在睡觉。）【名词】· He loves music. （他热爱音乐。）【代词】· To learn English is important. （学习英语很重要。）【动词不定式】· Swimming is good for health. （游泳对健康有益。）【动名词】概念: 主语是句子说明的人或事物; 动作的发出者，常置于句首。I love you. （“我”作主语，是爱的发出者）例如：I like eating. 什么人，什么事1. 主语1. 主语请找出下列句子中的主语1. The sun rises in the east.           2. Twenty years is a short time in history.        3. The poor are now living in the shelter. 4. Seeing is believing.      5. To see is to believe.          6. He likes dancing.    7. What he needs is a book.8. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）      （数词）(名词化的形容词）（动名词）  （不定式） （代词）（句子）（It作形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 主语：一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句充当2. 谓语· 功能：说明主语的动作、状态或特征。谓语的核心是动词。· 位置：通常在主语之后。 · 简单谓语：由一个动词构成 Birds fly. （鸟飞。） · 复合谓语： · 动词短语：由情态动词(can, may, must等) + 动词原形构成。 · She can speak English. （她会说英语。） · 系动词：表示状态，后接表语。最常见的是 be 动词 (am, is, are, was, were)。还有 look（看起来），sound（听起来），become（变成），feel（感觉）等。2. 谓语概念：说明主语的动作、状态和特征，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化，有简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw a monkey. He looked after two dogs.复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t want the dress.I talked about my career plan.Tom can play the violin.The food tastes delicious.They are my best friend.He didn’t finish his homework.实义动词情态动词+动词原形系动词-感官动词系动词-be动词助动词+动词原形实义动词系动词情态动词+动词原形助动词+动词原形2. 谓语系动词口诀：状感正持续变好及物动词 & 不及物动词2. 谓语What happened?The plane took off at 10 o’clock.We were beaten by their team.You can do it if you try hard.I will watch the movie.She quickly filled in the form.Time flies.This is a good story.3. 宾语· 功能：动作的承受者。说明动作是对“谁”或“什么”做的。· 位置：通常在及物动词（后面必须接宾语的动词）之后。· 由什么充当：与主语类似，常由名词、代词等充当。· 标志：回答“谁？”或“什么？”的问题（针对谓语动词提问）。例句：· I like apples. （我喜欢苹果。）【名词】· She knows him. （她认识他。）【代词】· We want to leave. （我们想离开。）【动词不定式】概念：宾语指动作的对象或叫承受者。I speak English.“我”是动作发出者,“说”是动作,“英语”就是动作的对象。分类：宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指物或事，间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books. 间宾 直宾●Please pass me the book.●He bought his girlfriend some flowers.3. 宾语找出宾语，并判断其由什么充当Show your passport, please. She didn't say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词）（代词）（数词）（名词化的形容词）（不定式）（动名词）（宾语从句）3. 宾语 - 双宾语有些动词（如 give, show, tell, buy 等）可以带两个宾语。· 间接宾语：指人，表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。· 直接宾语：指物，表示动作的直接承受者。结构：主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语· My mother bought me a new dress. · 间接宾语：me (给我) 直接宾语：a new dress (一件新裙子)· He gave her a book. · 间接宾语：her (给她) 直接宾语：a book (一本书)3. 宾语宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.He gave me some books. ↓间接宾语IO ↓直接宾语DO●Please pass me the book.●He bought his mother some flowers.mesome books4. 表语· 功能：放在系动词之后，说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态。它与系动词一起构成“系表结构”，形成复合谓语。· 位置：紧跟在系动词之后。· 由什么充当：名词、形容词、介词短语等。例句：· My father is a doctor. （我父亲是一名医生。）【名词】· The weather becomes cold. （天气变得冷了。）【形容词】· The book is on the desk. （书在桌子上。）【介词短语】口诀：主系表，是一家，说明主语是个啥。4. 表语概念：表语用来说明主语的身份、品性、特征和状态。常位于系动词之后，构成所谓的系表结构在系动词后的部分就是表语They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.常见系动词口诀amisarelookfeelsmelltastesoundseemappearbecometurngetgrowgokeepstayremain口诀：妆感正持续变好找出表语，并判断其由什么充当Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（代词）（形容词）（形容词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）（副词）（表语从句）5. 定语· 功能：修饰名词或代词，相当于中文的“的”字结构。告诉你“什么样的”人或物。· 位置：可放在被修饰词的前面或后面。 · 前置定语：通常由形容词、代词、名词等充当。 · a red car （一辆红色的汽车） my book （我的书） · 后置定语：通常由介词短语、不定式等充当。 · the girl in red （那个穿红衣服的女孩） · something to eat （一些吃的东西）5. 定语概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的句子成分；通常形容词作定语的占比最大。定语的分类：定语分为前置定语和后置定语。He is our friend.（前置定语放在名词前面）The man over there is my old friend.（后置定语放在名词后面）修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel factory.There are 54 students in our class.Do you know betty’s sister?He bought some sleeping pills.His spoken language is good.The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(过去分词)(定语从句)定语后置如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置。The girl in red is his sister.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?6. 状语· 功能：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等。相当于中文的“地”字结构。· 位置：非常灵活，可在句首、句中或句末。· 由什么充当：副词、介词短语、名词短语等。例句（修饰动词）：· She speaks English fluently. （她英语说得流利。）【方式】· We will go tomorrow. （我们明天去。）【时间】· He is waiting at the bus stop. （他在公交车站等。）【地点】例句（修饰形容词）：· The movie is very interesting. （这部电影非常有趣。）【程度】6. 状语概念：状语是说明动作或状态特征的成分。