2025译林新版八年上册英语 Unit 7 The natural world! 讲义

这是一份2025译林新版八年上册英语 Unit 7 The natural world! 讲义，共41页。
Unit 7 The natural world !单词解析Coral (名词) 珊瑚【用法讲解】 coral常为不可数名词，但在表示“单个珊瑚虫、珊瑚制品”时为可数名词，其复数形式为corals；coral还可为形容词，译为“珊瑚色的”。 Eg: The ocean floor is covered with colourful coral. 海底布满彩色珊瑚。She wore a coral dress to the party. 她穿着珊瑚色连衣裙参加派对。【常见搭配】 coral reef 珊瑚礁 Eg: Pollution harms coral reefs every year. 污染每年都危害珊瑚。【即学即用】We must protect the ________ (珊瑚) in the ocean. 答案：coralReef (名词) 礁【用法讲解】 reef常为可数名词，其复数形式为reefs；reef还可为动词，译为“缩帆、收拢”。 Eg: The boat hit a reef and sank. 船撞上暗礁沉没了。The captain reefed the sails to slow down the ship. 船长收起部分船帆以减低船速。【常见搭配】 Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁 Eg: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is famous worldwide. 澳大利亚大堡礁闻名全球。【即学即用】Divers explored the vibrant coral r______. 答案：reefPenguin (名词) 企鹅【用法讲解】 penguin为可数名词，其复数形式为penguins。 Eg: Penguins live in Antarctica and surrounding regions. 企鹅生活在南极洲及周边地区。【常见搭配】 penguin colony 企鹅群落 Emperor penguin 帝企鹅 Eg: The penguin colony on the island has thousands of members. 岛上的企鹅群落有数千只企鹅。Emperor penguins can survive in extremely cold temperatures. 帝企鹅能在极寒环境中生存。【即学即用】Climate change threatens __________ (企鹅) habitats. 答案：penguinEcosystem (名词) 生态系统【用法讲解】 ecosystem为可数名词，其复数形式为ecosystems。 Eg: The desert ecosystem is fragile and easily disrupted. 沙漠生态系统脆弱且易被破坏。【常见搭配】 ecosystem balance 生态平衡Eg: Bees play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance. 蜜蜂在维持生态平衡中起关键作用。【派生词】 ecosystemic为形容词，译为“生态系统的”。 Eg: Ecosystemic changes require global cooperation. 生态系统的变化需要全球合作。【即学即用】Coral reefs are vital to marine e__________. 答案： ecosystems Rainfall (名词) 降雨量、下雨【用法讲解】 rainfall为不可数名词。 Eg: The meteorologist predicted a decrease in rainfall next month. 气象学家预测下月降雨量将减少。【常见搭配】 annual rainfall 年降雨量 Heavy rainfall 强降雨 Eg: The annual rainfall in this region is about 800 mm. 该地区年降雨量约800毫米。Heavy rainfall caused flooding in several towns. 强降雨导致多个城镇发生洪水。【即学即用】这里的年降雨量低于平均水平。 The _______ _______ here is lower than average. 答案：annual rainfallClimate (名词) 气候【用法讲解】 climate常为不可数名词，但在表示“不同类型的气候或特定区域的气候”时为可数名词，其复数形式为climates。 Eg: The climate here is mild all year round. 这里全年气候温和。【常见搭配】 global climate 全球气候 Climate control 气候调节 Climate change 气候变化 Eg: Global climate is warming due to human activities. 全球气候因人类活动而变暖。The car has advanced climate control. 这辆车有先进的气候调节系统。Climate change is causing sea levels to rise. 气候变化导致海平面上升。【派生词】 climatic为形容词，译为“气候的”； climatology为名词，译为“气候学”。 Eg: The island of Greenland gives us a good example of climatic change. 格陵兰岛给我们一个气候变化的好例子。Meanwhile, the annual precipitation of China is slightly less than climatology. 与此同时，全国平均年降水量较常年略偏少。【易混辨析】 climate与weather区别： climate指长期、稳定的天气模式； Weather指短期、多变的天气现象。 Eg: The weather today is sunny, but the climate here is generally rainy. 今天天气晴朗，但这里的气候通常多雨。【即学即用】Different c__________ exist across the country, from desert to rainforest. 答案：climatesWetland (名词) 湿地【用法讲解】 wetland常作集合名词，无复数形式，但在表示“多个湿地”时为可数名词，其复数形式为wetlands。 Eg: Wetlands play an important role in maintaining ecological balance. 湿地在维持生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用。【常见搭配】 protect the wetland 保护湿地 Wetland area 湿地面积 Eg: We should work together to protect the wetland. 我们都应该共同努力保护湿地。The wetland area has been decreasing in recent years. 近年来湿地面积一直在减少。【派生词】 wet为形容词，译为“潮湿的”； wetness为名词，译为“潮湿”。 Eg: It was still wet underfoot. 地上仍是湿的。He confirmed the wetness of the swimming trunks. 他确定游泳裤是湿的。【即学即用】The ___________ (湿地) in this region include marshes and swamps. 答案：wetlandsInclude (动词) 包括【用法讲解】 include强调将事物作为整体的一部分纳入范围或类别。 注意：“including + 名词”，相当于介词，译为“其中包含...”； “名词 + included”，相当于形容词，译为“包含的”。 Eg: The package includes a book and a CD. 包裹里包含一本书和一张CD。Five people were injured, including two children. 五人受伤，其中包括两名儿童。The price is $100, postage included. 价格100美元，含邮费。【常见搭配】 include doing sth. 包括做某事 Be included in... 被包含在...内 Eg: My job includes answering emails. 我的工作包括答复邮件。Your name is included in the list. 你的名字在名单上。【派生词】 inclusion为名词，译为“包含的行为或状态”。 Eg: The company promotes diversity and inclusion. 公司倡导多样性与包容性。【即学即用】Many factors, _________ (include) weather and traffic, can affect the delivery time. 答案：includingNon - living (形容词) 非生物的【用法讲解】 non - living在句中常作定语修饰名词。 Eg: Non - living things do not have the ability to reproduce. 非生物没有繁殖能力。【常见搭配】 non - living matter 非生命物质（指土壤、水、空气等无机成分） Non - living components 非生物成分（指阳光、温度等无机部分） Eg: The non - living matter in soil affects plant growth. 土壤中的非生命物质影响植物生长。Ecosystems include both living and non - living components. 生态系统包含生物与非生物成分。【即学即用】The Earth and everything on it, living and _________ (非生物的), interact to influence the life we have. 答案：non - livingPond (名词) 池塘【用法讲解】 pond为可数名词，其复数形式为ponds。 Eg: There are a lot of fish in the pond. 池塘里有很多鱼。【常见搭配】 fish pond 鱼塘 Eg: My uncle has a big fish pond. 我叔叔有一个大鱼塘。【易混辨析】 pond、pool与lake区别： pond强调自然形成或人工建造的，相对开放的小型水域； pool侧重于人工建造的、用于特定目的（如游泳、戏水）的水域； lake指面积更大的自然湖泊。 Eg: The pond is home to many frogs. 这个池塘是许多青蛙的家园。There is a swimming pool in the hotel. 酒店里有一个游泳池。The pond is much smaller than the lake. 池塘比湖泊小得多。【即学即用】The children were playing near the ________ (池塘). 答案：pondAround (副词) 大约【用法讲解】 around作副词，还可译为“周围、四处、转过身”；around还可为介词，译为“在...周围、环绕、遍及”。 Eg: The price is around 50 dollars. 价格大约是50美元。He turned around and saw me. 他转过身看到了我。The children are running around in the park. 孩子们在公园里四处跑。There are many trees around the lake. 湖的周围有许多树。We traveled around the country last year. 去年我们遍游了全国。【常见搭配】 look around 环顾、四处看 Travel around 周游 Turn around 转身 Get around 四处走动、传播 Go around 围着...转 Eg: He looked around the room but found nothing. 他环顾了房间，但什么也没找到。They plan to travel around the world next year. 他们计划明年周游世界。She turned around and smiled at me. 她转过身对我微笑。The news got around quickly. 这个消息很快传开了。The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。【易混辨析】 around、round区别： around强调在某个范围内的环绕、周围或大约； round与around意思相近，但更口语化一些； Eg: I’ll arrive around 5 pm. 我大约下午5点到。【即学即用】 ( )1. There were _______ 50 people at the party. around B. into C. with D. of答案： AHold (动词) 容纳、拿着、举行【用法讲解】hold为动词时，还可译为“保持、支撑、控制、坚持住”； Eg: The hall can hold 200 people. 这个大厅能容纳200人。