2021-2022学年高中英语新牛津译林版必修第二册语法专题之情态动词 学案

这是一份2021-2022学年高中英语新牛津译林版必修第二册语法专题之情态动词 学案
专题五：情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，认为“可能，应当，必要”等等，但本身词义不完全，不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, need, dare, have to, ought to, used to, had better等。一、can和could的用法1. 表示能力，意为“能，会”。We can help you. 我们能帮助你们。My mother can use the computer now. 现在我妈妈会用电脑。She could not use the computer three years ago. 三年前她不会使用电脑。2. 表示许可（多用于口语），意为“可以”。Can I go now? 我可以走了吗？He said I could use the computer. 他说我可以用这台电脑。3. 表示请求，意为“能，可以”。—Could I borrow your pen? 我能借用一下你的钢笔吗？—Yes, you can. 是的，可以。—No, I’m afraid not. 不，恐怕不行。注：（在表示请求时can和could没有时间上的差别，could的语气较委婉客气些，但是回答时均用can。）4. 表示推测，强调客观可能性，意为“可能”，多用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词后可用一般现在时、进行时或完成时。Anybody can make mistakes. 任何人都有可能犯错误。Man can not live without air. 没有空气，人类不可能生存。She can’t be waiting for you. 她不可能在等你。He can’t have gone there alone. 他不会独自去那里。5. 表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度，意为“能，可能”（主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句）。This can’t be done by her. 这不可能是她做的。Can this be true? 这有可能是真的吗？How can/could you be so careless! 你怎么能这么粗心！He couldn’t be over sixty. 他不可能超过60岁。6. can与be able to的用法比较：①表示能力时二者同义。No one can/is able to do it. 没有人能够做这件事。②be able to表示“通过努力成功地做某事”，相当于manage to do sth.和succeed in doing sth.。With the help of the fireman, they were able to leave the burning house.在消防队员的帮助下，他们才能离开那座着火的房子。③can常指现在，也可用于过去时态，但不可以用于完成及将来时态；而be able to可用于各种时态。I can/am able to swim. 我会游泳。When he was three, he could/was able to swim. 他三岁的时候就会游泳了。Her baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. 她的孩子几周后就该会走路了。She has been able to talk to us in English since she was five years old. 她五岁时，便能用英语同我们讲话了。7. can和could的用法比较：①could是can的过去式。He can use the computer now, but he couldn’t use it two years ago.他现在会用电脑，但两年前他不会。②could可用于虚拟语气，但can不可。How I wish I could fly into the sky! 我多么希望我能飞上天空!If he could go, he should be glad. 如果他能去，他会感到高兴的。Could you come and see me next Sunday? 下周日你能来看看我吗？③回答允许时，一般不用could而用can。—Could I ask you a question? 我能问你一个问题吗？—Yes, you can. 当然能。④could表达的语气比can更委婉，这时could可用于各种时态。I can’t finish the job now, but I could do it tomorrow.我现在完不成这项工作，但明天我可以完成。Do you think you could climb that tree? 你认为你能爬上那棵树吗？I wonder if you could do me a favor. 我想知道你能否帮帮我。归纳：can/could意为“能，会；可以；可能”注：can构成一些固定的搭配：（请牢记）can but 只得cannot but 不得不；不会不；必然can’t help but 不得不can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮助干某事can’t help doing sth. 忍不住干某事；情不自禁干某事can not/never… too/enough/more 无论……也不过分；越……越好练习：1) It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it ________ be rather cold sometimes.2) She ________ have left school, for her bike is still here.3) No one __________ be more generous; he has a heart of gold.4) If it were not for the fact that she ________ sing, I would invite her to the party.5) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____________（能够）get out.6) I ________ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.7) Will you _________________（能）finish your homework this evening?8) While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ______________ (persuade) into buying something they don’t really need.9) She can’t help ______________ (clean) the house because she’s busy making a cake.10)—Could I borrow your bike? —Yes, of course you ________.11) I can’t help but _________________ (admire) his courage.12) He could but ________________ (stop) his work because of his illness.13) You _____________________________ when crossing the road. 当你过马路的时候，要越小心越好。14) I ____________ thank you____________. 我对你感激不尽。