中考一轮复习初中英语语法之名词

初中英语语法之名词名词考点一：可数名词&不可数名词1. 可数名词(1) 初中学过的名词复数形式不规则变化的有：a. child→children, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice,foot→feet, leaf→leavesb. 单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, fish (注意：fish的另一种复数形式为fishes)c. man和woman及由它们构成的合成词：man→men, woman→women,Englishman→Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen,policeman→policemen,policewoman→policewomen, postman→postmen温馨提示：以下名词复数形式虽然是规则变化的，但需要特别记忆：German(s), bamboo(s), radio(s), piano(s), potato(es),tomato(es), hero(es), zero(s/es)(2) 集体名词a. 以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people, police。b. 既可作单数也可作复数，视它们在句中的含义而定，如被看作一个整体，就作单数用；如被看作组成该集体的成员，则作复数用。如：class, family, public, government。(3) 名词修饰名词时，若前面的名词是man和woman，变复数时，两个名词同时变为复数形式，如 a woman doctor→two women doctors；如果是其他名词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变为复数形式，如a boy student→five boy students。(4) 由“数词带连字符+名词+形容词”作定语时，该名词用单数形式，如a ten-week-old baby。2. 不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化。但若要表示不可数名词的量，通常可用相应的单位词，复数形式常体现在单位词上。a. 表示个数的单位词，如piece，构成a piece of meat / paper / cake / bread / music / advice / news。b. 以形状表示个数的单位词，如drop，构成 a drop of water / oil。c. 表示容积的单位词，如bottle, bowl, spoon, glass, cup，构成 a bottle of juice, a bowl of rice, a spoon of sugar, a glass of water, a cup of coffee。d. 表示度量单位的词，如kilo, pound，构成a kilo / pound of meat。3. 兼作可数和不可数的名词这类名词需在句中根据语法及句意判断是可数还是不可数。如：glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯)chicken(鸡肉)→a chicken(小鸡)  orange(橙汁)→an orange( 橙子)  experience(经验)→an experience(经历)surprise(惊奇)→a surprise(令人惊奇的事)room(空间)→a room(房间)4. 可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词修饰可数名词：基数词(如one)，不定冠词(a, an)，many, several, few, a few, a number of修饰不可数名词：much, little, a little既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词：some, a lot of, lots of, enough, plenty of5. 对可数名词及不可数名词的数量提问时使用的疑问词a. 对可数名词的量提问时用how many。b. 对不可数名词的量提问时用how much。【考例链接】Ⅰ. 单项选择( )1. Hurry up! Some _______ and _______ are on sale in the supermarket.A. tomato; eggB. tomatoes; eggC. tomatoes; eggsD. tomato; eggs( )2. —Look! They are _______.—Yes. We are proud of them.A. man scientistB. women scientistsC. woman scientistsD. man scientists( )3. —What else do we need to make cold beef ?—_______.A. Two spoons saltB. Two spoons of saltsC. Two spoons of salt( )4. Jane is very thirsty, so she needs some _______.A. waterB. breadC. cakesD. rice( )5. I’m not hungry at all because I have just had much _______.A. breadB. pearsC. eggs( )6. We should brush our _______ every day.A. toothB. teethC. hand( )7. The three _______ upstairs are too small to have enough _______ for a double bed.A. room, roomB. room, roomsC. rooms, roomD. rooms, rooms( )8. —Jason, ______ pocket money does your mother give you every month?—100 yuan.A. how many  B. how much  C. how often     D. how longⅡ. 写出所缺单词1.The _______(发明) of the Internet has changed the world greatly. 2.The old couple have two sons and both of them are _______(邮递员). 3.No matter what time we are getting through, _______(英雄) are always around us.4.In autumn, quite a few _______(树叶) turn yellow and fall off the trees. 5.There will be a big p               (聚会) for the school-leavers this evening.  6.Because of the COVID-19, only a few _______(市场) were open in our city last spring. 7.Tim’s _______(家人) are watching TV in the living room now.8.Mom bought two _______(公斤) of eggs and some milk in the supermarket.9.Mr. Smith has a(n) _______(五岁的) daughter. He loves her very much.10. My aunt is an English teacher who has lots of teaching _______(经验).考点二：名词词义辨析解题关键：通过分析具体的语境来辨析名词的词义。【考例链接】 单项选择( )1.For his son’s birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a _______.A. taskB. treatC. choiceD. visit( )2.One _______ of the book is missing, so I can’t learn the whole story.A. copyB. pageC. writerD. reader( )3.You can see the _______ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.A. doubtB. prideC. regretD. ability考点三：名词所有格1. 构成单数名词、人名和不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格通常在词尾加’s；以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格在词尾加’。2. 用法(1) 表示“某人的”，如Tom’s。(2) 表示两者共同拥有，只在第二个名词后加’s即可；表示两者各自拥有，则每个名词后都加’s。(3) 时间、距离、价格、国家、城市等名词作定语，如 last month’s trip, a hundred meters’ distance, five dollars’ food, China’s development, Beijing’s hutongs。3. 与of短语的关系(1) 有时’s所有格和of短语可以互换使用，如 the house’s door = the door of the house。(2) 有时两者不能互换使用，如men’s shoes = shoes for men，children’s stories = stories for children。【考例链接】Ⅰ. 单项选择( )1.If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11. So it’s about two _______ drive from my house to the airport.A. hours’B. hour’sC. hours( )2._______ room looks very clean.A. Bob and Dave’sB. Bob’s and Dave’sC. Bob’s and DaveⅡ. 写出所缺单词或短语1.These _______(艺术家) design won an international award.2._____________________(这个女孩的声音) sounds sweet.3.There are different kinds of _______________________(女式毛衣) in this clothes store. 参考答案考点一：Ⅰ. 1-5 CBCAA 6-8 BCBⅡ. 1. invention 2. postmen  3. heroes  4. leaves  5. party 6. markets  7. family  8. kilos  9. five-year-old 10. experience考点二： 1-3 BBB考点三：Ⅰ. 1-2 AAⅡ. 1. artists’  2. The girl’s voice / The voice of the girl3. women’s sweaters / sweaters for women