He held his father’s hand. 他牵着爸爸的手。 Hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸Hold the weight 承受重量Our school will hold a competition next week. 我们学校下周将举办比赛。Hold back tears 忍住眼泪【常见搭配】 hold off 推迟、拒绝 Hold up 延迟、举起、支撑得主 Hold back 阻止、阻碍 Eg: Could you hold off your decision until next week? 你可以推迟到下星期再做决定吗？Those who are in favor please hold up their hands. 如果赞成，就请举手。You got to hold up my end of this deal! 你开始支撑我结束交易！She kept trying to hold back her tears. 她一直在试图抑制住眼泪。【即学即用】( )1. Could you ________ your decision until next week?hold off B. hold up C. hold on D. hold back答案： A Return (动词) 返回、回去、回来【用法讲解】 return还可为名词，译为“返回、回来、恢复”。 Eg: He will return home tomorrow. 我明天会回家。 The patient is slowly returning to health. 病人正在逐渐恢复健康。The return of the investment was very high. 这项投资的回报率很高。【常见搭配】 return sth. to sb./ sth. 把某物归还给某人/某处 Return to + 地点 = go back to 地点 回到某地 In return 作为回报（强调一种行为或态度的回应） In return for ... 作为对...的回报（强调一种明确的、具体的交换关系） Eg: I returned the book to the library. 我把书还给了图书馆。They will return to the office after the meeting. 会议结束后，他们会返回办公室。She helped me move, and I cooked dinner in return. 她帮我搬东西，作为回报我做晚饭。He gave me a gift in return for my help. 他给了我一份礼物以报答我的帮助。【即学即用】( )1. I don’t know when we will _______ Beijing.return back B. return to C. return back to D.return答案：BGet rid of 清除、摆脱 Eg: I need to get ride of these old clothes. 我需要处理掉这些旧衣服。She finally got rid of her fear of heights. 她终于克服了恐高症。She tried to get rid of her annoying neighbor. 她试图摆脱那个讨厌的邻居。【即学即用】他处理掉了坏椅子。 He ______ ______ _____ the broken chair. 答案：got rid ofPrevent (动词) 防止、阻止 Eg: Regular exercise can prevent many health problems. 定期锻炼可以预防许多健康问题。【常见搭配】 prevent sb./ sth. from doing sth. 阻止某人/某物作某事 Prevent sth. (from) happening 防止某事发生 Eg: The fence prevents the dog from running away. 围栏阻止了狗跑掉。Vaccines prevent diseases from spreading. 疫苗防止疾病传播。【派生词】 preventive为形容词，译为“预防性的”； prevention为名词，译为“预防”。 Eg: Preventive measures are necessary. 预防措施是必要的。The focus is on disease prevention. 重点是疾病预防。【即学即用】她阻止他离开。 She ________ him ______ leaving. 答案：prevented; fromStore (动词) 贮存【用法讲解】 store还可作可数名词，还可译为“仓库、储备、商店”，其复数形式为stores。 Eg: Farmers store hay in barns for winter. 农民将干草储存在谷仓中过冬。There are lots of stores on the street. 这条街上有许多商店。There is a large store behind the shop. 商店后面有一个大仓库。The country has a large store of natural gas. 该国拥有大量天然气储备。【常见搭配】 a store of ... 大量、丰富 In store 即将发生或存在 Eg: The library has a store of rare books. 图书馆藏有大量珍本书籍。A surprise is in store for you. 有个惊喜等着你。【即学即用】There were not so many _______ (store) around here before. 答案： storesSponge (名词) 海绵块【用法讲解】 sponge为可数名词，其复数形式为sponges；sponge还可为动词，译为“用海绵擦洗”。 Eg: She cleaned the sink with a damp sponge. 她用湿海面擦洗水槽。He sponged the coffee stains off the table. 他用海绵擦除桌上的咖啡渍。【常见搭配】 sponge cake 海绵蛋糕 Sponge sth. down 用海绵擦洗某物 Eg: I’ll make a sponge cake for dessert. 我会做一个海绵蛋糕当甜点。 She sponged the baby down with a wet cloth. 她用湿布给婴儿擦身。【派生词】 spongy为形容词，译为“海绵质的”。 Eg: The spongy soil absorbed the rainwater quickly. 多空的土壤很快吸收了雨水。【即学即用】After painting, use a _________ (海绵块) to remove excess water. 答案：spongeAct (动词) 起作用、行动、扮演【用法讲解】 act还可为可数名词，其复数形式为acts，译为“行动、行为、动作、举动”等。 Eg: Helping the homeless was a selfless act. 帮助无家可归者是一种无私的行为。He acted calmly in the emergency. 他在紧急情况下表现冷静。He acted the main hero in the play. 他在那出戏中演主角。【常见搭配】 act as ... 担任...职务 Act out 把...表演出来 Act on 对...起作用 In the act of doing sth. 正在做某事的过程中 Put on an act 假装、装腔作势 Eg: She acted as a translator during the meeting. 她在会议室担任翻译。The children acted out the fairy tale. 孩子们把童话故事表演了出来。The medicine acted quickly on her cold. 这药对她的感冒很快起了作用。I caught him in the act of stealing. 我当场抓住他正在偷东西。She’s just putting on an act to get what she wants. 她只是在装腔作势以得到她想要的东西。 【派生词】 action为名词，译为“行为”； Active为形容词，译为“活跃的、活泼的”； activity为名词，译为“活动”； Actor为名词，译为“男演员”；actress为名词，译为“女演员”。 Eg: The police are investigating several actions in connection with the robbery. 警方正在调查与抢劫案有关的几起行动。 You are expected to be an active participant. 你应该成为积极的参与者。 There is a full range of activities for children. 这里有给孩子们提供的各种活动。 Jacky Chen is a famous actor. 成龙是一名著名的男演员。 She wants to be an actress but her parents disapprove. 她想当演员，可是她父母不同意。【即学即用】( )1. This ______ would not be in accord with our policy.action B. act C. active D. activity答案： AKidney (名词) 肾脏【用法讲解】 kidney为可数名词，其复数形式为kidneys。 Eg: Each man has a pair of kidneys. 每个人都有一对肾脏。【常见搭配】 kidney failure 肾衰竭 Of the same kidney （脾气、性格）相同的 Eg: He was diagnosed with kidney failure last year. 他去年被诊断出肾衰竭。They are of the same kidney, both are very kind and generous. 他们脾气相同，都很善良慷慨。【即学即用】Doctors removed the healthy ________ (肾脏) from the donor. 答案：kidneyCarbon dioxide (名词) 二氧化碳【用法讲解】 carbon dioxide为不可数名词。 Eg: Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis. 植物在光合作用过程中吸收二氧化碳并释放氧气。【即学即用】Cars emit _____________ (二氧化碳) into the atmosphere. 答案： carbon dioxideTrap (动词) 吸收、使落入险境【用法讲解】 trap作动词，还可译为“夹住”；trap还可为名词，译为“陷阱、圈套、夹子、困境”。 Eg: The gas is trapped underground. 这种气体被储存在地下。The heavy rain trapped us in the cabin. 大雨把我们困在了小屋里。The hunter set a trap for the rabbit. 猎人射了一个陷阱捉兔子。The old house was a trap for mice. 这所旧房子成了老鼠的陷阱。【常见搭配】 fall into a trap 落入陷阱、中圈套 Be trapped in... 被困在... Eg: She fell into the trap of buying unnecessary things. 她落入了购买不必要东西的圈套。The tourists were trapped in the mountain due to the heavy snow. 由于大雪，游客们被困在山里。【派生词】 trapped为形容词，译为“被困住的”； trapping为名词，译为“捕捉”。 Eg: The trapped miners were finally rescued. 被困的矿工最终获救了。His trapping skills were well - known in the village. 他的捕捉技巧在村里很有名。【即学即用】如果你选择这条路，你很有可能会落入圈套。 If you choose this way, you’re likely to _______ _______ _______ ________. 答案：fall into a trapTherefore (副词) 因此【用法讲解】 therefore常表示因果关系，在句中位置灵活，但需用逗号隔开。 Eg: Therefore, the experiment was successful. 因此，实验成功了。The data, therefore, supports the hypothesis. 数据因此支持了假设。【即学即用】The weather is bad. ____________ (因此), we’d better stay at home. 答案：ThereforeLung (名词) 肺【用法讲解】 lung为可数名词，其复数形式为lungs。 Eg: The doctor listened to her lungs with a stethoscope. 医生用听诊器检查她的肺部。【常见搭配】lung of the earth 地球之肺 Fill one’s lungs with air 深呼吸 Eg: The Amazon rainforest acts as the lung of the earth. 亚马孙雨林是地球之肺。 Take a deep breath to fill your lungs with fresh air. 