(答案：1. can; 2. can’t; 3. could; 4. can’t; 5. was able to; 6. can’t; 7. be able to; 8. being persuaded; 9. clean 10. can; 11. admire; 12. stop; 13. can’t be too careful; 14. can’t enough; 15. can’t more)15) We ____________ agree with you _____________. 我们非常同意你的意见。二、may和might的用法1. 表示许可，有“可以”的意思，有时可以跟can互换。You may go now. 你现在可以走了。May I smoke in the room? 我可以在房间里抽烟吗？2. 表示推测，有“或许、也许、可能”的意思，只用于陈述句中。It may rain tomorrow. 明天可能会下雨。He may come or may not. 他也许来，也许不来。3. may可以用于祈使句中，表示祝愿，意为“祝……，愿……”。May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。May you succeed. 祝你成功。4. 在复合句中，主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，从句中用might。He said that he might help us. 他说他可以帮助我们。She suggested a few books which I might buy. 他推荐了几本我可以买的书。5. 表示现在可以做的事或可能发生的事，这时may和might可以互换，但 might比 may的语气委婉。might表示实现的可能性更小一些。He may/might come soon. 他可能很快就来了吧。I wonder if I might have some coffee. 我想知道我是否可以喝些咖啡。6. 回答允许时，一般不用might而用may。—Might I ask you a question? 我可以问你一个问题吗？—Yes, you may. 当然可以。7. 在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常用may/might，也可用can/could，其中might, could表示过去的情况。We work hard so that we may live a happier life. 我们努力工作，以便生活得更幸福。I raised my voice in order that I might be heard clearly. 我提高声音，以让别人听得更清楚。8. may的否定式：①may not意为“不可以”，语气较客气，常用来回答May I…问句。—May I go there? 我可以去那里吗？—No, you may not. 不可以。②may not还可以表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”等，常用mustn’t代替。a. —May I watch TV tonight? 我今天晚上可以看电视吗？—Yes, you may. 是的，你可以。—No, you mustn’t. 不，你不可以。b. —May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？ —Yes, please. 可以，请便。—Please don’t. 请不要这样做。③may not意为“或许不，也许不”，表示推断，把握不大。He may not be at home. 他也许不在家。They may not find the lost book. 他们或许没有找到那本丢失的书。9. may well和may/might (just) as well结构 ①“may/might well+动词原形” 意为“极可能，很可能”，主要用于加强推测的语气，表示具有较大的可能性。 It may well be true. 那很可能是真的。 Her grandpa may well be over eighty. 她的祖父可能已有80多岁了。 That may well have been their intention. 这很可能是他们的意图。 He might well lose his job. 他多半会丢了那份工作。②“may/might (just) as well+动词原形”意为“最好，不妨，还是……的好”，相当于had better。You may as well stay here over the night. 你最好留在这里过夜。Since it’s a fine day, we might as well walk. 既然是好天气，我们不妨走走。He might as well come with me. 他还不妨跟我一起来。You may as well not go there alone. 你最好不要一个人去那儿。10. may/might…but…意为“我承认……是事实，但是……”He may sing English songs well, but he knew nothing about it.我承认他英文歌唱得好，但他根本不懂歌的内容。11. may be和maybe may be是“情态动词+系动词be”的结构，表示“可能有，可能在，可能是”，否定式为may not be；maybe是副词，意为“大概，也许，可能”，在句子中作状语。He may be over thirty years old. 他可能有三十多岁了。They may be at home. 他们可能在家。Maybe he is over thirty years old. 他也许三十多岁了。归纳：may意为“可以；或许，也许，可能；祝……，愿……”might意为“可以；或许，也许，可能”may/might not意为“不可以；不许，不可；或许不，也许不”练习：1)— ___________ I use your pen? I’ve lost mine. —Of course, here you are.2)—I can’t find my purse anywhere. —You ___________ have lost it while shopping.3) Liza ___________ well not want to go on the trip—she hates traveling.4) If you think the price of pork is too high, you ___________ as well buy some beef. It depends on you!5) Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they ___________ just be quiet people.6) You are here, so you ___________ as well give me a hand.7)— ___________ I take some photos in the hall? —No, you ___________.8) Mr Li _________________（或许在）in his office now. Go and find him.9)—Might I ask you a question?—Yes, you ____________.10) —Where are you going this month?(答案：1. May; 2. may; 3. may; 4. may; 5. may; 6. may; 7. May, mustn’t; 8. may be; 9. may; 10. may)—We ____________ go to Xiamen, but we are not sure.三、must和have to 的用法1. must表示“必须、必要”。You must come in time. 你必须及时来。注：在回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或 don’t have to。因为mustn’t表示“严禁，禁止”的意思。－Must we hand in our exercise books today? 今天我们必须交练习簿吗？－Yes, you must. 是的，你们必须。－No, you needn’t/don’t have to. 不，你们不必。2. must可作“偏偏，偏要，非得”解，指令人不快的事情。