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 请划出下列句子的状语并判断其类型I will be back in two days. ( )They are playing on the playground. ( )He was late because he got up late. ( )He got up so late that I missed the train. ( )时间状语地点状语原因状语结果状语找出状语，并判断状语类型How about meeting again at six? Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old.I am taller than he is.（时间）（原因）（条件）（地点）（方式）（伴随）（目的）（结果）（让步）（比较）7. 补语· 功能：用来补充说明主语或宾语的状态或特征，使句意完整。 · 主语补足语：通常在被动语态中。 · He was elected monitor. （他被选为班长。）【补充说明主语“他”】 · 宾语补足语：放在宾语之后，说明宾语的状态或动作。 · We call him Big Tom. （我们叫他大汤姆。）【补充说明宾语“他”】 · The news made her happy. （这个消息让她很开心。）【补充说明宾语“她”】7. 补语概念：宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的意义或状态等，使语义完整，一般由形容词、名词、副词、动词不定式、分词和介词短语充当。 1. I found the book interesting. 2.His father named him Dongming. 3.Let the fresh air in. (形容词 ）（名词）（副词）找出宾补，并判断其由什么充当His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）The young man bought his girlfriend a beautiful gift in the store yesterday.1. 第一步：找主干（主谓宾） · 问：谁 做了什么？ -> The young man (主语) · 问：做了什么？ -> bought (谓语) · 问：买了什么？ -> a beautiful gift (直接宾语) · 问：给谁买的？ -> his girlfriend (间接宾语) · 主干： The young man bought his girlfriend a beautiful gift.2. 第二步：找修饰成分（定状） · 定语： · 什么样的 man? -> The young (修饰主语) · 谁的 girlfriend? -> his (修饰间接宾语) · 什么样的 gift? -> a beautiful (修饰直接宾语) · 状语： · 在哪里 买的？ -> in the store (地点状语) · 什么时候 买的？ -> yesterday (时间状语)主语The young man 句子的主体谓语bought 核心动作间接宾语his girlfriend 动作的间接对象直接宾语a beautiful gift 动作的直接对象定语young, his, beautiful 修饰名词状语in the store, yesterday 说明地点和时间核心要点1. 主语和谓语是句子的灵魂，缺一不可。2. 宾语是动作的承受者，不是所有句子都有。3. 表语是系动词的搭档，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。4. 定语和状语是句子的修饰品，让句子更丰富、具体。5. 分析句子时，先找主干（主谓宾/主系表），再找枝叶（定状补）。【当堂检测】Ⅰ 写出画线部分在句中所作的成分（黑体部分为本单元词汇）1. After the lecture, please exchange views with your partner. 2. When you register your information, don’t forget to fill in your name, sex（male or female）, age, and nationality. 3. We look forward to visiting the Eiffel Tower designed by a famous designer. 4. After registration, the freshmen were anxious to visit the campus. 状语谓语定语表语5. John doesn’t plan to go to senior high school after graduating from junior high school. 6. I found my partner confident and outgoing. 7. The company organised a workshop to explore solutions . 宾语宾语补足语 主语长句翻译1. 那个在操场上跑步的男孩是我的同桌，他每天都坚持锻炼。2. 我们应该尽最大努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。3. 我认为每天背诵10个英语单词对提高词汇量很有帮助。4. 老师鼓励我们在课堂上积极发言，大胆表达自己的观点。5. 昨天我买的那本英语小说非常有趣，让我爱不释手。6. 为了能考上理想的大学，他每天都学习到深夜。7. 众所周知，坚持阅读是提高英语写作能力的有效方法。8. 她给我们讲述了一个发生在她家乡的感人故事。9. 我们学校将举办一场英语演讲比赛，这让很多学生都很兴奋。10. 父母经常告诉我们，诚实是人生中最重要的品质之一。长句翻译1. The boy running on the playground is my deskmate, and he keeps exercising every day.2. We should try our best to help those in need.3. I think reciting 10 English words every day is very helpful for improving vocabulary.4. Teachers encourage us to speak actively in class and express our opinions boldly.5. The English novel I bought yesterday is very interesting and makes me unable to put it down.长句翻译6. To be admitted to his ideal university, he studies late into the night every day.7. As we all know, keeping reading is an effective way to improve English writing ability.8. She told us a touching story that happened in her hometown.9. Our school will hold an English speech contest, which makes many students very excited.10. Parents often tell us that honesty is one of the most important qualities in life.长句翻译11. 正在树下看书的那位女士是我们的英语老师，她来自英国。12. 为了保护环境，我们应该减少使用一次性塑料制品。13. 我不确定他是否会参加明天的会议，因为他最近很忙。14. 他花了整整一个月的时间准备这次英语考试，最终取得了优异的成绩。15. 我们相信只要努力付出，就一定能实现自己的梦想。16. 那个由著名建筑师设计的博物馆吸引了大量游客前来参观。17. 老师要求我们在周末完成一篇关于环保的英语作文。18. 随着智能手机的普及，人们的沟通方式发生了巨大的变化。19. 我永远不会忘记和同学们一起度过的那些快乐时光。20. 无论遇到什么困难，我们都应该保持积极乐观的心态。长句翻译11. The lady reading under the tree is our English teacher, who is from Britain.12. To protect the environment, we should reduce the use of disposable plastic products.13. I'm not sure whether he will attend tomorrow's meeting, because he has been very busy recently.14. He spent a whole month preparing for this English exam and finally achieved excellent results.15. We believe that as long as we work hard, we will surely realize our dreams.长句翻译16. The museum designed by a famous architect has attracted a large number of tourists to visit.17. The teacher asked us to finish an English composition about environmental protection on weekends.18. With the popularity of smartphones, people's way of communication has undergone tremendous changes.19. I will never forget those happy times spent with my classmates.20. No matter what difficulties we encounter, we should maintain a positive and optimistic attitude.高中英语写作从零开始谢谢观看