深呼吸让肺部充满新鲜空气。【即学即用】Regular exercise keeps __________ (肺部) healthy. 答案：lungsSadly (副词) 不幸地、悲伤地【用法讲解】 sadly在句中常用来修饰动词、句子。 Eg: She smiled sadly at the old photo. 她看着旧照片悲伤地微笑。Sadly, the concert was canceled due to rain. 遗憾的是，音乐会因雨取消了。【派生词】 sad为形容词，译为“悲伤的、伤心的”； sadness为名词，译为“悲伤”。 Eg: She looked very sad yesterday. 她昨天看起来很悲伤。The news filled her with sadness. 这个消息让她充满了悲伤。【即学即用】_______ (sad), he couldn’t attend his daughter’s wedding. 答案：SadlyTon (名词) 吨【用法讲解】 ton为常见重量单位。Eg: The truck can carry up to 25 tons of cargo. 这两卡车最多能载25吨货物。【常见搭配】 a ton of译为“许多”，后面既可接可数名词复数也可接不可数名词； Tons of译为“许多、大量”，加强语气，强调数量极大。 Eg: I have a ton of work to do today. 我今天有一大堆工作要做。We bought tons of food for the party. 我们为聚会买了很多食物。【即学即用】那个篮子里有很多苹果。 There is _____ _______ _______ apples in that basket. 答案：a ton ofHarm (动词/名词) 伤害、损害【用法讲解】harm为名词，译为“伤害”；harm也可为动词，译为“对..有害”。 Eg: Hard work never did anyone any harm. 努力工作对任何人都绝无害处。Pollution can harm marine life. 污染会危及海洋生物。【常见搭配】 do harm to sb. 对某人有害 Eg: He did harm to me intentionally. 他故意对我造成伤害。【派生词】 harmful为形容词，译为“有害的”。 Eg: Harmful chemicals were released into the air. 有害化学物质被释放到空气中。【常见搭配】 be harmful to do sth. 对...有害 It is harmful to do sth. 做某事是有害的 Eg: Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟对你的健康有害。It is harmful to drink too much alcohol. 喝太多的酒有害。【即学即用】躺在床上看书对你的眼睛是有害的。 Reading bed will _______ _______ _______ your eyes.Tears help to protect the eye from potentially ________ (harm) foreign bodies. 答案：1. do harm to 2. harmfulWildlife (名词) 野生动物【用法讲解】 wildlife为不可数名词；wildlife还可为形容词，译为“野生动物的”。 Eg: The national park is famous for its diverse wildlife. 这个国家公园以丰富的野生动物闻名。She works at a wildlife rescue center. 她在野生动物救助中心工作。【常见搭配】 wildlife reserve 野生动物保护区 Eg: This area was once a wildlife reserve. 该地区曾是一个野生动物保护区。【派生词】 wildlifer为名词，译为“野生动物工作者”。 Eg: He is a dedicated wildlifer. 他是译为敬业的野生动物工作者。【即学即用】Protecting ________ (野生动物) requires limiting deforestation. 答案：wildlifeTopic (名词) 话题【用法讲解】 topic为可数名词，其复数形式为topics，还可译为“（论文、报告等的）题目”。 Eg: We discussed many interesting topics at the meeting. 我们在会议上讨论了许多有趣的话题。The topic of his speech was “ Environmental Protection”. 他演讲的题目是“环境保护”。【常见搭配】 main topic 主要话题 Hot topic 热门话题 On the topic of ... 关于...的话题 Eg: The main topic of the book is climate change. 这本书的主要话题是气候变化。The hot topic at the party was the new movie. 派对上的热门话题是新电影。He gave a speech on the topic of education reform. 他就教育改革话题发表了演讲。【派生词】 topical为形容词，译为“话题的、时事的”。 Eg: The news is very topical. 这条新闻很有时事性。【易混辨析】 topic、subject与theme区别： topic指具体的讨论点或文章标题，更侧重于内容的聚焦点； subject指学科或更广泛的领域，范围更大； theme指贯穿作品或活动的核心思想，更抽象。 Eg:The topic of the conference is “Artificial Intelligence”. 会议的主题是“人工智能”。Math is my favourite subject. 数学是我最喜欢的学科。The theme of the movie is love and sacrifice. 电影的主题是爱与牺牲。【即学即用】气候变化仍是全球热门话题。 Climate change remains a ________ _______ globally.( )2. The _________ of his speech is renewable energy.topic B. subject D. theme D. sentence答案：1. hot topic 2. AQuite a few 相当多、不少【用法讲解】 quite a few常用来修饰可数名词复数，表示数量较多但未明确具体数目。 Eg: Quite a few students failed the exam this time. 这次考试有不少学生不及格。【即学即用】他为项目提出了不少想法。 He suggested ______ ______ ______ ideas for the project. 答案：quite a fewSandy (形容词) 铺满沙子的、含沙的【用法讲解】 sandy在句中常作定语或表语。 Eg: The Sahara is a sandy desert. 撒哈拉是沙质沙漠。【常见搭配】 sandy beach 沙滩 Sandy soil 沙质土壤 Eg: We spent the day at the sandy beach. 我们在沙滩上玩了一整天。 This area has sandy soil, perfect for growing carrots. 这片地区是沙质土壤，适合种胡萝卜。【派生词】 sand为名词，译为“沙子”； sandiness为名词，译为“含沙量”。 Eg: Concrete is mixture of sand and cement. 混凝土是沙和水泥的混合物。The sandiness of the soil affects drainage. 土壤的含沙量影响排水。【即学即用】The riverbed is covered with _________ (sand) sediment. 答案：sandyNoisy (形容词) 充满噪声的、吵闹的【用法讲解】 noisy在句中常作定语或表语。 Eg: The noisy children were running around the playground. 那些爱吵闹的孩子们在操场上跑来跑去。 The street below was noisy with traffic all night. 楼下的街道整夜都充斥着交通的嘈杂声。【常见搭配】 be noisy about sth. 对某事吵闹、喧哗 Make a noisy scene 制造喧闹场面 Eg: The students were noisy about the long exam. 学生们对漫长的考试怨声载道。He made a noisy scene when he didn’t get what he wanted. 当他没得到想要的东西时，制造了一场喧闹。【派生词】noise为不可数名词，译为“噪音”。 Eg: The loud noise from the nearby factory chafed him. 附近工厂的噪声使他烦躁。【常见搭配】 make (some) noise 制造噪音 Eg: Don’t make any noise, your father is sleeping. 不要制造任何噪音，你爸爸正在睡觉。【即学即用】请不要在教室里制造噪音。 Please don’t ________ ________ ________.Can you turn down the TV? It’s too ________ (noise). 答案： 1. make some noise 2. noisySystem (名词) 系统、体系【用法讲解】 system为可数名词，其复数形式为systems，还可译为“身体（系统）”。 Eg: Our company uses a new computer system to manage data. 我们公司使用新的计算机系统管理数据。The education system in this country needs reform. 这个国家的教育体系需要改革。Too much alcohol is bad for the system. 过量饮酒对身体有害。【常见搭配】 solar system 太阳系 immune system 免疫系统 Eg: The solar system consists of eight planets. 太阳系由八大行星组成。The immune system fights viruses. 免疫系统对抗病毒。【派生词】 systematic为形容词，译为“系统的、有条理的”； systematize为动词，译为“使系统化”。 Eg: She approached the problem with a systematic plan. 她用有条理的计划解决了问题。We need to systematize our workflow. 我们需要将工作流程系统化。【即学即用】They set up a new monitoring ___________ (系统). 答案：systemCause (动词) 使发生、造成、导致；(名词) 原因、理由【用法讲解】 cause作名词时为可数名词，其复数形式为causes，还可译为“原告、事业”。 Eg: The cause of the accident is still unknown. 事故的原因仍然不明。The plaintiff is the cause in a civil lawsuit. 在民事诉讼中，原告是诉因方。She devoted her life to the cause of education. 她把自己的一生奉献给了教育事业。Smoking can cause many health problems. 吸烟会导致许多健康问题。The war caused great suffering to the people. 战争给人们带来了巨大的痛苦。【常见搭配】 root cause 根本原因 Main cause 主要原因 Cause sb. sth. 给某人带来某种影响 Cause sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 In the cause of ... 为了...的目的 Eg: Identifying the root cause is crucial for solving the problem. 找出根本原因对解决问题至关重要。Pollution is a major cause of climate change. 污染是气候变化的主要原因。The news caused her great joy. 这个消息让她非常高兴。His speech caused the audience to applaud. 他的演讲使观众鼓掌。They fought in the cause of freedom. 他们为了自由的目的而战。【即学即用】The c________ of the fire was a faulty electrical wire. 答案：causeDamage (动词) 损害、毁坏；(名词) 损坏、损失、损害【用法讲解】 damage作名词时常为不可数名词，但在表示“赔偿金额”时可作可数名词。 Eg: Smoking damages your health. 吸烟损害健康。The fire damaged the historic building. 火灾损坏了这座历史建筑。The storm caused severe damage to the crops. 