初中时态和语法

英语主谓宾定状补
I love you I主语 love 谓语 you 宾语
主语： 动作的执行者 谓语： 动作 ;
宾语： 动作的承受者 定语： 修饰名词的成分
状语： 修饰动词、形容词、副词的成分
补语：（只存在“主谓宾”结构中）宾语的动作或状态属性，所以“主谓宾”结构延伸出一个“主谓宾补”结构。
表语：（只存在“主系表”结构中）表述主语的状态属性。例如下面的句子：
1、我下午四点在教室里看到Tom在写作业。
“看到”= 动作 = 谓语 “我”= 动作执行者 = 主语
“Tom”= 动作承受者 = 宾语
“下午四点”= 动作发生的时间，修饰动作 = （时间）状语
“在教室里”= 动作发生的地点，修饰动作 = （地点）状语
“在写作业”是宾语Tom所做的动作 = 补语
2、她是一个非常漂亮的女孩。
“她”= 主语 “是”= 系动词 “女孩”= 表述“她”的性别 = 表语
“漂亮的” = 修饰名词“女孩” = 定语
一．主语,就是动作的执行者,一般都是名词,有时是用一个句子来作主语,这种情况叫做主语从句.
例如:He teaches English.He is a teacher. He是主语.
二．谓语,就是行为动词,而行为动词又包括,连系动词,实义动词.说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。
例如:Be动词am ,is, are就是谓语
三．宾语,就是动作的承担者.例如上面的English就是动词teach的承担者.
四．表语,就是表明主语的身分,性质特点,如上面的例子,teacher就是表语,表明主语he是一个老师.表语是用在连系动词后面的,一起构成"系表"结构.
系动词：be,become,keep,look,feel,smell,sound,taste,grow,get,go,turn.....
五．定语,就是形容词或者相当于形容词的词来修饰名词.
例如:She is a beautiful girl. beautiful就是girl的定语.
●不定代词的定语一律后置
Something wrong anything special
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
不定代词 定语 不定代词 定语
六．状语,就是句子的枝叶,用来补充说明其时间,地点,方式，目的，条件,程度等.
I get up at6: 30. 6:30就是一个时间状语.
He is lying on the beach. on the beach地点状语
Think as I think.像我这样去想。as方式状语
I got up early to catch the bus. to catch the bus目的状语
八．补语有很多种情况
1.宾语补足语,就是补充说明宾语的状态特征.
We call him Tom.我们叫他汤姆。
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
2.主语补足语是补充说明主语的形态特征.
The deer was caught alive.那只鹿被活捉
↓ ↓ ↓
主语 谓语 主语补足语
课时一：现在进行时
现在进行时用法：
1.表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。
①Please don't make so much noise. I'm writing a composition.
②Let's set off. It isn’t raining now.
这类情况常与now现在，at the present现在，at the moment现在，today今天，this week这个星期，this year今年等时间状语连用。有时通过上下文可以判断出应采用何种时态，如：
①It's four o'clock in the afternoon. The children are playing football on the sports ground.
②Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.
③Look! They are reading over there under the tree.
④Where is Kate? She is reading in the room.
⑤Why are you crying? Is something wrong?

2.表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。
①We are working in a factory these days.
②They are compiling a dictionary. 他们在编一本词典。
这类情况常与today今天，this week这个星期，this evening今天晚上，these days现在、目前等时间状语连用。

3.在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作。
①They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。
②Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗？
这类情况常与come来，go去， leave离开，depart离开，arrive到达，stay逗留，start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态，主语必须是人。

4.现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。
①He's always quarrelling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。
②She is constantly worrying about her son's health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。
③The boy is forever asking questions. 那个男孩老是问问题。
这类情况常与always总是，usually通常，continually不断的，constantly经常的，forever永远、老是等副词连用。

5.有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。
①How are you feeling today? （How do you feel today?）你今天感觉如何？
②I am looking（look）forward to your next visit. 我盼望你下次再来。
③Why are you looking(do you look)so sad?为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢？
6.有的动词用于现在进行时表示“逐渐”的含义。此种用法除了偶尔和now连用外，一般不和其他时间副词连用的。
①Our study is becoming more interesting. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了。
②The leaves are turning red. 树叶渐渐地变红了。
③The war is ending. 战争接近尾声了。
④Wait a moment; I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿，我的晚饭就要吃完了。
适合于此种用法的动词有：grow/become/turn/run/go变成，begin开始，forget忘记，remember记得，die死，finish完成，find发现，rise增强等.

7.“be”动词的现在进行时。“be”动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的。
①He is being foolish. 他在装傻。
②He is being honest. 他表现得特别老实。
③She is being rude. 她故意表现粗鲁。
④I can't understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此时他为何如此自私。
适合于此种用法的有：foolish愚蠢的，nice好的，kind好心的，careful细心的，patient耐心的，lazy懒惰的，silly傻的，rude粗鲁的，polite礼貌的，impolite无礼的等表示人的特性、性格的形容词。
（“be”动词用于现在进行时表示人的行为，纯粹表示心理或生理的状态而不带有行动时或主语不是人时，“be”动词不能用于现在进行时）如：
I am happy.（表语是纯粹的心理状态，不可用am being） 我很快乐。
He's tired.（表语是纯粹的生理状态，不可用is being） 他很疲倦。
It's hot today.（主语不是人，不可用is being） 今天很热。

常和现在进行时连用的时间状语，用法实例：
(1)当句子中有now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。如：
They are playing basketball now.
(2)以look, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。如：
Listen！She is singing an English song.
(3) 表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week,these days等时间状语，这时常用现在进行时。如：
We are making model planes these days.
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如：
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.

现在进行时的构成
由“am(is,are)+动词的现在分词”构成。
现在进行时的各种表现形式 (以动词 work为例)
1.肯定式

I am working.
You are working.
He(She,It)is working.
We(You,They)are working.
2.否定式
I am not working.
You are not/aren't working.
He(She,It)is not/isn't working.
We(You,They)are not/aren't working.
3.疑问式
Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he (she,it)working?
Are we(you,they)working?
4.简略回答

Yes,I am./No,I'm not.
Yes,you are./No,you aren't.
Yes,he(she,it)is./No,he(she,it)isn't.
Yes,we(you,they)are./No,we aren’t.
现在分词的变法有
1.一般在动词词尾加上-ing jump-jumping go-going play-playing
2.以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing.
take-takeing leave-leaving write-writing have-having
3.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing.
cut—cutting put—putting stop—stopping begin—beginning forget—forgetting
4.以ie结尾的词，将ie变为y再加ing lie—lying

练习：
1.Look! He _____their mother do the housework.
A. is helping B. are help C. is help D.is helpping
2._____are the boys doing ? They are singing in the room.
A .Who B .How C.What D.Where
3.Don’t talk here. My mother _____.
A. is sleeping B .are sleeping C. sleeping D .sleep
4.Danny ______. Don’t call him.
A. is writeing B .is writing C.writing D .writes
5.–When_____he_____back?–Sorry, I don’t know.
A. does,come B.are coming C.is come D.is coming
6.It’s ten o’clock. My mother _____(lie)in bed.
7.What____he _____(mend)?
8.We _____(play)games now.
9.What ____you____(do) thesse days?
10.____he ___(clean) the classroom?
11.Who____(sing)in the next room?
12.The girl____(like)wearing a sweater. Look! She ____(wear)a red sweater today.
13. Look! Some of them (carry) water,others (water )the trees.
14.It's nine o'clock.They (have)a maths class.
15.He (leave)for Xi'an tomorrow morning.
16.What they (do)these days?
They (learn)how to skate on real ice.
17.The children (not play)football now.They (play)basketball.
18.Li Ping often (do)some reading in the morning.
19.He (read)a story book now.
20.I (clean)my room now.
I (clean)my room every day.
21.We (leave)for Beijing tomorrow morning.
We'll write to you as soon as we (get)there.
22.My parents sometimes (go)to the cinema on Sunday evening.
23.They (not go)to the cinema this Sunday.
课时二 一般将来时
一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
一 . 一般将来时的构成：
由助动词“ shall/ will ＋动词原形”构成，shall 用于第一人称，will用于第二、第三人称，而美式英语在陈述句中无论什么人称，一律用will 。will not=won't; shall not=shan't 。
一般将来时的各种表现形式 (以动词go为例)
1.肯定式
I(We)shall/will go there.
You will go there.
He(She,It,They)will go there.
2.否定式
I(We)shall not/will not go there.
You will not go there.
He(She,It,They)will not go there.
3.疑问式
Shall/will I(we)go there?
Will you go there?
Will he(she,it,they) go there?
4.简略回答
Yes,you will./No,you won't.
Yes,I(we)shall/will./No,I(we)shall not/shan't.
Yes,he(she,it,they)will./No,he(she,it,they)won't.
二、一般将来时的基本用法：
1. 表示“纯粹的将来”：
①表示将要发生的动作或情况，常带有表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on等。如：
It will be fine tomorrow. 明天天气晴朗。
②表示预料将要发生的动作或情况。如：
You will feel better after having this medicine.
③表示由于习惯倾向而会经常发生的动作，本用法中的 will 要重读。如：
Boys will be boys. 〔谚语〕男孩毕竟是男孩。
2. 表示“带有情态意义的将来”，用来表示意图，用 will 来表示。如：
①I will be more careful next time.
②I won't go shopping this afternoon, but she will.
3.will 在疑问句中，用来表示有礼貌地征询对方的意见。如：
①Will you have some more tea?
②What shall we do this weekend? 本周末我们要干什么？

三、一般将来时的其它几种表示法：
1. 用 be going to 表示：
动作或存在的状态。如：
I'm going to see a film this afternoon. 今天下午我想去看电影。
①“ be going to ＋动词原形”表示主观上打算在将来某个时间要做某事。如：
Her mother is going to buy her a new bike. 她妈妈要给她买辆新自行车。
②“ be going to ＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为将要发生的事。如：
It's going to rain. 快要下雨了。
2. 用一般现在时表示将来意义
句中的动词是一般现在时，但所表示的意义却是一般将来时。如：
Are you free tomorrow? ＝ Are you going to be free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗？
在时间 / 条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句习惯上用一般现在时表示将来的意义。如：
Please tell him to go when he comes. 他来时，就让他去。

be going to与will的区别
be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事，但它们有如下几点区别：
1. be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些，如：
①He is going to write a letter tonight.
②He will write a book one day.
2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。
①He is seriously ill. He is going to die.
②He will be twenty years old.
3. be going to含有“计划，准备”的意思，而will则没有这个意思，如：
①She is going to lend us her book.
②He will be here in half an hour.
4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如：
If any beasts come at you, I'll stay with you and help you.

will和be going to的选用原则
1. 关于“打算”
①原先作好的打算用“be going to”。
“Kate is in hospital.” “Yes, I know. I am going to see her this afternoon.”
②说话时即时的打算用“will”。
“Kate is in hospital.” “Oh, really, I didn’t know. I will go and see her at once.”
2. 关于“预料”
①在有迹象表明的情况下的预料用“be going to”
1）Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.
2）My God! We are going to crash.天哪！我们快撞车了。
②在没有迹象表明的情况下进行的猜测用“will，be going to”皆可。
1）I think the weather will be nice.
2）I think the weather is going to be nice.
3）Do you think the car will start?
4）Do you think the car is going to start?
③当动词表示内心活动时，表示猜测的句子必须用“will”
I think she will like the cake I made for her.