暴风雨对农作物造成了严重破坏。The court awarded $ 10,000 in damages for the breach of contract. 法院因违约判决赔偿1万美元。【常见搭配】 do/ cause damage to ... 对...造成损害 damage to sth. 对...的损害 Be damaged by ... 被...破坏 Eg: The flood caused severe damage to the crops. 洪水对农作物造成了严重损害。The damage to the environment is irreversible. 对环境的损害是不可逆的。The painting was damaged by moisture. 这幅画因受潮而受损。【派生词】 undamaged为形容词，译为“未受损的”。 Eg: The artifact remained undamaged. 文物完好无损。【易混辨析】 damage与destroy区别： Damage强调“部分损害或降低价值”，通常可修复； destroy强调“彻底毁灭或无法修复”。 Eg: The vase was damaged but not broken. 花瓶受损了，但没碎。The fire destroyed the entire building. 大火烧毁了整栋建筑。【即学即用】 The storm d__________ the roof. We need to fix it soon. 答案：damagedNorth - east (名词/形容词/副词) 东北、东北方的、向东北方 Eg: The wind is coming from the north - east. 风来自东北方向。（名词）The north - east corner of the room gets the most sunlight. 房间的东北角阳光最充足。（形容词）They sailed northeast for three days. 他们向东北航行了三天。（副词）【常见搭配】 in the north - east 在东北方向/东北部 To the north - east 在...的东北方 Eg: Burma is located in the north - east of Sri Lanka. 缅甸在斯里兰卡的东北方。The village lies to the north - east of the city. 村庄位于城市的东北方。【派生词】 north - eastern为名词，译为“东北部”。 Eg: The north - eastern part of China has cold winters. 中国东北部冬季寒冷。【即学即用】The town is situated in the ____________ (东北部) of the country. 答案：north - eastCover (名词) 躲避处、罩子【用法讲解】 cover还可作动词，译为“覆盖、涉及、采访、代替、支付、走完一段路程”。 Eg: The book has a beautiful cover. 这本书有一个漂亮的封面。The box has a plastic cover. 这个盒子有一个塑料盖子。The forest provided a natural cover for the animals. 森林为动物们提供了一个天然的避难所。 The table is covered with a white cloth. 桌子上覆盖着一块白布。This book covers a wide range of topics. 这本书涵盖了广泛的主题。The newspaper covered the event in detail. 报纸详细报道了这一事件。He covered for me when I was away. 当我离开时，他代替了我的工作。The insurance covers the cost of the repair. 保险足以支付修理费用。The hike covered 10 miles. 这次徒步旅行走了10英里。【常见搭配】 from cover to cover 从头到尾阅读 Cover... with ... 用...盖... Be covered with ... 被覆盖 Eg: I read the novel from cover to cover in one sitting. 我一口气从头到尾读完了这本小说。She covered her eyes with her hands. 她用手盖住自己的眼睛。The ground is covered with snow. 地面被大雪覆盖。【即学即用】( )1. -- May I have a talk with one of your sports reporters? -- Sorry, but all of them are out to _____ the main events of the day.get B. find C. cover D. search 答案：1. C Rare (形容词) 稀罕的、珍贵的【用法讲解】 rare作形容词还可译为“半熟的、稀薄的”；rare还可为动词，译为“用脚站立”。 Eg: This species is extremely rare. 这一物种极危罕见。I prefer my burger cooked rare. 我喜欢汉堡肉饼煎得半熟。The higher we go, the rarer the air becomes. 海拔越高，空气越稀薄。The horse rared up when it heard the noise. 马听到噪音后扬起前腿。【常见搭配】 be rare to do 罕见做某事 Eg: It’s rare to see snow in this region. 这个地区很少下雪。【派生词】 rarely为副词，译为“很少地”； rarefy为动词，译为“使稀薄”。 Eg: He rarely attends parties. 他很少参加聚会。The air rarefies as you climb higher. 你爬的越高，空气越稀薄。【即学即用】This bird is _______ (rare) seen in the city. 答案：rarelyRed - crowned crane (名词) 丹顶鹤【用法讲解】 red - crowned crane为可数名词，其复数形式为red - crowned cranes。 Eg: The red - crowned crane is listed as “ Endangered” by the IUCN.丹顶鹤被国际自然保护联盟列为“濒危物种”。【即学即用】Conservation efforts in Zhalong Reserve have increased the winter population of __________ (丹顶鹤). 答案：red - crowned cranesDaytime (名词) 白天【用法讲解】 daytime为可数名词，其复数形式为daytimes。 Eg: I like to go for a walk in the park during daytime. 我喜欢在白天去公园散步。【常见搭配】 in daytime 在白天 During the daytime 在白天期间 Daytime hours 白天时段 Eg: Birds are more likely to be seen in daytime. 在白天更容易看到鸟。The store is busier during the daytime. 这家商店在白天期间更繁忙。We only work during daytime hours. 我们只在白天时段工作。【即学即用】I usually go shopping in ___________(白天) when it’s not so crowded. 答案：daytime Lead (动词) 造成（后果）【用法讲解】lead为动词，译为“带领、引导”；其过去式/过去分词为led。 Eg: Eating too much junk food can lead to health problems. 吃太多垃圾食品会导致健康问题。Can you lead me to the nearest subway station? 你能带我去最近的地铁站吗？【常见搭配】lead sb. + 地点介词短语 把某人带到某地 Lead to 导致、通向 Lead sb. in doing sth. 引导某人做某事 Lead a ... life 过着...的生活 Eg: He led the guests into his room. 他把客人带到了自己的房间。The rain led to the road being slippery. 雨水导致地面滑。Our teacher leads us in learning English. 我们的老师引导我们学习英语。She leads a simple life. 她过着简朴的生活。They need a leader they can believe in. 他们需要一个可以信赖的领导。【派生词】 leader为名词，译为“领导者”。 Eg: He is a good leader. 他是一个好的领导者。【即学即用】努力工作会导致成功。 Hard work _______ _______ success.The _______ (lead) of the country made an important speech yesterday. 答案：1. leads to 2. leaderMud (名词) 泥、淤泥、泥浆【用法讲解】 mud为不可数名词，还可译为“诽谤”；mud还可为动词，译为“弄脏”。 Eg: The ground was covered with mud after the rain. 雨后地面覆盖着一层泥。His reputation was dragged through the mud. 他的名誉被污蔑了。The children mudded their clothes while playing outside. 孩子们在外面玩时把衣服弄脏了。【常见搭配】 stick in the mud 思想保守的 As clear as mud 完全不清晰的 Drag sb. through the mud 使某人蒙受羞辱 Eg: He’s just a stick in the mud and refuses to accept new ideas. 他就是个因循守旧的人，拒绝接受新思想。His explanation was as clear as mud. 他的解释完全让人摸不着头脑。The media tried to drag the celebrity through the mud. 媒体试图污蔑这位名人。【派生词】 muddy为形容词，译为“泥泞的、浑浊的”。 Eg: We drove along a muddy lane to reach the farmhouse. 我们驾车沿泥泞的小路到达农舍。【即学即用】Her shoes were caked with _________ (泥). 答案：mudCreate (动词) 创造、创建【用法讲解】 create作动词，还可译为“造成、产生”。 Eg: The artist created a beautiful painting. 这位艺术家创作了一幅美丽的画。They created a new company last year. 他们去年创建了一家新公司。His carelessness created a lot of trouble. 他的粗心造成了很多麻烦。【常见搭配】 create opportunities 创造机会 Create sth. out of nothing 无中生有 Eg: We should create more opportunities for young people to show their talents. 我们应该为年轻人创造更多展示才华的机会。He seems to be able to create something out of nothing. 他似乎能够无中生有。【派生词】 creation为名词，译为“创造、创作”； Creator为名词，译为“创造者”； creative为形容词，译为“有创造力的、创新的”。 Eg: The design of the bathroom is solely my own creation. 浴室的设计完全出自我自己的创作。Humans as the creator began to destroy. 人类作为创造者开始去破坏。As a writer he seemed to lack creative spark. 作为作家，他似乎缺少创作激情。【即学即用】Scientists are working hard to c_________ new technologies that can improve our lives. 答案：createSet up 建立【用法讲解】 set up还可译为“安装、筹备、陷害”。 Eg: They set up a new company. 他们建立了一家新公司。Can you help me set up the projector? 你能帮我安装投影仪吗？We set up a surprise party for her birthday. 我们为她的生日筹备了一个惊喜派对。He claimed he was set up by his colleagues. 他声称被同事陷害了。【知识拓展】 set作动词，译为“放置、设定、落下”等；set还可为名词，译为“一组”等。 Eg: Please set the clock for 7 am. 请把闹钟设定在早上七点。 The sun sets in the west. 太阳从西边落下。【常见搭配】 set sth. on sth. 将某物放在另一物体上 Set sth. in sth. 以某地为背景 Set about sth. 开始做某事 Set up 建立、组织 A set of ... 一套、一组 Eg: She set the book on the table. 她把书放在桌子上。The movie is set in the Wild West. 这部电影以美国西部为背景。They set about building a new house. 他们开始建新房子。The company set up a new branch in Shanghai. 公司在上海设立了新分公司。There is a set of keys on the desk. 桌子上有一套钥匙。【派生词】 setting为名词，译为“背景”。 Eg: The novel’s setting is a small coastal village in the 19th century. 小说的背景是一个19世纪的沿海小村庄。【即学即用】The movie’s _________ (set) shifts from a bustling city to a remote island.政府计划在农村地区建立更多学校以改善教育。 The government plans to _______ _______ more schools in rural areas to improve education. 答案：1. setting 2. set upBalanced (形容词) 保持平衡的【用法讲解】 balanced在句中常作定语或表语。 Eg: The gymnast performed a series of balanced movements. 体操运动员完成了一系列平衡的动作。Her approach to work is very balanced. 她的工作方式非常平衡。【常见搭配】 balanced diet 均衡饮食 Balanced ecosystem 平衡的生态系统 Eg: Doctors recommend a balanced diet rich in vitamins. 医生建议摄入富含维生素的均衡饮食。The rainforest has a balanced ecosystem. 雨林拥有平衡的生态系统。【派生词】 balance为名词，译为“平衡”，也可为动词，译为“使平衡”。 Eg: Athletes need a good sense of balance. 运动员要有良好的平衡感。【即学即用】The government aims to achieve ___________ (balance) development between urban and rural areas. 答案：balancedProject (名词) 项目【用法讲解】 project为可数名词，其复数形式为projects，还可译为“计划、方案”；project还可为动词，译为“预测、放映、突出”。 Eg: The science project took us three months to complete. 这个科学项目花了我们三个月的时间才完成。They are working on a new marketing project. 他们正在致力于一个新的营销计划。We need to project the sales for the next quarter. 我们需要预测下一季的销售额。The teacher projected the slids onto the whiteboard. 老师把幻灯片投射到白板上。Her bright smile projects a friendly image. 她灿烂的笑容显得很友好。【即学即用】The IT team completed the _________ (项目) ahead of schedule. 答案：projectKnowledge (名词) 知识【用法讲解】 knowledge为不可数名词，还可译为“知晓、了解”。 Eg: He has a lot of knowledge about history. 他对历史有很多了解。【常见搭配】 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 Have knowledge of... 知道、了解 A knowledge of... 对...的了解 To my knowledge 据我所知 Without my knowledge 背着我/不知情 Eg: Do you have any knowledge of this language? 你了解这种语言吗？A good knowledge of English 良好的英语只是To my knowledge, he hasn’t left yet. 据我所知，他还没走。They changed the plan without my knowledge. 他们背着我改了计划。【派生词】 know为动词，译为“知道、了解、认为”； knowledgeable为形容词，译为“知识渊博的、有见识的”。 Eg: I know he will come tomorrow. 我知道他明天回来。He is knowledgeable about German literature. 他对德国文学很精通。【即学即用】Students gain __________ (know) through studying. 答案：knowledgeWastewater (名词) 废水【用法讲解】 wastewater为不可数名词。 Eg: Factories must treat wastewater before releasing it into rivers. 工厂在将废水排放到河里之前必须进行处理。【即学即用】Industrial _________ (废水) often contains heavy metals. 答案：wastewaterEnvironment - friendly (形容词) 环保的、不损害环境的【用法讲解】 environment - friendly在句中常作定语。 Eg: We should choose environment - friendly packaging. 我们应该选择环保包装。 This bag is made of environment - friendly materials. 这个包是用环保材料做的。【即学即用】I prefer using _____________ (环保的) cleaning products. 答案：environment - friendlySir (名词) 先生【用法讲解】 sir常用于男士的尊称，也适用于正式、服务业或特定社交场合。 Eg: Good morning, sir. May I take your order now? 早上好，先生。现在可以为您点餐了吗？Madam (名词) 女士【用法讲解】 madam常用于对女性的尊称，尤其在正式场合或对不认识的女性。 Eg: May I help you, madam? 女士，我能为您效劳吗？Kill (动词) 杀死【用法讲解】 kill作动词，还可译为“终止、折磨、消磨”。 Eg: The virus killed thousands of people. 病毒导致数千人死亡。They decided to kill the project because of lack of funds. 由于缺乏资金，他们决定终止这个项目。We killed a few hours by wandering round the shops. 我们在商店闲逛了好几个小时消磨时间。【常见搭配】 kill time 消磨时间 Kill off 彻底消灭、杀光 Kill for 为...拼命、非常想要 Eg: I often kill time by playing mobile games when I’m waiting for the bus. 等公交车的时候，我经常通过玩手机游戏来消磨时间。The farmers killed off the pests with pesticides. 农民们用杀虫剂杀死了害虫。I would kill for a cup of cold coffee now. 我现在非常想喝一杯冰咖啡。【派生词】 killer为名词，译为“杀手”。 Eg: The killer was caught by the police. 杀手被警察抓住了。【即学即用】 The virus can ________ (杀死) infected cells within hours. 答案：killSolve (动词) 解决、解答 Eg: It isn’t going to solve a single thing. 这解决不了任何问题。【常见搭配】 solve the problem 解决问题 Eg: We tried our best to solve the problem. 我们尽最大的努力解决这个问题。【即学即用】他非常聪明可以十分钟内解决这个问题。 He is very bright and can _______ _______ _______ in ten minutes. 答案： solve the problemEnvironmental (形容词) 环境的【用法讲解】 environmental在句中常作定语修饰名词。 Eg: Environmental factors affect plant growth. 环境因素影响植物生长。【常见搭配】 environmental protection 环境保护Eg: Environment protection policies are crucial for the sustainability of our planet.环境保护政策对我们星球的可持续发展至关重要。【派生词】 environment为名词，译为“环境”。 Eg: Students in our schools learn in a protected and nurturing environment. 我们学校的学生在受保护且充满关爱的环境种学习。【即学即用】He is studying ____________ (environment) science at university. 答案：environmental课文解析Half of the world’s animals and plants live in rainforests. 世界上一半的动植物生活在雨林中。【用法讲解】 half在此处为名词，译为“一半”，其复数形式为halves；half还可为形容词，译为“一半的”；half亦可为代词，译为“一半”。 Eg: Half of the students in the class are girls. 班上一半的学生是女生。 She spent half the day reading. 她花了大半天时间读书。 I gave her half and kept half for myself. 我给了她一半，自己留了一半。【常见搭配】 half of... 一半的...（作主语时，谓语动词由后面名词决定） Go halves (with sb.) 和某人平摊 Half past ... ...半 Eg: Half of the books have been placed on the shelves. 一半的书被放在架子上。Half of the water is polluted. 一半的水被污染了。We have to go halves on the phone bill. 我们得平摊电话费。It’s half past twelve now. 现在十二点半。【即学即用】 1. Half of the students _______ (be) absent today because of heavy rain. 答案：areCoral reefs look like rocks, but they support a lot of life in just a small area. 珊瑚礁看起来像岩石，但它们在一小块区域内维系着大量生命。【用法讲解】 support在此处为动词，译为“维持、养活、支持、拥护”；support也可为不可数名词，译为“支持”。 Eg: The environment of Mars could not support life. 火星的环境无法维持生命。 This land can’t support many cows. 这块土地养了许多牛。I hope you can support me in this. 我希望你能在这一点上支持我。The project received financial support from the government. 这个项目得到了政府的财政支持。【常见搭配】 support sb. in doing sth. 支持某人作某事 With/ without one’s support 在/没有某人的支持下 In support of sb./ sth. 支持某人/某事 Eg: My parents support me in pursuing my dream. 我的父母支持我追求我的梦想。We couldn’t win the match without your support. 没有你们的支持我们赢不了这场比赛。She spoke in support of Tom’s plan. 她发言支持汤姆的计划。【派生词】 supporter为名词，译为“支持者”； supportive为形容词，译为“支持的、给予帮助的”。 Eg: She was a supporter of the free market economy. 她是自由市场经济的支持者。