"be going to"中的be是助动词，它有am, is, are三种形式，没有什么实际意义；to是动词不定式的标志词，标志词后动词用原形。它们三个总是形影不离，在句中共同表达"计划、打算、准备去做……"的意思。
如：I am going to sell this old car, and buy a new one.


一般将来时强化巩固习题
一、单项选择。
( ) 1. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match.
A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch
( ) 2. There ________ a birthday party this Sunday.
A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be
( ) 3. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.
A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have
( ) 4. ________ you ________ free next Sunday?
A. Will; are B. Will; be C. Do; be D. Are; be
( ) 5. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning.
A. Will B. is C. will be D. be
( ) 6. ________ your brother ________ a magazine from the library?
A. Are; going to borrow B. Is; going to borrow C. Will; borrows D. Are; going to borrows
( ) 7. Who ________ we ________ swimming with tomorrow afternoon?
A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go
( ) 8. We ________ the work this way next time.
A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing
( ) 9. Tomorrow he ________ a kite in the open air first, and then ________boating in the park.
A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go
( ) 16. -Shall I come again tomorrow afternoon?--________ （好的）.
A. Yes, please B. Yes, you will. C. No, please. D. No, you won’t.
( ) 17. It ________ the year of the horse next year.
A. is going to be B. is going to C. will be D. will is
( ) 18. ________ open the window?
A. Will you please B. Please will you C. You please D. Do you
( ) 19. --Let’s go out to play football, shall we? --OK. I ________.
A. will coming B. be going to come C. come D. am coming
( ) 20. It ________ us a long time to learn English well.
A. takes B. will take C. spends D. will spend
( ) 21. The train ________ at 11.
A. going to arrive B. will be arrive C. is going to D. is arriving
22. I am afraid there ______（be）a meeting this afternoon. I can’t join you.
23. Mike ______(believe, not)this until he ______(see)it with his own eyes.
24. Most of us don’t think their team ______（win）.
25.There (be)a meeting tomorrow morning.
26.We (play)with snow if it snows this afternoon.
27.He (help)you with your English as soon as he is free.
28. you (learn)Japanese next year?
29. your father(be)back soon?
30.Look at the clouds.It (rain).
31.It often (rain)in summer.
32.My mother often (go)to work by bus.
33.She (go)to work by bike tomorrow.
34.I (do)my homework now.
35.I (go)with you as soon as I finish it.
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I don't think that it ______ ( rain ) tomorrow.
2.The students _________ ( clean ) their classroom tomorrow.
3.She ________ ( go ) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
4.There _________ ( be ) a meeting next Monday.
5.The _______ ( have ) an English evening next week.
6.It _________ ( take) him half an hour to finish his homework tomorrow.
单选
1. Look at those clouds.It _____ soon,I'm afraid.
A.is going to rain B.is raining C.will rain D.won't rain
2.____ he _____ some shopping tomorrow?
A.Will,does B.Is,going to do C.Is,doing D.Shall,do
3.He _______ in his garden every morning next year.
A.will work B.works C.worked D.is working
4.There ______ a party tonight.
A.will have B.is going to be C.is going to have D.was going to be
5.They _______ a basketball match next Sunday.
A.watch B.will watch C.watched D.are watching













课时三：There be句型
There be 句型
1. 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.
(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.
there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。
eg. ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom.
③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。

1）There be句型与have的区别
首先，从含义上说，There be表达的是“某地有某物”。
如:There is a tree in front of the house。房子前有一棵树。
而have讲的是“某人/某物拥有……”即指出的是宾语的所有者。
如：I have an interesting book.
The chair has three legs。这把椅子有三条腿。
其次，从直观上对比不难发现，一般There be句型直接置于句首，而have前面要有主语。这是因为There be句型是一个倒装句型，主语在be动词后。
2）There be句型的就近原则
There be句型的就近原则也是主谓一致语法项目的重点考点。There be句型中be动词的单复数形式由后面挨近的一项的单复数决定。
如：There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk。
在本句中尽管有钢笔、书和铅笔，但是由于离be动词最近的一项是单数a pen，因此，be动词用单数is。
3）There be句型的否定和疑问
There be句型的疑问句是把题目中具体的be动词形式提前，否定是在be动词后加not。但是一般后面的名词前有a或any，那么此时not any或not a可以转化为no。
如：There isn’t a book in the bag.=There is no book in the bag。
关于There be句型的反意疑问句需要特殊说明的是，后面的疑问部分要用使用句型原貌，不能将there改成it或其他代词。
如：There was a meeting yesterday, wasn’t there?不能写成wasn’t it。
4）There be句型的时态，根据时间状语和就近原则分别为：
一般现在时There is/are
一般过去时There was/were
一般将来时There is going to be/There will be
还有There used to be；There must/may/can be等形式。
其中，一般将来时的形式在初中考试中常出现。
如：There _____ a basketball match tomorrow。
A. is going to have B.are going to have C.is going to be D.are going to be
5）There be句型中的动词
There be句型中的动词根据需要，有时可以用lie/stand/live/enter/happen/ remain/ seem to be等代替be动词。如：
There stands a tree in front of the house。
Long long ago,There lived an old man. He was very poor。
6) There is+no+名词……句型
如：There is no need to tell him the news. He has known it。
常用句型有There is no need to do something。做某事没有必要。
There is no sense in doing something。做某事没有意义。
There is no point in doing something。做某事没有意义或没用。

一.选择填空
( )1.--Again, my computer doesn't work.
-- must be something wrong with the CPU
A.There B.That C.It D.This
( )2.There some milk ,some eggs and a few apples on the table.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
( )3.There are so many green trees on sides of the street .
A.either B.each C.both D.neither
( )4.There anything new in today's newspaper .
A.is B.are C.isn't D.aren't
( )5. there books on the shelf ？
A.Are﹔a B.Is ﹔a C.Have ﹔some D.Are﹔any
( )6.There many elephants in Africa.
A.is B.has C.are D.have
( )7.--Is there a hotel near here？-- .
A.Yes.please B.Not at all C.Sorry,I don't know D.Here you are
( )8.Are there any on the table？
A.meat B.cheese C.tomatoes D.paper
( )9.--Where is my wallet ？--There a black on the floor.
A.is﹔it B.are﹔ones C.is﹔one D.are﹔one
( )10.There's eraser on desk.
A. an﹔the B.the﹔a C.the﹔the D.an﹔/
二. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1.There are many (mouse) in the old house.
2.There (be) an airport in Suqian some day﹐I hope
3.There (be) four buildings built already in our school.
4.There (be)hardly any juice left。
三.根据汉语完成下列句子。
⒈看！天空中有奇怪的东西。
Look！ in Sky.
⒉没有水，地球上就没有生命。
Without water, no lift on eath.
⒊冰箱里有多少冰激凌？
ice cream in the fridge？
⒋黑板在我的课桌前面。
a blackboard in front of my desk.
⒌一些老师在操场上。
some teachers on the playground .
四.改错
( )1.There are(a) a pen and(b) two books on(c) the(d) desk.
( )2.There stand(a) a factory(b) by(c) the river(d).
( )3.There(a) is(b) a girl swim(c) in the lake(d).
( )4.There is(a) little(b) coffee in the(c) fridge ,isn't it(d)?
( )5.There(a) weren't (b) any(c) meat in the fridge yesterday(d).
( )6.--Is(a) there a(b) post office near here？--Yes﹐there(c) are(d).
( )7.There(a) should have(b) something wrong(c) with(d) the machine.
( )8.There will(a) have(b) a meeting(c) in the afternoon(d).
( )9.Are(a) they(b) any(c) paper on the desk(d)?
( )10.There(a) aren't(b) any tigers in the zoo ,is(c) there(d)?
五、按要求做题。
1. There is a teacher in the office .
否定句 ________________________
2.Is there a flower on the table ?
肯定回答____________ 肯定句 __________________
3. There are some pens in the box .
一般疑问句 __________________________
4. There isn’t any water in the glass .
肯定句 ________________________
5. What’s on the box ? (a present)
回答问题 _______________________________
6. How many books are there in your bag ?
回答问题 ___________________________
7.There is some water in the glass 。
一般疑问句 ____________________________
否定句_______________________________








课时四： 一般过去时
1.定义：表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。
2.结构：如果动词是Be动词（was/were）,构成主系表的结构。
即：主语+系动词（was/were）+ 表语
①She was a teacher last year, but now she is a housewife.
②They were late for school yesterday.
如果动词是实义动词或除be动词以外的其它连系动词，需要将句中的动词变为过去时，结构如下
即：主语+ 谓语动词（过去时）+ 宾语
①We lived in Chongqing last year.
②I got up late, so I missed the first bus.
③He fell asleep just now.
④He left for Shanghai an hour ago.
3.动词过去式的构成：
（1）规则动词的过去式，过去分词的构成：
规则/类别
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
一般情况加-ed
help, look,
work, talk
helped,looked,
worked, talked
helped, looked,
worked, talked
词尾为不发音的字母-e时，直接加-d
like, live,
love, move
liked, lived,
loved, moved
liked, lived,
loved, moved
词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，变y为i，再加-ed
try,study,cry

tried,studied,cried

tried,studied,cried

以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母后加-ed
plan, stop .
nod , chat

planned,stopped .
nodded,chatted
planned,stopped .
nodded,chatted
特别提示：
1. 在清辅音后读／t ／ 如：helped, stopped
2. 在元音或辅音后读／d ／ 如：stayed, agreed
3. 在辅音／t ／，／d ／后读／id／ 如： wanted, needed
二、不规则变化 是is /am—was 是are—were 做do/does—did 有have/has—had
去go—went 遇见meet—met 来come—came 拿、带走take—took 偷steal—stole 吃eat—ate 飞fly—flew 跑run—ran 看见see—saw 说say—said 使make—made 找到find—found 站stand—stood 坐sit—sat 唱sing—sang 喝drink—drank 给give—gave 响铃ring—rang 游泳swim—swam 写write—wrote 骑ride—rode
驾驶drive—drove 画draw—drew 种植grow—grew 知道know—knew
得到get—got 忘记 forget—forgot 扫sweep—swept保存 keep—kept
睡觉sleep—slept 说speak—spoke 打破break—broke 告诉tell—told
卖sell—sold 买buy—bought 思考think—thought 抓catch—caught
教teach—taught 建造build—built 能够can—could 应该shall—should
将要will—would
过去式与动词原形一样：让let—let 必须must—must 放put—put 读read—read

用法及时间状语：
1.表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at(eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。
如：①I got up at 6：00 this morning.
②Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.
③When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.
2.表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。
如：He came to our city in the year 2000.
3.表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually,sometimes, always, never等。
如：①Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young.
②Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.
4.讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。
如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
5.表示过去将要发生的动作。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将要发生的动作。
①We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble.
②He would let me know when he got information.
③He promised to give me a dress when he came back next week.