The silent majority of supportive parents and teachers should make their views known. 表示支持的父母和老师是沉默的大多数，他们应该公开表达他们的观点。【即学即用】他们举行集会支持新政策。 They held a rally _______ ________ _______ the new policy. 答案：in support ofGrasslands often lie between deserts and forests. 草原常位于沙漠和森林之间。【用法讲解】 Lie在此处为动词，译为“位于”，也可译为“躺、说谎”。 注意：译为“位于、躺”时，其过去式为lay，过去分词为lain；译为“说谎”时，其过去式为lied，过去分词为lied。 Eg: Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 She lies on the sofa every afternoon. 她每天下午躺在沙发上。He often lies about his work. 他经常谎报工作。【常见搭配】 lie to ... 位于...（不接壤） Lie on... 位于...（接壤） Lie in... 位于...（范围内） Lie off... 位于...（隔一段距离） Lie to sb. 多某人说谎 Eg: Russia lies on the north of China. 俄罗斯位于中国的北方。Liaoning lies in the north of China. 辽宁位于中国被北方。The island lies off the coast. 岛屿位于海岸外。He often lies to his parents. 他经常对父母说谎。【即学即用】 ( )1. Beijing lies _______ the northwest of Shanghai.to B. on C. in D. off答案：AThe polar ice is home to animals like polar bears and penguins. 极地冰原是北极熊和企鹅等动物的家园。【用法讲解】 be home to译为“是...的栖息地/家园/所在地”。 Eg: The Amazon Rainforest is home to many unique species. 亚马孙雨林是许多独特物种的栖息地。【即学即用】这个小镇是那位著名诗人的故乡。 This small town _______ ______ ______ the famous poet. 答案： is home to The climate in deserts is so awful that only a few animals and plants can live there. 沙漠的气候非常恶劣，只有少数动植物能够在那里存活。【用法讲解】 “so ... that从句”，译为“如此...以至于...”，so是副词，后接形容词或副词，表示程度，that从句表示结果。 Eg: It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game. 外面天太冷了，我们不得不停止比赛。【知识拓展】 “such ... that从句”，译为“如此...以至于...”，such后需接名词（短语）。 “so + many/ much/ few/ little + 名词 + that从句”译为“如此多/少...以至于...”。 Eg: She is such a good teacher that we all like her. 她是一位很优秀的老师，所以我们都喜欢她。 There are so many people in the hall that we can’t find a seat. 大厅力有如此多的人以至于我们找不到座位。【即学即用】( )1. Beijing has _______ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours.so B. such C. too D. very答案：AEach ecosystem has a role to play and helps keep the balance between all its members and the greater environment. 每个生态系统都要发挥作用，从而帮助保持其所有成员和更大的环境之间的平衡。【用法讲解】 “play a role in (doing) ”译为“在...中起作用/扮演角色”。“play a role as...”译为“担任...的角色”。 Eg: Technology plays a role in modern education. 技术在现代教育中起作用。He played a role as the team leader. 他担任了团队领导的角色。She played a role in designing the logo. 她参与了标志的设计。【即学即用】阳光在光合作用中起作用。 Sunlight ________ _______ ________ _______ photosynthesis. 答案：plays a role inIt holds plenty of salt water, and the water rises to the sky, falls onto the lands and then returns to the ocean. 它容纳大量海水，水分升上填空，落到陆地上，然后流回海洋。【用法讲解】知识点一： “plenty of...”后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。 Eg: There are plenty of books in the library. 图书馆里有大量的书。知识点二：We have plenty of time to finish the work. 我们有大量的时间来完成这项工作。【用法讲解】 return在此处为动词，译为“返回、回来、归还”，return还可为名词，译为“返回、回来、恢复”。 Eg: He will return home tomorrow. 我明天会回家。 The patient is slowly returning to health. 病人正在逐渐恢复健康。The return of the investment was very high. 这项投资的回报率很高。【常见搭配】 return sth. to sb./ sth. 把某物归还给某人/某处 Return to + 地点 = go back to 地点 回到某地 In return 作为回报（强调一种行为或态度的回应） In return for ... 作为对...的回报（强调一种明确的、具体的交换关系） Eg: I returned the book to the library. 我把书还给了图书馆。They will return to the office after the meeting. 会议结束后，他们会返回办公室。She helped me move, and I cooked dinner in return. 她帮我搬东西，作为回报我做晚饭。He gave me a gift in return for my help. 他给了我一份礼物以报答我的帮助。【易混辨析】 rise, arise与raise区别： Rise (动词)“上升”表示由低到高的变化过程，强调主语自身移向较高位置。 Arise (动词)“起身”主语发出的动作，作用到其它事物。 raise (动词)“举起” 表示把具体事物举到高处。 Eg: The sun rises. 太阳升起来了。 He arises to greet her. 他起身向她问候。 He raises his hand to answer questions. 他举手回答问题。【即学即用】在会议开始前我们有大量的时间。 We have ________ _______ time before the meeting starts.( )2. Last year the advertising rate _______ by 20 percent.raised B. rose C. arose D. went down( )3. I don’t know when we will _______ Beijing.return back B. return to C. return back to D.return 答案：1. plenty of 2. B 3. BThis goes on and on, so the ocean is just like the “heart” of the earth. 这个过程循环往复，所以海洋就如同地球之心。【用法讲解】 “go on”译为“（情况、形势）继续下去、持续、继续做某事、（灯）亮、通（电）、流逝、发生、进行”等。 Eg: We hope the nice weather will go on for the weekend picnic. 我们希望这样的好天气将持续到周末野餐的时候。He went on reading the book for the whole night. 他整晚都继续读那本书。Suddenly all the lights went on. 突然所有的灯都亮了。As time goes on, we will understand the importance of health. 随着时间的流逝，我们会明白健康的重要性。 What’s going on here? 这里发生了什么事？【即学即用】雨持续了好几个小时。 The rain _______ _______ for hours. 答案：went onForests make up nearly a third of the earth’s land area. 森林占地球陆地面积的近三分之一。【用法讲解】 表示分数时，用基数词表示分子，序数词表示分母。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词用复数。 Eg: one third 三分之一； two sixths 六分之二；注意：分数作主语时，谓语动词在数上与分数后的名词保持一致。 Eg: One third of the students go to school by bus. 三分之一的学生坐公交车上学。 Two fifths of the land is covered with snow. 五分之二的土地被大雪覆盖。【即学即用】 ( )1. In our class ______ of the students _____ girls.third fifths; is B. third fifth; are C. three fifth; is D. three fifths; are答案： DWhich word can we use to replace the word “trap”? 我们可以用哪个词替换“trap”？【用法讲解】 replace在此处为动词，译为“代替、取代”。 Eg: Nothing can replace the love of a mother. 没有什么能取代母爱。 I need to replace the battery in my watch. 我需要更换手表里的电池。【常见搭配】 replace A with B 用B替换A Be replaced by... 被...取代 Replace sb. as sth. 接替某人担任... Eg: The company decided to replace plastic packaging with recyclable materials. 公司决定用可回收材料替换塑料包装。Traditional mail has been largely replaced by emails. 传统邮件已基本被电子邮件取代。She will replace her father as the head of the family. 她将接替她父亲成为一家之主。【派生词】 replacement为名词，译为“替代、取代、替换物”。 Eg: The replacement of the old equipment took a long time. 更换旧设备花了很长时间。【即学即用】 他们计划用节能灯取代传统灯。 They plan to _______ the traditional lights _______ energy - saving ones. 答案：replace; withWelcome to Science with Doctor Ted. 欢迎来到“泰德博士讲科学”。【用法讲解】 welcome在此处为动词，译为“欢迎”；welcome也可为名词，译为“欢迎”。【常见搭配】 welcome to + 地点 “欢迎来到某地” give sb. a warm welcome “热烈欢迎某人” You’re welcome. 不客气。Eg: Welcome to Beijing. 欢迎来到北京。 The teahouse gave us a warm welcome. 这个茶馆热烈欢迎我们。【即学即用】欢迎来到我的家乡。 ________ ______ my hometown. 答案：Welcome toWhat’s more, the ocean can take in 25% - 30% of carbon dioxide and store heat. 此外，海洋能吸收25%到30%的二氧化碳，还能储存热量。【用法讲解】 “take in”译为“吸收、吸入、理解、领会、接纳”等。 Eg: Fish take in oxygen through their gills. 鱼用鳃吸取氧气。Open the window and take in some fresh air. 打开窗户，呼吸一些新鲜空气。It took me a while to take in what he was saying. 我花了一些时间才理解他说的话。The club decided to take in more members this year. 俱乐部决定今年接纳更多会员。【知识拓展】 take down 拆除、记录 Take after （外貌或行为）像（父母） Take away 拿走、拿开 Take off 脱掉、起飞 Take up 开始做、占据【即学即用】植物通过叶子吸收二氧化碳。 Plants _______ _______ carbon dioxide through their leaves. 答案：take inIt’s time for us to take action and protect the ocean. 我们是时候采取行动保护海洋了。【用法讲解】 time作不可数名词时，译为“时间”；time作可数名词时，译为“次数”；time在表示“倍数”时，常以复数形式出现。Eg: We spend lots of time playing basketball. 我们花了很多时间打篮球。I have been to Beijing three times. 我已经去北京三次了。He is three times taller than me. 他比我高三倍。【常见搭配】 a time to do sth. 一个做某事的时间 It’s time for sth. = It’s time to do sth. 到了做某事的时候 What time is it? = What’s the time? 几点了？ at the time 当时three times 三次 All the time 一直 At the same time 同时 On time 准时 In time 及时 Ahead of time 提前 Eg: He found a time to talk to her. 他找到了一个时间和她说话。It’s time for dinner. = It’s time to have dinner. 到了吃晚饭的时候了。 It seemed like a good idea at the time. 当时这注意好像不错。 You can’t be with your baby all the time. 你不能总守在你的宝宝身边。All the boats and carts started off at the same time. 车船齐发。The bus came right on time. 公共汽车正好准时到达。I hope we get there in time. 我希望我们及时到达那里。We finished 15 minutes ahead of time. 我们提前15分钟完成。【即学即用】It is time _______ the chains of life.break B. to break C. breaking D. for breaking答案： BIf we don’t, the plastic will harm the balance of the ocean ecosystem. 如果我们不这样，塑料将会损害海洋生态系统的平衡。【用法讲解】 if为连词，译为“如果”，常常用来引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，即主句为将来时，从句为一般现在时。Eg: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。if也可以译为“是否”，用来引导宾语从句，时态随实际情况而定。Eg: I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否下雨。【即学即用】( )1. If it _______ tomorrow, we _______ at home.will rain; rain B. rains; stay C. rains; will stay D. will rain; will stay 答案：C The sun gives light and heat to ocean animals. 太阳把光和热给予海洋动物。【用法讲解】 light在此处为形容词，译为“轻的、浅色的、少量的、微弱的”； Light也可作可数名词，译为“灯”；light也可为不可数名词，译为“光线”； Light也可为动词，译为“点燃”。 Eg: The box isn’t heavy, it’s light. 这个箱子不重，很轻。I like light yellow best. 我最喜欢浅黄色。There was a light rain falling. 外面下着小雨。Turn off the lights when you leave. 当你离开时把灯关了。The light came into the room. 光线照进这个屋子。Let’s light the new candle. 让我们点燃新蜡烛吧。【常见搭配】 in the light of... 鉴于、根据 Eg: In the light of his remarks, we rejected her offer. 鉴于他的评语，我们拒绝了她的提议。【即学即用】_______ (light) travels at around 300,000,000 metres per second. 答案：lightSome animals feed on the leaves and the water can keep them healthy.一些动物以这些叶子为食，水分能使它们保持健康。【用法讲解】feed为动词时，译为“为提供、喂养”，其过去式为fed，过去分词为fed；feed还可为名词，译为“一餐”。 Eg: I have to feed the cat. 我得喂猫。The baby needs a feed now. 婴儿现在需要喂奶了。【常见搭配】 feed sth. to sb. = feed sb. with sth. 喂某人某物 Feed on ... 以...为食 Feed back 反馈 Be fed up with ... 对...感到厌烦 Feed off 以某物为能量来源、从某处取食 Eg: She feeds rice to her baby. = She feeds her baby with rice. 她给她的宝宝喂米饭。The lion feeds on meat. 狮子以肉为食。Please feed back your thoughts on the new project. 请反馈你对新项目的想法。I’m fed up with his constant complaints. 我受够了他没完没了的抱怨。The speaker fed off the audience’s enthusiasm. 演讲者从听众的热情中汲取能量。Feed off the shared plate. 从共享餐盘中取食。【即学即用】金丝猴以竹的果实和嫩叶为食。 Golden monkeys _______ ______ fruits and young leaves of bamboo. 答案：feed onThis kind of fish can find enough space here. 这种鱼在这里能找到足够的空间。【用法讲解】 enough在此处为副词，译为“充分地”，通常放在形容词或副词之后；enough也可作形容词，译为“足够的”，放在名词前作定语。 Eg: He is tall enough to play basketball. 他足够高可以打篮球。We have enough time to finish the work. 我们有足够的时间来完成这项工作。【常见搭配】 be + 形容词 + enough + for sb. + to do sth. 对某人来说做某事... Eg: The book is easy enough for you to read. 这本书对你来说很容易读。【即学即用】( )1. Mike is only 15 years old. He is not ______ to get a driver’s license.old enough B. enough old C. young enough D. enough young答案： ALuckily, more and more scientists are paying attention to coral reefs. 幸运地是，越来越多科学家正在注意珊瑚礁。【用法讲解】 attention为不可数名词，译为“注意力、关注”。 Eg: The teacher called the class to attention. 老师引起了全班的注意。【常见搭配】 pay attention to ... 注意... Pay attention to doing sth. 注意做某事 Eg: Pay attention to the road while driving. 开车时要注意路况。Pay attention to listening carefully please. 请注意认真听讲。【即学即用】请注意包装上的说明。 Please _______ _________ ______ the instructions on the package. 答案：pay attention to The area provides food and cover for a lot of wildlife. 这片区域为许多野生动物提供食物和栖息地。【用法讲解】 provide还可译为“给予、供应（信息、服务等）”。 Eg: The company provides health insurance for its employees. 公司为员工提供健康保险。【常见搭配】 provide sth. for sb. = provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物 Provide against... 为防备...而提供/准备 Provide for ... 抚养、供养、为...做准备 Eg: The school provides textbooks for all students. 学校为所有学生提供课本。The company provides its employees with health insurance. 公司为其员工提供医疗保险。We need to provide against the possibility of power outages. 我们需要为可能发生的停电做好准备。He works hard to provide for his family. 他努力工作以供养他的家人。The will provides for the distribution of his estate. 遗嘱规定了他的财产分配。【易混辨析】 offer与provide区别: offer通常指主动提供某物或某服务，带有一定的积极性和自愿性，与job、help等词搭配； provide则更常用于提出计划、建议或观点，与with连用。 Eg: I offered to buy her lunch, but she declined. 我提出请她吃午饭，但她拒绝了。 They will provide us with eggs. 他们为我们提供鸡蛋。【即学即用】政府应该为小企业提供更多的支持。 The government should _________ more support ________ small businesses. ( )2. He _______ me a job, but I didn’t accept.offers B. offered C. provides D. provided 答案：1. provide... for 2. BMany birds live in Zhalong all year round, while some go there only for a short stay. 许多鸟类常年栖息在扎龙，而有些鸟类去那里只是短暂停留。【用法讲解】 all year round译为“全年、一年到头”，同义词组为the whole year。 Eg: The weather here is warm all year round. 这里的天气全年都很温暖。【即学即用】这些花在温室里全年都盛开。 These flowers bloom _______ _______ _______ in the greenhouse. 答案：all year roundSome people want to make the wetlands smaller in order to have more space for farms and buildings. 一些人想缩小湿地面积，以便为农田和建筑腾出更多空间。【用法讲解】 order作名词，可译为“订单、顺序”；order作动词，也可译为“命令、订购”等。 Eg: The books are arranged in alphabetical order. 这些书按字母顺序排列。I placed an order for a new computer. 我订购了一台新电脑。The doctor ordered the patient to rest. 医生命令病人休息。I ordered 500 pairs of shoes from the factory. 我向这家工厂订购了500双鞋。【常见搭配】 Out of order 故障或不正常 In order to do sth. （=so that) 为了做某事 Eg: The printer is out of order. 这台打印机坏了。 