写出下列动词的过去式
is\am_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________
drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________
does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____
taste_________ eat__________ draw________ put ______
throw________ kick_________ pass_______ do ________
Be动词的过去时练习
1. I _______ at school just now.
2. He ________ at the camp last week.
3. We ________ students two years ago.
4. They ________ on the farm a moment ago.
5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year.
6. There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday.
7. There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.
8. The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening.
修改句子
1. It was exciting.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：__________________________________肯、否定回答：__________________
2. All the students were very excited.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：________________________________肯、否定回答：_______________________
3. They were in his pocket.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________________肯、否定回答：____________________
1. There was a car in front of the house just now.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________________肯、否定回答：____________________
行为动词的过去时练习
一、用行为动词的适当形式填空
1. He _________ (live) in Xuanwu two years ago.
2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night.
3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.
4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.
5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.
6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.
7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.
8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.
二、句型转换
1. Su Hai took some photos at the Sports day.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：____________________________________________
肯、否定回答：__________________________________________
2. Nancy went to school early.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：____________________________________________
肯、否定回答：__________________________________________
3. We sang some English songs.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：____________________________________________
肯、否定回答：__________________________________________
They played football in the playground.
否定句：________________________________________________
一般疑问句：____________________________________________
肯、否定回答：__________________________________________
用动词的适当形式填空

1. It ______ (be) Ben’s birthday last Friday.

2. We all ______ (have) a good time last night.

3. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day.

4. Helen ________ (milk) a cow on Friday.

5. She likes ______ newspapers, but she ______ a book yesterday. (read)

6. He _______ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play)

7. Jim’s mother _________ (plant) trees just now.

8. _______ they ________ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _____.

9. I _______ (watch) a cartoon on Monday.

10. We ___________ (go) to school on Sunday.

选择填空
( ) 1. Lee ________ his mobile phone at home.
A. leave B. leaves C. leaved D. left
( ) 2. _____ he ________ a good rest? No, he didn’t.
A. Do, had B. Did, have C. Did, had D. Was, had
( ) 3. As soon as he ________, he ______ to his family.
A. arrived, writes B. arrived, written C. arrived, wrote D. arriveds,write
( ) 4. Mr. Black was late because he _______ his way.
A. losted B. lose C. loses D. lost
( ) 5. When _________ Lee ________ school this morning?
A. did, got to B. did, get to C. did, get D. did, got
( ) 6. Will you please say it again? I ________ quite _______ you.
A. didn’t, hear B. don’t, heard C. didn’t, heard D. don’t, hear
( ) 7. ______ you ________ at six o’clock yesterday?
A. Do ,get up B. Did, get up C. Do, got up D. Did, got up
( ) 8.What did you see _________?
A. now B. every day C. these days D. just now
( ) 9.He went into the room and _______ the door.
A. lock B. locking C. locks D. locked
( ) 10. —What _____ you _______ last week? —I bought a bag.
A. did ,buy B. did , bought C. do, buy D. do, bought
( ) 11. —_____ he ____ his lunch? — Yes, he did.
A. Does ,has B. Does, have C. Did, have D. Did, had
( )12.—Did the thieves _____ into the car? —No, they______.
A. fell, didn’t B. fall, did C. jump, didn’t D. jump, did
( ) 13. -When did May come back from Hong Kong? -She from HongKong last Friday.
A. come back B. comes back C. returned back D. came back
( ) 14. ____ she _____ this dictionary in the bookshop nearby last week?
A. Did, buy B. Does, buy C. Did, bought D. Does, buys
( ) 15. He ____ to the station this morning and was______ for the train.
A. hurry, in time B. hurries, on time C. hurried, in time D. hurried, at time
( ) 16. Where _____ Uncle Sun yesterday?
A. was B. were C. did D.does
( ) 17. —Have you seen him today? —Yes, I ____ him this morning.
A. seeing B. see C. sees D. saw
( ) 18. He ______ worried when he heard the news.
A. is B. was C.does D. did
( ) 19. There _____ a telephone call for my brother Steven yesterday?
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( ) 20. Liu Fengwei _____ three yuan for the lost library book.
A. paid B. pay C. spent D. lost
( ) 21. He ____ in this school in 1958.
A. taught B. teach C. teaches D. teaching
( ) 22. They _____ tired so they stopped ____ a rest.
A. are, have B. were, have C. were, to have D. are, having
( ) 23. Yesterday I _____ in bed all day because I had a fever.
A. lay B. lie C. laid D. lied
( ) 24. It was raining hard when he ____ home.
A. got B. get C. gets D. was getting
( ) 25. She said her brother ____ in Beijing. He _____to Japan on business last week.
A. wasn’t, went B. hasn’t, went C. wasn’t, go D. isn’t, went
三、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Tom and Mary ___________ (come) to China last month.
2. Mike _________________(not go) to bed until 12 o'clock last night.So he ______ (get) up late.
3. Mary __________ (read) English yesterday morning.
4. Tom ___________ (begin) to learn Chinese last year.
5. My mother ________________ (not do) housework yesterday.
6. There ____________ a telephone call for you just now. (be)
7. -When _______ you _________ (come) to china? -Last year.
8. _________ (be) it cold in your city yesterday?
9. How many people ________ (be) there in your class last term?
10. There ________ (be) a football match on TV yesterday evening, but I _________ (have) no time to watch it.









课时五 一般现在时
一、一般现在时的构成
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数(如:he,she,it,Tom等)时,需在动词原形后面加-s或-es。
一般现在时的各种表现形式 (以动词 work 为例)
1.肯定式
I(You,We,They)work.
He(She,It)works.
2.否定式
I(You,We,They)do not/don't work.
He (She,It) does not/ doesn't work.
3.疑问式

Do I(you, we,they) work?
Does he(she,it)work?
4.简略回答
Yes,you(I,we,they)do./No,you(I,we,they)don't.
Yes,he(she,it)does./No,he(she,it)doesn't.
注意 一般现在时中常用的时间
状语:always总是 usually通常
often经常 sometimes有时
every day每天
every morning每天早上
from time to time时常







二、一般现在时的用法
1.助动词+实义动词的各种形式
例①I go to school every day.
②It often rains here in summer.
2.表示现在的特征或状态
例①He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。
②I like singing.
3.表示客观存在或普遍真理
例①The earth moves round the sun.
②There are four seasons in a year.
用于when,until,after,before,once, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句和if 引导的条件状语从句。


4.表示将要发生的动作
例I'll write to you as soon as I get there.
We'll go to the park if it doesn't rain tomorrow.
5.表示计划, 安排好的将要发生的动作
例①She comes back tonight.
②When does the train leave?
练习
用所给动词的一般现在时填空。
1.Sometimes Li Ming (do)his homework at school.
2.Light (travel)faster than sound.
3.If he (be)free tomorrow,he'llgo with us.
4. you (like)playing football?
5.LiLei (not live)in Shanghai.He (live)in Beijing.
单选
1. Jenny ____ in an office.Her parents ____in a hospital.
A. work；works B. works;work C. work;are working D. is working;work
2.One of the boys_____ a black hat.
A. have B. there is C. there are D. has
3. We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.
A. don't rain B.didn't rain C.doesn't rain D.isn't rain
4. He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.
A. rose; set B. rises; sets C. rises,set D. rise; sets
5. Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.
A. like; listen B. likes; listens C. like; are listening D. liking ; listen
6. Jenny____ English every evening.
A. has study B. studies C. study D. studied
填空
1. I can take Li Ming there when he _____ ( come) to visit.
2. _____your sister_____(know)English?
3.Her home____ _____ ______(远离 )her school.
4.The pot_____(not look) like yours very much.
5 .Where _____you____(have)lunch every day?
6 .Who_____(想要 )to go swimming?
7. ______she_____(do) the housework every day?
8. Jenny and Danny usually______(play) games in the afternoon .
改句子
1.Do you often play football after school?(肯定回答)
2.I have many books.（改为否定句）
3.Gao Shan's sister likes playing table tennis （改为否定句）
4.She lives in a small town near New York.（改为一般疑问句）
5.I watch TV every day.（改为一般疑问句）
6.David has got a goal.（改为一般疑问句）
7.We have four lessons.（否定句）
8.Nancy doesn't run fast （肯定句）
9.My dog runs fast.
否定句：
一般疑问句：
10.Mike has two letters for him.
一般疑问句：
否定句：
11.I usually play football on Friday afternoon.
否定句:
一般疑问句:
12.Su Yang usually washes some clothes on Saturday.
否定句:
一般疑问句:
13.Mingming usually waters the flowers every day.
否定句:
一般疑问句:
14.Tom does his homework at home.
否定句:
一般疑问句:


现在完成时
I. 定义：
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
2.也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态
II. 现在完成时的结构have/has+ done (过去分词)
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。
如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
III. 现在完成时的时间状语　
1.ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来） 等词连用
2.Since+时间点，for+时间段 ，in the past/last few years
表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。
说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：
I have already finished my homework.
I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?
They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)
I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)
I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.
注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;
2)不能与when连用
IV. 现在完成时的用法
A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：
The car has arrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）
B. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如：
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。
Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。
How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？
用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：
He has been in the Green China for three years.
He has been a member of the Green China for three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。
The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years.
He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years.
I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days.
表示时间段的短语有:
for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。
V. 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别
1.一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
I saw this film yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。）
I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2.一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago, last week/...
in 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday ..then(那时),
that day, one day, once(从前)
现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever, never, twice, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
VI. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in
have(has) been to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等
He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海
He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)
He has gone to Shanghai.他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里)
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了
六．过去分词
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型
burst burst burst hurt hurt hurt let let let　 cast cast cast　 cost cost cost　　
cut cut cut hit hit hit　 　 put put put　 shut shut shut　　 spread spread spread
set set set read read read   read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
AAB型
beat beat beaten
ABA型
become became become　run ran run　　come came come
ABB型
bring brought brought　　buy bought bought　　 build built built burn burnt burnt　　
catch caught caught　 　dig dug dug feel felt felt　 　 fight fought fought　　
find found found hear heard heard　　 hold held held　　 keep kept kept
lay laid laid　　 lead led led　　 lose lost lost make made made　　
meet met met　　 sell sold sold shoot shot shot　　 sit sat sat　　
stand stood stood sweep swept swept　 　teach taught taught　　 tell told told
think thought thought　 win won won
ABC型
begin began begun　　 blow blew blown　　 break broke broken choose chose chosen　　
draw drew drawn　　 drive drove driven drink drank drunk　　 fly flew flown　　
forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten　　 freeze froze frozen　　 give gave given
grow grew grown　　 know knew known　　 ride rode ridden rise rose risen　　
ring rang rung　　 shake shook shaken sing sang sung　　 sink sank sunk　 　
swim swam swum throw threw thrown　 　write wrote written
七． 瞬间动词不能直接与for； since 连用。要变成延续性动词
buy----have  borrow -----keep
go out----be out begin/start-----be on
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in    leave ----be away
finish----be over　 open----be open  
close -----be closed die----be dead
become----be put on----wear
catch a cold----have a cold join----be in

现在完成时练习（一）
一、用过去时或现在完成时填空：
1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”
“When ________ you __________ (have) it?” “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”
2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”
“Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.”
3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”
4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”
5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.
6. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now.
7. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words.
8. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.
9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to the science museum.
10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink) coke?
11.Have you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I __________ .”
“Where______ you ___________(buy) it?” “ I _________(buy) it in a bookstore.”
“When ___________ you _____________ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.”
二、 单项选择。
（ ）1.The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
（ ）2.Have you met Mr. Li ____？
Ａ. Just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
（ ）3.—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .
　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
（ ）4.—Our country ____ a lot so far .—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .
　Ａhas changed; well Ｂchanged ; good Ｃhas changed better Ｄ. changed; better
（ ）5.—______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
Ａ.Did; do; finished Ｂ.Have; done; finished Ｃ.Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish
（ ）6.We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
（ ）7.Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _____ twice.
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
（ ）8.—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really? When _____ there ?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ.did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
（ ）9.Zhou Lang ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａwas ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are; studying
（ ）10.His father ______ the Party since 1998 .
　　Ａ.joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
（ ）11.—Do you know him well ? — Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago .
　　Ａ were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
（ ）12.He has been to Shanghai, has he ?
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
（ ）13.Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
　　Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
（ ）14.It ___ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. Is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
（ ）15.Miss Green isn't in the office. She_______ to the library.
Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
（ ）16.My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been
（ ）17.The students have cleaned the classroom, ____?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they
（ ）18. has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
（ ）19.His uncle for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university
（ ）20.—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish
（ ）21. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
（ ）22.—Do you know him well ? —Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
（ ）23.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
（ ）24. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
（ ）25.The factory since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
（ ）26.Mary and Rose ___friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made
（ ）27.The meeting _____ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
（ ）28.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
（ ）29. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
（ ）30. He _____ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
（ ）31.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
（ ）32.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
（ ）33.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
（ ）34.----- How long can I ______ the book?------ Two weeks.
A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
四、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。
1) Where is Jack? He __________ his country.
2) David ____ ____ the park just now.
3) John ____ ___ England since he came back.
4) How long ____you ___ __ this village?
5) The Smiths ____ __ Beijing for years.
6) _____ you ever _ __ America? -- Yes, I ___ __ there many times.
7) I __ ___ this school since three years ago.
8) Where is Jim? He __ ___ the farm.
9) When___ __ he ___ __? He ____ ___ an hour ago.
10) Would you like to ____ _ the zoo with me? ---Yes, but I ___ __ there before.
五、延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.He died 10 years ago. ——He ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.
2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _____________the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He ___________the motorbike for a month.
4. He arrived here three days ago.—He ____________here since three days ago.
5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —— The light __________for 2 hours.
6. He left here 2 years ago.——— He ____________from here for 2 years.
7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film __________ for 30 minutes.
8. They opened the door an hour ago. —— The door __________ for an hour.
9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door ___________for an hour.
10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a _______ for a year.
He _____________ the army for a year. It ____ a year ____ he joined the army.

现在完成时练习（二）
单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _____what's happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　　Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
　　Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
　 Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_____ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really ? When ___there ?
　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
10、—____ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I ___ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　　Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
12、—Do you know him well ?— Sure .We _____ friends since ten years ago .
　　Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here ?　　—About two months .
　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
　












状语从句总结
一、引导词的选择：
1.时间状语从句
1).由when 、 while、as（当……时候）引导的时间状语从句。
When jack got home , his mother was cooking .
2).由after/ before (在….之后/ 前)引导的时间状语从句。
The football match played after school was over .
3).由as soon as (一…..就……)引导的时间状语从句。
I’ll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing .
4).由not….until（直到…..才…..）引导的时间状语从句。
They didn’t stop until they finished the work .
2.原因状语从句 由because 、since 、as（因为、既然、由于）引导的原因状语从句。
Since you have known about that , please tell us what to do .
3.地点状语从句 由wherever（无论在哪儿） 引导的地点状语从句。
Wherever he goes , he always brings his pet dog .
4.目的状语从句 由so that (以便、为的是)引导目的状语从句。
He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus .
5.条件状语从句 由if或unless 引导条件状语从句。
I won’t go to his party unless I am invited .
6.比较状语从句 由than、 as…as、not as……as 引导比较状语从句。
There are more students in our class than in theirs .
7.让步状语从句 由though 、even though/ if 、although引导让步状语从句。
Although he didn’t pass the exam ,his father didn’t get angry with him .
8.方式状语从句 由as if (好像)引导方式状语从句。
He talked about that as if he knew everything .
9.结果状语从句 由so…that…、such….that…（如此…..以致于…）引导结果状语从句。
It was raining so hard that we couldn’t see the road .
二、状语从句与主句的时态问题
1.时间状语从句、条件状语从句与主句的时态不一致。（主句用将来时，而时间、条件状语从句用一般现在时）
If it ________(not rain) tomorrow ,we______(go) to climb the hill .
He ________ (become) a sodier when he ______(grow) up .
2.since引导的时间状语从句。 It is + 时间+ since + 一般过去时  
It_____(be) ten years since we ________(leave) that city .
3.由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态：
 主句（过去进行时）+when +从句（一般过去时）
主句（一般过去时）+when， as  just as， the moment +从句（过去进行时）
主句（一般过去时）+while +从句（过去进行时）
 主句（过去进行时）+while +从句（过去进行时）
注意：看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时，动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时。
Mother _______(cook)supper when I ______(get)home yesterday.
Last Sunday I_______(meet)Lin Hong when I _______(walk)in the street .
While Han Meimei _______(sweep)the floor , Lucy _______(carry) water.
When the students ________(have)a meeting, the teacher _______(come) in .
4.由when、after、before、by the time引导的时间状语从句的时态：
主、从句的谓语动作都以完成，则先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
When they _______(get) to the cinema last light , the film ________(start) .
I _________(go) out with my friends after I _______(finish) all the homework last night . 


一、原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, for引导。
(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。此外，because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
例如：------Why aren’t going there?------Because I don’t want to.
since引导原因状语从句，相当于now that，意思是“因为……，既然……， 鉴于……”。
例如：Since the rain has stopped，let’s go for a walk. 既然雨停了，我们出去散散步吧。
as和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。
例如 ：①As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
②Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(3)for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。如:
　　 I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.
练习： ①I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.
②He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
③ you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
二、结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。
(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。
例如： ①He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
②Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever（几乎不，从来不） see her.
在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；其结构是: “...such +a / an + 形容词+名词+ that + 从句”。
例如： ①It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
②He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.（天花板）
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。
例如： It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。
例如：①Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
②He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
(4)如果主从句的主语相同，并且从句是否定的形式，可以用too...to...句型转化。
例如：He was so excited that he couldn't go to sleep that night. = He was too excited to go to sleep.
(5)如果主从句的主语相同，但从句是肯定的形式，可以用adj.+ enough替换。
例如：He is so old that he could go to school. = He is old enough to go to school.他够大了，可以去上学。
练习：①It is ___ hot in the room ___ we have to go out for a walk.
②It was a wonderful movie all of us wanted to see it again.
③There were little water in the bottle the bird couldn’t reach it.
三、目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that（为了，以便）引导。
例如：①We started early so that we could catch the first train.
②We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that可引导目的状语从句，此时可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。
例如：He got up early so that he could get to school on time. =He got up early（in order） to get to school on time.
(3) so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。
例如： ①Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)
②Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)
练习： ①I hurried I wouldn't be late for class.
②We should go by bus ___ we can get there earlier.
③May I sit nearer I can see more clearly?
(4) 补充：

so as to…(肯定结构) eg. He got up early so as to catch the early train.
so as not to…(否定结构) eg. He got up early so as not to miss the early train.
to… eg. He got up early to catch the early train.
in order that … eg. He got up early in order that he could catch the early train.
in order to… eg. He got up early in order to catch the early train.

强化练习
一、单项选择。
1．We’ll stay at home if it ______ tomorrow.
A．rain　　　　　 B．rains C．is raining　　　　　　　D．will rain
2．We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
A．since　　　　　 B．until C．because　　　　　 D．though
3．She ______ when I went to see her.
A．is reading　　 B．have read C．was reading　 D．reads
4．_____ the rain stops, we’ll set off for the station.
A．Before　　　　 B．Unless C．As soon as　　 D．Though
5．She looks forward every spring to ____ the flower-lined garden.
A．visit　　 B．paying a visit C．walk in　 D．walking in
6．Mr. White hoped he ______ China the next year.
A．would visit　　 B．will visit C．visited　　　 D．has visited
7．I told him that the sun ______ in the east.
A．rises　　 B．rose C．has risen　　 D．was rising
8．She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
A．so, that　 B．such, that C．very, that　 D．so, as
9．He was sentenced to death _____ what he had stolen from the bank.
A．that　　　　 B．since C．because　　 D．because of
10．I didn’t know what ______.
A．was the matter　　　　 B．is the matter C．the matter was　　 D．the matter is
11．I couldn’t agree with ______ at the meeting.
A．that you said　　 B．which you said C．what did you say　　 D．what you said
12．The bad man ran away to avoid _______ and was finally put into prison.
A．seeing　　 B．to be seen C．being seen　 D．to be caught
13．Everyone except Jim and Jack ______.
A．know who is he　　 B．know who he is C．knows who is he D．knows who he is
15．It is ten years ______ I left my hometown.
A．since　 B．If C．whether　 D．until
16．Could you tell us ______ Mr. Brown lives in Room 202？
A．that B．where C．until　　 D．if
17．I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.
A．though　　　　 B．although C．as if　　　　　 D．when
18．I don’t know ______ or not it will rain tomorrow.
A．that　　 B．When C．if　　 D．whether
19．—Why is their classroom so clean and tidy？ —______ it is cleaned every day.
A．Since　　 B．As C．Because　　 D．For
20．Can you tell me ______ is going to give us a talk next Monday？
A．who　　　　 B．whom C．whose　 D．what
21. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice ___ all the class may hear.
A. so, that B. or C. in order that D. and
22. Lift it up___I may see it.
A. though B. so that C. as D. than
23. I hurried___I wouldn't be late for class.
A. so B. so that C. if D. unless
24. We should go by bus ___ we can get there earlier.
A. as soon as B. where C. in order that D. as
25. The dictionary is so expensive ___ I can't buy it.
A. because B. when C. that D. if
26. I got there ___ late ___ I didn't see him.
A. too; to B. such; that C. so; that D. so; as
27. It is ___ hot in the room ___ we have to go out for a walk.
A. such; that B. so; that C. as; as D. such; as
28. He has___ an interesting book that we want to read it.
A. so B. such C. the same D. as
29.Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ___ she was ill.
A. because B. but C. until D. if
30. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
A. because B. as C. if D. since
31. The lady was fat that she was not fit for this skirt.
A. too B. as C. such D. so
32. Our PE teacher walks we can’t catch up with him.
A. so quick that B. too quickly that C. so quickly that D. too quickly that
33. Mrs. Green is that she often gives candies to the children.
A. so a nice lady B. such a nice lady C. a so nice lady D. too nice a lady














祈 使 句
1.祈使句的定义及句式特征：
定义：祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告或祝愿等的句子。它的特点是通常省略主语you,以动词原形开头，末尾可用句号或感叹号。祈使句没有疑问句的形式，一般只有肯定和否定两种形式。
Go and wash your hands. (表命令) Be quite, please. （Please be quiet.）（表请求）
Be kind to your sister.（表劝告） Watch your steps.（表警告）
No parking. (表禁止)
2.肯定形式（动词原形开头）
1）以系动词be开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构：be+形容词 / 名词
Be quiet / quick! Be a good student!
Be careful when crossing the street.
2）以实义动词开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构为：动词原形+宾语（+其他）。
Come in, please！ Please open your books！ Put them away!
3）let型（Let+宾语+动词原形+其他）
Let him do it by himself. Let me help you. Let’s go to the park.
3.否定形式（一般在动词上否定，也可以用否定副词（never）来表示）
1）be型（Don’t be +其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语））
Don’t be careless! Never be late again next time!
注意：①在这种句型中，be不能省略②否定副词not不可置于be之后
2）do型（Don’t +动词原形+其他）
Don’t believe him! Don’t worry! Never do it again!
3）Let引起的祈使句有两种否定形式
a. Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他
Let her not do that. Let’s not think about it. It’s only a waste of time.
b. Don’t+ let+宾语+动词原形+其他
Don’t let Jim do that. Don’t let us go, please.
4) 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名词 / V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：
NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照！ No parking!
注意：
1). 在表达请求或劝告时，有时为了表示委婉的语气，可以在句首或句末please，但是如果please加在句末，应用逗号将其与前面的部分隔开。
Sit down, please. Please look after the twins.
2). 在意思比较明显的情况下，可以把谓语动词省略。
This way, please.
3). 有时为了加强语气，可以在动词前使用do.
Do be careful！一定要小心！
4). 有时为了强调对方，也可加上主语you，人名或everybody, anybody等不定代词。
You sweep the floor and I clean the window. Stand up, everybody.
5).有时为了明确向谁提出请求或发出命令，可加称呼语，但称呼语要与句子用逗号隔开。
Put the shirt on the bed, Jim.
4.祈使句的反意问句
祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分,通常有以下三种形式：
1).祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、劝说时，用won’t you。例如：
Be sure to write to us, will you? 你一定要给我们写信，好吗？
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?
今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？
2).祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?
不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？
3). Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其它均用will you。例如：
Let the boy go first, will you?
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?
5.祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。
在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：
1) 形式一致(即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致)
2) 意思相反(即Yes是 “不”的意思；No是 “是”的意思)。
在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：
--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.
请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.
不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。
6. 祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.
把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
快点，否则我们要迟到了。
注意：祈使句用于两个重要句型中
1．“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。 
2．“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件，or(else)表示“否则；要不然”。试比较：
Hurry up and you’ll catch the train. (＝If you hurry up，you’ll catch the train．)
Hurry up，or you’ll miss the train．(＝If you don’t hurry up，you’ll miss the train．)
7.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用
祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.
如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。
8.祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do。例如：
Do shut up! 快住口！
9.特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.
＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.
如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。
10.运用祈使句的误区
祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.
A. Having checked B. Check
C. If you check D. To check
11.祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语
当祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语时，其常用结构为“ask／request／tell／order sb(not)to do sth”。如：
“Speak loudly，please!” the teacher said to me．(＝The teacher asked me to speak loudly．)
Don’t smoke in the meeting room!” he said to Tom．(＝He told Tom not to smoke in the meeting room．)

练习
一、将以下祈使句改为否定式：
1.Come here early.
2.Ask him.
3. Please wait for her.
4. Read the book carefully.
5. Sit under the tree, please.
6. Let’s go there together.
二、选择最佳答案填空：
1. If you are tired, ______ a rest.
A. have B. having C. to have D. had
2. ______ me go. It is very important for me.
A. Do let B. let do C. Doing let D. To do let
3. He is not honest. ______ believe him.
A. Not B. Don’t C. To not D. Not to
4. If you want to stay, let me know, ______?
A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. do we
5. Never come late again, ______?
A. will you B. won’t C. do you D. does he
6. _____ up early tomorrow, or you can’t catch the train.
A. Getting B. Get C. To get D. Got
7. _____ in the street. It’s dangerous.
A. Not play B. Not to play C. Don’t play D. Don’t to play
8. Please ______ me some money, will you?
A. lend B. lending C. to lend D. be lend
9. The film is about to begin. Please ______ seated.
A. be B. are C. is D. being
10. _____ the boxes. You may use them later.
A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Kept
三、将下列句子变成感叹句：
1. It is quite a nice present.→_____ _____ nice present!
2. We have fine weather today.→ _____ _____ weather we have today!
3. It’s sunny today.→_____ _____ sunny day it is today!
4. The children are working hard.→ _____ _____ the children are working!
5. She played basketball wonderfully.→ _____ _____ she played basketball!
6. He is good at singing.→_____ _____ he sings!
7. He was doing well in dancing.→ _____ a _____ dancer he was!
8. Tom coughs badly.→_____ _____ _____ cough Tom has!
9. The fish is very lovely.→_____ _____ the fish is!
10. They live a happy life today.→ _____ _____ _____ life they live!
四、将下列句子变成祈使句：
11. Would you like to wait a moment?→_____ _____ a moment.
12. Can I use your bike?→Please _____ _____ your bike.
13. You’d better not smoke here.→_____ _____ here.
14. You must be careful with your handwriting. _____ _____ with your handwriting.
15. Will you please not play with my pencil? →____ ____ with my pencil,____.
五、选择题
1. ____ a nice watch it is!
A. How B. What C. What a D. How a
2. ____ bright girls they are!
A. What B. What a C. How D. how a
3. ____ interesting the film is!
A. What B. What an C. How
4. ____ sunny day! Let’s go out for a walk.
A. How a B. How C. What a D. What
5. ____ hard work it is!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
6. ____ day it is! It’s rainy again.
A. How bad B. What a bad C. How fine D. What a fine
7. ____ great day July 1,1997 will be!
A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
8. ____ expensive trousers!
A. What B. What a C. How D. What an
9. Please ____, they’re having a meeting.
A. not be so noisy B. Be quite C. mustn’t talk D. no speaking
10. ____ to meet me at the station. I’ll be waiting there.
A. Not to forget B. Not forget C. Forget not D. Don’t forget