I study hard in order to get a good job. = I study hard so that I can get a good job.我努力学习是为了找到好工作。【即学即用】为了提高英语，我已经开始了英语课程。 I have started an English course ______ _______ ______ improve my English. 答案：1. in order to Tourists may bring trouble to the animals there or .... 游客可能会给那里的动物带来麻烦或者...【用法讲解】 trouble为可数名词，译为“困难、烦恼、麻烦事”等，其复数形式为troubles；trouble还可为动词，译为“使忧虑、使苦恼”。 Eg: The student’s failing grades troubled his parents deeply. 这个学生成绩不及格使其父母深感忧虑。Scientists are putting a good face on the troubles. 科学家们对这些困难似乎不以为意。I’m having trouble finding anything new to say on this subject. 在这个课题上要提出什么新看法，我有困难。【常见搭配】 have trouble (in) doing sth. 在做某事方面有困难 Get into trouble 陷入麻烦 Get out of trouble 走出困境 Make trouble 惹事生非 Be in trouble 处于困境中 Take the trouble 不怕费力 Eg: I have trouble understanding the instructions. 他理解这些指示有困难。She got into trouble with the law. 她惹上了官司。With his help, I got out of trouble quickly. 在他的帮助下，我很快走出了困境。He always makes trouble for others. 他总是给别人惹麻烦。He is in trouble and needs our help. 他遇到了麻烦，需要我们的帮助。He took the trouble to explain the problem to me. 他不怕费力地向我解释了这个问题。【即学即用】I have trouble ___________ (understand) this passage.别惹事，否则你会有麻烦的。 Don’t ________ ________, or you will ______ ______ _______. 答案：1. understanding 2. make trouble; get into troubleReduce the number of ... visiting wetlands. 减少参观湿地的...数量【用法讲解】Number为名词，译为“号码、数字、数量”；number也可为动词，译为“编号、计算”。 Eg: What’s your number? 你号码是多少？Number the pages in the book. 给这本书的每一页编号。Please number the total people. 请统计一下总人数。【常见搭配】 “a number of + 可数名词复数”译为“许多...”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数； “the number of + 可数名词复数”译为“...的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Eg: A number of students in this school are from England. 这所学校许多学生来在英国。 The number of students in this school is 2000. 这所学校的学生数量是2000.【即学即用】( )1. _______ sheep ______ eating grass on the hill.The number of; is B. The number of; are C. A number of; is D. A number of; are 答案：1. D We can encourage people to protect forests too. 我们还可以鼓励人们保护森林。【用法讲解】 encourage为动词，译为“鼓励”。 Eg: I have always encouraged him. 我一直鼓励他。【常见搭配】 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 Eg: My parents always encourage me to follow my dreams. 我的父母总是鼓励我追随自己的梦想。【派生词】 其名词形式为encouragement，译为“鼓励”Eg: She was given every encouragement to try something new. 她得到充分的鼓励去尝试新事物。【即学即用】Our teacher often encourages us ________ (speak) English as much as possible. 答案：to speakIt is also a good idea to tell people how to protect the ocean. 向人们宣传如何保护海洋也是个好主意。【用法讲解】 “It is a good idea to do sth.”译为“做某事是一个好主意”，其中it为形式主语，to do为真正主语。 Eg: It’ a good idea to go for a walk after dinner. 晚饭后去散步是个好主意。【即学即用】看英语电影来提高你的听力是个好主意。 ______ ______ _______ ______ _______ watch English movies to improve your listening. 答案：It’s a good idea to 语法解析句子成分及类型（二）：类型（三）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (S + V + O) 例句： （1） Lily likes bananas. 主语谓语 宾语 （2） My mum wants to do housework now. 主语 谓语 宾语宾语是动作的承受者。可用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词短语、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、名词化的分词或从句等。类型（四）主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S + V + O + O) 例句： （1） Will you lend me your bike ? 主语谓语间宾 直宾 （2） I give Lily a book. 主 谓语 间宾 直宾间接宾语和直接宾语也叫作双宾语。表示物的通常是直接宾语；表示人的通常是间接宾语。类型（五）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ( S + V + O + C) 例句： （1） I found a girl crying in the corner. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾补宾语补足语是对宾语的一种补充说明。作宾语的主要有名词、形容词、部分副词、介词短语、分词或不定式等。补充其他成分（一） 定语 例句： （1） This is an interesting book. 定语 （2） The man next to the door is Daming. 定语定语是用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词或一组词。通常位于所修饰代词之前叫前置定语；位于所修饰词之后叫后置定语。定语通常为形容词、介词短语、动名词（短语）、不定式或从句等补充其他成分（二） 状语 例句： （1） The accident happened in America in 2000. 地点状语 时间状语 （2） I go to school by bus. 方式状语状语通常是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语、从句或整个句子的。分为时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、目的状语或让步状语等。补充其他成分（三） 同位语例句： （1） Tom, a clever boy, is making a speech in the meeting. 同位语 同位语是当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子的成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者叫后者的同位语。可作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、动名词、名词短语或从句等。连词And, but, or和But用法：连词是用来连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是一种虚词，不能独立担任句子成分，在句子和句子的各种成分中起连接作用。* 并列连词使用中要注意连词前后的成分一般是对等的and “和”,表并列或顺承关系。 Eg: I am doing homework and he is doing homework, too. 我正在做作业并且他也正在做作业。* 转折关系的并列连词在使用中要注意连词前后的成分是对等的，但意义是相反的。but “但是”，表转折关系 Eg: My father is watching TV but my mother is cooking. 我的爸爸在看电视但我的妈妈在做饭。* 选择关系的并列连词在使用中要注意连词前后的成分是对等的，但是意思是有所取舍的。 or “或者”，表选择关系 Eg: Do you like apples or pears? 你喜欢苹果还是梨？* 因果关系的并列连词在使用中要注意连词前后的成分是对等的，但前后两分句一个表示原因，一个表示结果。so “所以”， 表因果关系 Eg: There is so much haze around us, so we should do something to protect the environment. 我们身边有这么多的雾霾，所以我们应该做些事来保护环境。写作话题：Choose an ecosystem and write a proposal asking people to protect it.* 提示：1. Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing (to you) today because...I want to ask you to ...... is/ are home to...One of the main problems is...Another problem is...Together we can ...* 写作步骤 定文体(记叙文)、人称(第一人称)、时态(一般现在时)* 范文： Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to you today because I want to ask you to protect the rainforests.Rainforests is the lungs of our planet, providing oxygen and homes for countless animals and plants. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate due to deforestation for farming, mining, and urban development. This is a big problem because rainforests play a crucial role in maintaining the Earth’s climate and biodiversity.As students, we can take small steps to help protect these precious ecosystems. First, we can raise awareness among our friends and family about the importance of rainforests and the threats they face. Second, we can support products that come from sustainable sources and avoid those made from rainforest woods. Lastly, we can donate to organizations that work to preserve rainforests and protect wildlife.Every little effort counts. Let’s work together to save our rainforests before it’s too late!