形容词和副词的比较等级
一、形容词和副词比较等级构成
1.规则变化
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词末尾+er,est
small
smaller
smallest
fast
faster
fastest
quick
quicker
quickest
以不发音字母e结尾的单音节词+r,st
nice
nicer
nicest
fine
finer
finest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，双写末尾字母+er,est
early
earlier
earliest
happy
happier
happiest
“辅元辅”结构的重读闭音节词，双写末尾字母+er,est
red
redder
reddest
big
bigger
biggest
thin
thinner
thinnest
部分双音节词或多音节词在原级前+more，most
interesting
more interesting
most interesting
important
more important
most important
2.不规则变化
good/well-better-best little-less-least bad/badly/ill-worse-worst
far-farther/further-farthest/furthest many/much-more-most
二、判定比较等级的方法
1.原级的判定方法
l 由表示程度的副词very，so，too，enough，quite等修饰时，用形容词原级。
The film is too boring.
l 表示两者在某一方面相同或不同时用原级。具体用法如下：
①A+as+原级+as+B“A与B一样...”,表示相同或相等时。
A+not+so/as+原级+as+B“A不如B那样...”,表示不如或不相等时。
My best friend is as tall as her mother.
②A+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B“A是B的...倍时”。
常见倍数：一半half，一倍once，两倍twice，三倍及以上：数字+times。
Our school is twice as large as theirs.
③as much/many...+as,表示前后的数量相同。
John earns as much money as his brother.
2.比较级的判定方法
l 由表示程度的副词a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any等修饰时，用形容词或副词的比较级。
It is even colder today.
l 比较级的常见结构有：
①表示两者进行比较时用比较级，结构“A+比较级+than+B”，表示“A比B...”,即AB.
My bike is more beautiful than hers.
②A+less+原形+than+B，表示“A不及B...”。
The film was less funny than the book.这部电影比这本书更无趣。
③表示两者之间进行选择哪一个更...时，用句型：Which/Who+比较级，A or B？。
Which is nearer to the sun,the moon or the earth?
④表示两者之间较...的那一个（of the two）时，常用the+比较级结构。
He is the thinner of the two.
⑤比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越...”;若比较级是在原级前+more构成的，则用“more and more+原级”表示“越来越...”
1）Our city is becoming bigger and bigger.
2）This song is getting more and more popular.
⑥ “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越...,就越...”
The more fruits you eat,the healthier you will be.
⑦表示“几倍于...”时，用倍数+比较级+than表示。
His house is twice bigger than mine.
3.最高级的判定方法
l 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中进行比较时，用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，副词最高级前可以不加，句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。
This picture is the best of all.
l 最高级的常见结构有：
①表示三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时，用句型：Which/Who is the+最高级，A，B or C?。
Who is the tallest，Tom,Kate or Bill?
②表示“...是最...之一”时，用one of+最高级。
Deng Ziqi is one of the most popular singers.
③形容词最高级前面可以加序数词，表示“第几最...”
She is the second tallest girl in our class.
④形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能再加定冠词the。
She is my best friend.
⑤形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。
He is taller than any other students in the class.
练习
一、选择
1.Air pollution has become than ever before.We must do something to stop it.
A.serious B. more serious C.the most serious
2.The weather is becoming .
A.hotter and hotter B. more hot and hot C.hoter and hoter
3.-It’s smoggy these days.That’s terrible.-Yes.I hope to plant trees. Trees, air pollution.
A.The more;the fewer B. The less;the more C.The more;the less
4.--Judy,It’s raining so heavily. --Yes,but the radio says it will be even tomorrow.
A.worse B. bad C.worst
5.Of the two shirts,I’d like to choose the one to save some money for a cap.
A.cheapest B. cheaper C.more expensive
6.People usually like the TV channels with funnier programmes but advertisements.
A.few B. little C.fewer
7.--I don’t think history is more useful than physics.--I disagree.In my opinion,history is physics.
A.as useful as B.not so useful as C.less useful than
8.I’m sorry this coat is not big enough.I want to change a one.
A.bigger B.big C.smaller
9.Mo Yan is one of writers in the world.He is the first person in China who won the Nobel Prize.
A.famous B.more famous C.the most famous
10.--I’m thinking about where to spend my Christmas.
--Come here!You can go shopping and buy clothes in a year.
A.the cheapest B. cheaper C.the worst
11.--Do you know the Great Wall of China?--Of course.It is wall in the world.
A.long B. longer C.the longest
12.We are so glad to see the village is developing these years than it did before.
A.more quickly B.the more quickly C.most quickly
13.Li Lei won the racing competition.He runs in my class.
A.fast B. faster C.the fastest
14.--Gina,the coffee is good.--Yes.I think it will taste much with some milk.
A.good B. well C.better
15.--He is the only one who failed in the math exam. --Really?You mean he studies .
A.the most careful B. the least carefully C.the least careful
二、写出下列单词的反义词
1.hot____     2.new________  3.clean________4.high________   5.heavy______   6.bad______
三、写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级
1. old 2. busy _________   __________
3. thin ________  ________ 4. many _________   __________
5. slow ________ _______ 6. delicious _________ _________
四、用适当形式填空：
1. Bob is  _______ ( young ) than Fred but __________ (tall) than Fred.                        
2. Yingtian is not as ___________  (tall) as Yongxian.                                            
3. Li Ming looks _______ (fat) than before . 
4. Which is _________  (heavy), a hen or a chicken?              
5.--How______(tall) is Sally? --She' s 1.55 metres______(tall). What about Xiaoling?                               
  -- She' s only 1.40 metres ______ (tall). She is much _______(short) than Sally. She is also the _______ (short)girl in the class.                                         
6. He is ______ (bad) at learning maths. He is much _______ (bad) at Chinese and he is the   _________ (bad) at English.                       
7. Annie says Sally is the ________ (kind) person in the world.             
8.He is one of the_________(friendly) people in the class, I think.
9. A dictionary is much _________ (expensive)  than a story-book.
10. An orange is a little ______ (big) than an apple, but much ________ (small) than a watermelon.
11.Miss Chen is __________ _________than Mr. Wang. (popular)
12. Mr. Lin ________ ________ _________ Mr. Brown. (sad)
13. The basketball _______ ________ ________ the baseball. (big)
14. Question A _______ ________ _________ ________ Question B. (important)
15. A rose ________ ________ __________ ________ a weed(野草). (beautiful)
16. Toronto is _____ ______ city in Canada. (large)
17. Playing computer games is______ _____ _____ of all the activities.(interesting).
18. The Nile(尼羅河) is ______ ________river in the world. (long)
19. Good health is _______ _______ ________thing life. (important)
20. Taking a taxi is ______ _______ way to get to the airport. (easy)
21. Test 1 is _____ _______ _________of all the tests. （difficult）
22. He is ________than any other boy in the class.（clever）
24. The window is ________ ________ of the two. (narrow)
25. Where is the ________bus-stop? (near) 
26. He is one of ________ ________ _______Politicians. (famous)
27. Tom drives much ________ ________than John. (careful)
28. The white flower is ________(beautiful). The yellow flower is ______ _______ (beautiful)than the white flower. The red flower is the _____ ______ of the three.
五、选择题
 1. She is ________ than ________ .
     A. busier ；us B. busier ； we C. more busy ；us D. more busy ；we
 2. Jane is ________ than Betty.
     A. less taller B. less tallest C. less tall D. not as tall
 3. China is ________ country in the world.
     A. the third largest B. the largest third C. the third large D. a third largest
 4. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?-I think it's autumn.
　　A.good            B.better           C.best               D.the best
5．- Which is________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?-- Of course, the moon is.
　　A.small          B.smaller           C.smallest           D.the smallest
6.The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.
A. clean        B. cleaner         C. cleanest             D. the cleanest
7. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.
　　A. cheap      B. cheaper        C. cheapest             D. the cheapest
8．I study English as_______as my brother.
A.hard   B. harder  C. hardest
9. Which is _____ , a bicycle or a computer?
A.  expensive  B.more expensive  C.the most expensive
10. The Yellow River is one of ______rivers in China.
A.long  B. longer  C. the longest
11.She is the second _______student in our class.
   A. tall    B. taller    C. tallest
六、改错
(     )1. He is thiner than his brother.  _________
A     B    C        D
(     )2. The pen is the more expensive of  all  the pens._____________  
 A       B     C           D
(   )3. This story  is interestinger than that one._____________
A    B     C   D
(     )4. Her English is gooder than I ._______________
                A   B   C     D
(     )5. He is the stronger in the class.___________
            A      B       C      D
被动语态
一、语态概述
我吃了一个苹果， 那现在苹果怎样了？苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句，英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。         
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
例如：English is spoken by many people.
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。  
及物动词---本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。
不及物动词---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。
人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋eaten
一般过去时：was／were＋eaten
一般将来时：will/shall/be going to be＋eaten      
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋eaten
过去进行时：was／were being＋eaten
现在完成时：have／has been＋eaten
过去完成时：had been＋eaten
动词专练
1. ---How long can he__________the novel? ----For a week at least.
A.borrow B.lend C.keep D.return
2.The Longman English-English Dictionary___________me $25.
A.paid B.spent C.took D.cost
3.----How long________Paul_________Toronto? ----For 2 years.
A.did; leave B.will; be away from C.has; away from D.has left
4.Could you tell me when the Communist League was__________?
A.found B.founded C.built D.build
5.This is our new English teacher, Miss Evans. She__________many European countries.
A.has gone to B.has been in C.has gone in D.has been to
6.John’s father______in a traffic accident. He’s been_______for 3 years.
A.died; died B.dead; dead C.died; dead D.dead; died
7.It’s cold and wet today. You_______go out. Stay at home and sit near the fireplace.
A.had better not B.had better not to C.would like not D.would like not to
8.Miss Lee______her students and she__________by them.
A.has loved; is loved B.has been loved; loves C.loved; loves D.loves; is loved
9.----When__________the bridge________? ----Last year.
A.did; build B.did; built C.was; built D.was; build
10.----I have finished my work.
----When__________you___________it?
A.do; finish B.have; finished C.did; finish D.will; finish
11.I________read a lot of novels when I was a little boy.
A.was using B.use to C.used to D.was used to
12.In a few years’ time, those mountains_____________trees.
A.have been covered with B.are covered by C.will be covered with D.will cover by
13.Don’t worry! Your father___________well in hospital.
A.will take care B.will look after C.will be looked after D.will be taken care of
14.----What are you going to do this weekend? ----I________yet.
A.haven’t decided B.won’t decide C.have decided D.didn’t decide
15.In some places there are watchtowers on the beaches to_____people about sharks in the water.
A.prevent B.allow C.warn D.advise
16.Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please_____your E-mail address?I’ll write it down.
A.review B.recite C.report D.repeat
17.---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? ----John_______.
A.cleaned B.does C.did D.is
18.When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher_________.
A.came true B.come true C.came real D.come real
19.---Look! The bus is coming.
----But there are too many people. We can’t_________it.
A.get off B.get down C.get on D.get up
20.Jack always runs faster than Peter, but this time he____________him.
A.went over B.fell behind C.put off D.dropped off
21.----Do you like the music the Moonlight Sonata?
----Yes, it____________really beautiful.
A.feels B.sounds C.listens D.hears
22.---________! The traffic is moving fast! ----Thanks, I will.
A.Stop B.Look out C.Watch D.Don’t move
23.The children planted more trees and flowers after they_________Greener China.
A.joined B.took part in C.became D.joined in
24.What a nice bag! But she____________only thirty dollars for it.
A.cost B.took C.spent D.paid
25.So far, man-made satellites have been_______into space by many countries.
A.opened up B.put up C.sent up D.sent away
26.Tom___________his homework yet, so he won’t go out with his classmates.
A.finishes B.has finished C.doesn’t finish D.hasn’t finished
27.Don’t make a noise, Grandma________.
A.is falling asleep B.slept C.is sleeping D.sleep
28.The film__________for half an hour.
A.has begun B.has been begun C.has been on D.began
29.Wang Hai_________his homework and now he is watching TV.
A.has finished B.finished C.will finish D.finishes
30.---It’s time to do your homework, Jack.
---Yes, Mum. I’ll turn off the TV as soon as the programme___________.
A.ends B.end C.will be ended D.will end
31.Catherine_________the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.
A.has written B.was written C.had written D.is writing
32.Mr Johnson’s story___________by everyone who heard it.
A.laughed at B.was laughed C.laughed D.was laughed at
33.A lot of trees_________along the river last year.
A.planted B.are planted C.were planted D.plant
34.Another new library_________last month in my hometown.
A.was built B.built C.has been built D.is built
35.---Your sweater looks nice, is it______wool? ----Yes, and it’s_______ Inner Mongolia.
A.made of; made by B.made of; made in C.made by; made for D.made by; made from
36.---How was your weekend? ----Great! We____________a picnic by the lake.
A.have B.are having C.had D.will have
37.My watch doesn’t work. I must have it__________.
A.repaired B.repair C.repair D.repairing
38.----What’s your brother doing in his room now? ---He_________a kite.
A.makes B.made C.is making D.will make
39.Jenny_______with a Chinese family for two years. Now she’s used to the life in China.
A.stays B.would stay C.is staying D.has stayed
40.----Have you mended your shoes, Bob? ----Yes, I_______ them twenty minutes ago.
A.have mended B.mend C.had mended D.mended
41.I__________to Canada twice. It’s so beautiful.
A.won’t go B.have gone C.don’t go D.have been
42.----Where’s your father? ----He____________ Shanghai. He’ll be back next week.
A.has gone to B.has been to C.don’t go D.have been
43.----Come and join us, Jimmy!
----I’m sorry, but I’m really busy now. If I______ time, I would certainly go.
A.will have B.have had C.had D.have
44.----You’ve left the light on. ----Oh, sorry. _________and turn it off.
A.I’ve gone B.I’ll go C.I went D.I’m going
45.Physics______more interesting than maths, I think.
A.are B.is C.was D.were
46.I___________on the computer when Jim came to see me yesterday evening.
A.draw B.drew C.was drawing D.am drawing
47.Every year many foreigners_____________to China to learn Chinese.
A.have come B.comes C.came D.come
48.It is a long time since I last ____________you.
A.see B.seen C.saw D.seeing
49.My sister___________ her book in the classroom when her teacher came in.
A.read B.reads C.was reading D.is reading
50.If it_________ sunny tomorrow, I_______fishing in South Lake.
A.is; go B.will be; go C.is; will go D.will be; will go
51.----Look at the sign. Reading aloud is not allowed in the library.
----Oh, I’m sorry. I____________it.
A.don’t notice B.didn’t notice C.wasn’t noticing D.wasn’t noticed
52.This pair of jeans____________Tina’s. A.are B.be C.is D.will be
53.----Kitty, will you go to see the film Cold Mountain this evening?
----No, I won’t. I__________it already.
A.saw B.have seen C.see D.will see
54.I____________ my homework while my parents____________ TV last night.
A.did; have watched B.was doing; were watching
C.had done; were watching D.would do; were watching
55.----Is your father a doctor? ----Yes, he is. He_____________in Town Hospital.
A.has worked B.had worked C.works D.worked
56.----When_________you_________the bike? ----Last month.
A.have; bought B.had; bought C.do; buy D.did; buy
57.----Listen, what’s the noise?
----My brother____ the programme of the World Cup in the sitting-room.
A.watches B.is watching C.has watched D.will watch
58.The village is building a school. I hope it___________before August this year.
A.finishes B.will finish C.is finished D.will be finished
59.---That T-shirt with Yao Ming’s picture on it________ belong to David. He admires him a lot.
----No, it__________be his. He hates black color.
A.may; needn’t B.can; can’t C.must; mustn’t D.must; can’t
60.You_____be caught with fire when you have a picnic in the forest. It’s too dangerous.
A.will B.must C.can D.may
61.—Have you known Dr Jackson for a long time
—Yes, since she _________ the Chinese Society
A has joined B joins C had joined D joined
63.You will have to work____the weak points in your English if you want to pass the examination.
A. out    B. at    C. for  D. on
64. He got four pounds from the______________of his drawing.
A. sale      B. sold       C. selling    D. sales
65. They__________the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A. saw       B. watched    C. noticed     D. observed
66. There are usually at least two____________ of looking at every question.
A. means        B. directions       C. views        D. ways
67—Why haven’t you bought any butter ? —I________to but I forgot about it .
A. liked     B. wished       C. meant      D. expected
动词专练（二）
1.I’ll give the book to him as soon as he____________(come) back.
2.____________the baby____________ crying yet? (stop)
3.I don’t know whether Mother________________(take) me to Beijing next month. 4.She_______________on her coat and went out. (put)
5.----What are they doing? ----They__________________ (get) ready for the sports meeting.
6.The boy asked his mother________________(let) him go and play basketball.
7.I’m sorry to keep you___________(wait) for a long time
8.It_________(take) him half an hour__________(finish) his homework yesterday.
9.They usually________(do) their homework after supper.
10.Listen! Who__________________(sing)in the next room?
11.If it_________________(be) an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow.
12.Look! The children____________________(play) in the park.
13.I______________already_____________(walk) for 20 minutes. I’m too tired.
14.How long_____________your father_____________(live) in Beijing?
15.I_______________(not read) today’s newspaper yet.
16.His father________________(be) a doctor since 1988.
17.The foreign guests___________________(arrive)in 5 minutes.
18. I______________(see) her this morning. What’s wrong with her?
19.The boy______________(study) now. _____________(not make)any noise.
20.----Where is Tom? ----He____________(go) to Hangzhou.
---_______he ever______(be) there before? ----Yes. He has been there three times.
----When________he___________(go) there? ----He___________(go) there 3 days ago.
21.The wind__________(blow) hard yesterday.
22.__________you_________(hear) the news last night?
23.They______________(write) letters at this time yesterday evening.
25.She often __________(talk) about that book.
26. Let’s_____________(carry) the boxes to the house.
27.Yesterday I___________(go) to___________(see) a film. On my way to the cinema, I_________(meet) my friend there. We________(talk) a lot. We________(be) very happy.
28.They__________(wait) for us for 3 hours.
29.Mike______________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
30.He______________(write) four letters to his wife every month.
31.Don’t make any noise. Grandma_____________(sleep).
32.His aunt ___________(do) some cooking when he came in.
33.When they___________(reach) the station, the train had already left.
34.There___________(be) a meeting next Monday.
35.Sometimes my father_____________(come) back home late.
36.I’m very glad_______________(hear) that.
37.Wei Fang isn’t here. She____________(go) to the reading-room.
38.He____________(not do) the cooking yesterday.
39.We____________(have) a good time in the Summer Palace last Sunday.
40.Mary_________________(listen) to the radio when her mother came in.
41.Last night the boy_______________(draw) a picture.
42.My mother____________(work) for 3 hours. She is very busy
43.Tomorrow__________________(be) Sunday. I______________(visit) an old friend.
44.I_____________(fall) and________________(hurt) my neck last week.
45.Sometimes Li Ming___________(do) his homework at school. Now he__________(do) it in the classroom.
46.----What_________Lin Ying_______(do) now?
----She_______(help) Wang Lin with his lessons.
----________she often__________(help) him with his lessons?
----Yes, she________(help) him with his lessons twice a week.
47.We______(have) one or two new subjects every year. We_____(have) physics next year.
I__________(work) hard at it.
48.It’s five o’clock now. The students______________(clean) their classroom.
49.----What_______you usually______(do) after class?
----Sometimes I__________(go) to the library and sometimes I___________(have) sports with my classmates.
50.The students___________(listen) to the radio. ________(not sing) here, please.













数词
一、基数词
下面把100以内的基数词分为四类。
1、第一类：
one 一two 二three 三four 四five 五six 六seven 七eight 八nine 九ten 十eleven 十twelve 十二
这一类共计十二个单词，在结构上与其他的基数词相比较是特殊的，就象不规则的动词一样，要求逐个的硬背下来，这对学好其他的基数词和序数词都是及其重要的。
 2、第二类：
thirteen 十三fourteen 十四fifteen 十五sixteen 十六seventeen 十七eighteen 十八nineteen 十九
这一类基数词共有七个。它们在结构上有两个特点：一是在发音方面都有两个重音；二是在拼法上都有后缀－teen。除了thirteen和fifteen之外，都是纯粹地在另一个基数词的后面加上后缀－teen。但要注意eighteen的拼法，eight本身有t字母，因此只加－een。
 3、第三类：
twenty 二十thirty 三十forty 四十fifty 五十sixty 六十seventy 七十eighty 八十ninety 九十
这类基数词共有八个。都是十位的整数，均以后缀－ty结尾。其中sixty、seventy、eighty、ninety基本上是在相应的基数词后面加上后缀－ty。但要注意eighty的拼法，eight本身有t字母，因此只加－y。
 4、第四类：
这一类和很简单，可以看成是一种合成词。其结构方式是：用十位整数加上个位整数，其间用连字符号“－”连接，表示“几十几”。这类基数词的变化都是规则的。如：
twenty-one 二十一forty-six 四十六seventy-eight 七十八ninety-five 九十五  
 二、序数词
下面把1－99的序数词也分为四个类。
1、第一类
first (1st) 第一second (2nd) 第二third (3rd) 第三
（在括号里的是缩写形式，均在阿拉伯数字后面加上相应序数词的最后两个字母构成，以下各类与此相同。）这类序数词只有三个，在整个序数词里面是特殊的，就和第一类基数词一样，需要逐个地硬记下来。
2、第二类：
fourth (4th) 第四 fifth (5th) 第五 sixth (6th) 第六 seventh (7th) 第七 eighth (8th) 第八
ninth (9th) 第九 tenth (10th) 第十 eleventh (11th) 第十一 twelfth (12th) 第十二thirteenth (13th) 第十三 fourteenth (14th) 第十四 fifteenth (15th) 第十五
sixteenth (16th) 第十六 seventeenth (17th) 第十七 eighteenth (18th) 第十八
nineteenth (19th) 第十九
这一类序数词共有十六个。均在相应的基数词后面加上后缀－th构成。要注意其中fifth、eighth、ninth、twelfth四个词的拼法。
3、第三类：
twentieth (20th) 第二十 thirtieth (30th) 第三十 fortieth (40th) 第四十
fiftieth (50th) 第五十 sixtieth (60th) 第六十 seventieth (70th) 第七十
eightieth (80th) 第八十 ninetieth (90th) 第九十
这一类全是十位整数的序数词，共八个。它们的构成方法是：先将相应的十位整数的基数词词尾－ty中的y改成i，然后在加上后缀－eth。
4、第四类：
thirty-first (31th) 第三十一 sixty-second (62nd) 第六十二
eighty-seventh (87th) 第八十七 ninety-eighth (98th) 第九十八
这类表示“第几十几”的序数词，跟表示“几十几”的基数词一样简单。在构成方法上均由基数词“几十几”变化而来，十位数不变，仅把个位上的基数词变成序数词就行了。
基数词及序数词重要用法
1. 基数词的用法
基数词用于表示事物的数量，在表示基数词时，要特别注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等几个词的用法：若其前用了基数词，则不论其面是否有of，都必须用单数形式(此时若带of则通常表示特定范围中的一部分)；若泛指数百、数千、数百万等，则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。如：
①Two hundred of the students are needed to plant trees this morning.
②Hundreds of people attended the famous director’s farewell concert.
③Thousands upon thousands of English words come from foreign tongues.
2. 基数词的复数用法
逢整“十”的基数词的复数形式可用于表示某人的大约年岁和世纪中的年代。如：
①The war broke out in the nineties.这次战争爆发于90年代。
②Karl Mark began to learn the Russian language in his fiftieth.马克思五十多岁开始学俄语。
3. 序数词的用法
序数词用于表示事物的顺序，一般由与之相应的基数词加th构成(但有特殊形式需特别记忆)；序数词主要用作定语，前面一般要加定冠词(或物主代词)。如：
①Their second son is a doctor.他们的二儿子是个博士。
②The hundredth cave that George has discovered in his lifetime is near the Alps.
乔治一生中找到的第一百个山洞在阿尔卑斯山附近。
注：序数词前有时可用不定冠词，表示“每一，又一”。如：
We’ll have to do it a second time.我们将再做一遍。
基数词序数词练习题
I. Choose the best answer
( )1. Please turn to ______.
A. Page 11 B. the 11st page C. page 11 D. page the 11th
( )2. At night we can see ______ stars in the sky.
A. thousands and thousands of B. thousand and thousands of
C. a thousand and thousands D. thousand and thousand
( )3. There are some _____ in our classroom.
A. hundred of books B. the hundreds of books C. hundreds of books D. hundred of book
( )4. I have been to the village ________.
A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundreds of times D. hundred of times
( )5. There are ____ students in our school.
A. four—hundred and forty—five B. four hundred and forty—five
C. four hundreds and forty—five D. four hundred and forty five
( )6. The teacher told me to go over _____ lessons.
A. thirst three B. the three first C. three the first D. the first three
( )7. May is ____ of a year.
A. the fifth months B. the fifth month C. the five months D. the five month
( )8. We live in ______.
A. the twenty-first century B. the century twenty-one
C. century twenty-one D. the century twenty-first
( )9. He said he was going to be free in _______.
A. one and a half hour B. one hour and half C. one and half hours D. an hour and a half
( )10. ---How many English books are there on the table?
---There is only _____English book on it.
A. a B. an C. one D. the
( )11. Mr Smith stayed in _____ last night.
A. Room 403 B. the Room 403 C. the 403 room D. 403 the room
( )12. The road is _________.
A. two thousand and five hundred metres long B. two thousands metres long
C. long one thousand five hundred metre D. a thousand and five hundreds metres long
( )13. He joined the army on ______ of May 1980.
A. 1 st B. the 1 C. first D. the first
( )14. Is Sunday the ____ day of the week?
A. a B. one C. once D. first
( )15. March the _____ is Women’s Day.
A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eight
( )16. September is the _____month of the year.
A. nineth B. ninth C. nine D. the twelveth
( )17. December the ____ is Christmas.
A. twenty-five B. twenty-fifth C. twentieth-five D. twenty-five
( )18. Another way of saying Lesson 12 is __________.
A. Lesson ten-two B. Lesson Ten-second C. the Twelfth Lesson D. Twelfth lesson
II. Complete the sentences according to the numerals: (用past或 to的句型)
1. What time is it ? (8:30) It’s ___________________________.
2. What is it ? (9:15) It’s ___________________________.
3. What time is it ? (7;45) It’s ___________________________.
4. What was the date ? (1893年1月26日)
It ____________________________________________________________________.
III. Translate the following into English.
1. 电话号码8485308 _____________________
2. 第六十四中学 ___________________
3. 成千上万的儿童 _____________________
4. 两个月 _______________________
5. 45路公共汽车 ______________________
6. 三分之一 _______________________
7. 五分之四 ________________________
8. 第501房间 _____________________
名词所有格
名词所有格一般是在名词后面加上"'s",表示"某某人的……",称为所属关系.
名词所有格都有哪些形式呢?是"'s","of"和"双重所有格".
"'s"结构名词所有格多用于表示有生命的名词的所属关系,此时要用"'s"表示.但其构成和用法又分为以下六种情形：
1.一般情况下,是在单数名词的词尾直接加"'s"
Jim's football吉姆的足球Kate's cat凯特的猫
2.以-s结尾的复数名词,只能在词尾加"'".
the teachers' chairs老师们的椅子the students' books学生们的书
3.不以-s结尾的不规则复数名词,还得在词尾加"'s".
Children's Day儿童节men's shoes男鞋women's clothes女士服装
4.若表示两人各自所有的两个东西,则应在两个名词后面都加上"'s",且后接复数名词；Tom's and Mike's rooms汤姆和迈克的房间(两人各有一间,共两间,不是共同拥有)
若表示两人共同所有的一个东西,则只能在后面那个名词后面加上"'s",且后接单数名词.请比较：Tom and Mike's room汤姆和迈克的房间(两人共同拥有的一间房间) 
5.一些表示日期、时间、距离、国家名称的无生命名词,也可加"'s"构成所有格.请看：a month's time一个月的时间today's newspaper今天的报纸Beijing's spring北京的春天twenty minutes' walk二十分钟的路程the city's parks城市公园
6.如果"'s"后的名词是商店、住宅等地点时,后面的名词常常要省略.
at the doctor's在诊所,在医务室to my uncle's到我叔叔家
"of"短语表示无生命的所属关系时,要用介词"of"所构成的短语来表示.
the legs of the table桌子的腿the hands of the clock闹钟的指针the name of the hill小山的名字a map of China一幅中国地图
"变身"须知：一般来说,"'s"结构都可以变成"of"短语,但是,并非所有的"of"短语都可以变成"'s"结构.所以啊,对于无生命的名词所有格最好还是用"of"短语
the boy's new bike＝the new bike of the boy那位男孩的新自行车
the twins' bedroom＝the bedroom of the twins双胞胎的卧室
the door of the room＝the room's door房间的门
但是,"教室里的画"要说a picture of a classroom,而不能说a classroom's picture.
双重所有格就是既含有"'s"结构,又含有"of"短语,组合成了"of＋'s"结构.
"双重所有格"主要有两种用法：一种表示"部分",另一种表示"感情色彩".
an old friend of my father's我父亲的一位老朋友the English book of your brother's你哥哥的英语书the lovely son of your sister's你姐姐的这个可爱的儿子that big nose of Tom's汤姆的那个大鼻子
注意："双重所有格"和只用"of"的所有格在意义上是不同的.
试比较：a photo of my mother's我母亲的一幅照片(照片是我母亲的,照片上的人却不一定是我母亲) a photo of my mother我母亲的照片(照片上的人就是我母亲)


1．This is （李雷的家庭）．
2．Is that （ 比尔家的一幅照片）？
3．What’s （汤姆妹妹的名字）？
4．This is （莉莉和露茜的)room．
5．They are （格林夫人的儿子）．
6．It’s my （mother） bag．
7．Are these the （twin） books﹖
1. --- Whose umbrella is it?--- It’s _______.
A. somebody else´s B. Somebody else C. Somebody´s else´s D. Somebody’s else
2. I feel terribly hot, What’s the _____?
A. temperature of room B. Room’s temperature
C. Room temperature D. Temperature of room’s
3.The girl talking to Mary is a friend of ________.
A. Mary’s sister B. Mary sister’s C. Mary’s sister’s D. Sister of Mary’s
4. The woman over there is ______ mother.
A. Julia and Shelley’s B. Julia’s and Shelley’s C. Julia and Shelley D. Julia’s and Shelley
5．---Excuse me，where are _______ offices?---Over there．
A.teacher’s B.teachers’ C.the teacher’s D．the teachers’
6．Today is September 10th. It’s_____ Day. Let’s go and buy some flowers for our teachers.
A. Teacher B. Teachers’ C. the Teachers’ D. Teacher’s
7．We’ll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake?
A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s
8．This is my dress. That one is ____.
A. Mary B. Mary’s C. sister D. mother
9. The village is far away from her indeed. It’s walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
1. ________________(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.
2.This is __________________________________(我妹妹的语文书)
3.__________________________________(双胞胎的卧室) are very nice.
4._________________________(王平和王明的父亲) is a hotel manager.
5.Is this ___________________________(你的好朋友的钢笔) ?
6.They are _____________________________(Peter 和Sam的老师).
7.___________________________(教师节) is on September 10th .
8._______________________________(学生们的桌椅) are very new.
9.We are very happy on _______________________________(儿童节).
10. He is in ______________________________(老师的办公室) now.
11.Please open ___________________________________(教室的门).
12. ____________________________(赵敏的鞋) are white.
13. _________________________(林红和张蔚的学校) is big and new.
14.__________________________(John和Sally的母亲) are American.
15._______________________(刘伟的妻子的朋友) is from Guangzhou.
16. ______________________________(Tony哥哥的电脑) is broken.
17. It’s _____________________________(妇女节) on March 8th.
18. Are these _______________________________(男生们的书包) ?
19. That is ________________________________(Tom和李雷的教室).
20. _______________________________(我父亲的和她父亲的朋友) are from Beijing.