Why must it rain on Sunday? 怎么偏偏星期天下雨？The car must break down when we were about to start off. 我们正要出发的时候偏偏车坏了。Must you shout so loudly? 你非得这么大声喊？3. must还可以表示必然的结果，意为“必然会，总是会”。All men must die. 人固有一死。If you don’t hurry, you must miss the train. 如果不快点，你必然要误车。4. have to的否定及疑问式通常借助于助动词do来表达。Do you have to go now? 你现在一定要走吗？He doesn’t have to be in such a hurry. 他不必这么匆忙。You don’t have to see me every day. 你不必每天来看我。5. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：①must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。I don’t like to stay here any longer, I must leave now.我不想再呆在这儿了，我必须马上离开了。It’s too late, I have to leave now.天已黑了，我必须马上离开了。My brother is so little, I must look after him.我弟弟这么小，我必须照顾他。My mother is ill, I have to look after my little brother.我妈妈生病了，我不得不照顾我小弟弟。②must一般只表现在，have to则有更多的时态形式。We must study hard. 我们必须努力学习。He had to go home. 他不得不回家。We will have to help her. 我们将不得不帮助她。③二者的否定意义不大相同，mustn’t意为“严禁，禁止”；don’t have to意为“不必”。You mustn’t go. 你一定不要去。You mustn’t lend it to others. 你一定不要把它借给别人。You don’t have to go. 你不必去。④询问对方的意愿时应用must。Must I clean all the rooms? 我必须打扫所有的房间吗？7. must可表示推测，用于肯定句，意为“想必，准是，一定是”。①表示对现在情况进行推测时，用“must+动词原形”。She must be ill. 她准是病了。They must be at home now, aren’t they? 现在他们准在家，不是吗？Look at his look! He must know the truth. 看他的表情！他准是知道真相。②表示对过去情况进行推测时，用“must+have+过去分词”。It must have rained last night. 昨晚天准是下雨了。It must have rained. 天准是下雨了。They must have seen the film last week. 上周他们准是看过那部电影了。They must have seen the film. 他们准是看过那部电影。He must have lived there for a long time. 他准是住在那儿很长一段时间了。Tom must have been to Beijing. 汤姆以前一定去过北京。注： a. 当must用于肯定句中表示推测时，其反意疑问句的构成为：若对现在情况进行推测时，反意疑问句用must后面的动词的一般现在时来构成；若对过去情况进行推测，句中有明确的过去时间状语，反意疑问句用didn’t来构成（若句中有be动词用wasn’t/weren’t）；若虽对过去情况进行推测，但这个动作持续到现在，或无明确的过去时间状语，反意疑问句用haven’t/hasn’t来构成。She must be ill, isn’t she? 她准是病了，不是吗？Look at his look! He must know the truth, doesn’t he? 看他的表情！他准是知道真相，不是吗？It must have rained last night, didn’t it? 昨晚准是下雨了，不是吗？It must have rained, hasn’t it? 天准是下雨了，不是吗？They must have seen the film last week, didn’t they? 上周他们准是看过那部电影，不是吗？They must have seen the film, haven’t they? 他们准是看过那部电影，不是吗？He must have lived there for a long time, hasn’t he?他准是住在那儿很长一段时间了，不是吗？Tom must have been to Beijing before, wasn’t he? 汤姆以前一定去过北京，不是吗？Tom must have been to Beijing, hasn’t he? 汤姆以前一定去过北京，不是吗？b. 如果要表示否定的推测要用can/could，意为“不可能，不一定”，不可用mustn’t，因为mustn’t意思是“不准，一定不要”。The room is locked. She can’t be in. 房间上了锁。她准不在家。His answer can’t be right. 他的回答不可能是对的。They can’t have finished the work. 他们不可能完成了那项工作。归纳：must意为“必须；偏偏，偏要，非得；必然会，总是会；想必，准是，一定是” have to意为“必须，不得不”。练习：1)—Who is the girl standing over there?—Well, if you ____________ know, her name is Mabel.2) John, look at the time. ____________ you play the piano at such a late hour?3)—May I smoke here?—If you ____________, choose a seat in the smoking section.4) In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you _____________ take care of your luggage.5) This cake is very sweet. You ______________ have put a lot of sugar in it.6) He must have passed the exam, ____________ he?7) They must have been to Africa last year, ______________ they?8) He must be in the classroom, _________ he?9)— __________ I finish the work right now?—No, you __________ (not). You ______ do it later.(答案：1. must; 2. must; 3. must; 4. must; 5. must; 6. hasn’t; 7. weren’t; 8. isn’t; 9. Must, needn’t, may; 10. had to)10) Her mother was ill. She _____________ stay at home and look after her.四、shall, should和ought to的用法1. shall用于第一人称，表示将来的动作，意为“将要”。What shall we do this evening? 今天晚上我们该做什么呢？Where shall we meet tomorrow? 明天我们将在哪里见面？2. shall用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。You shall fail if you don’t work hard. 如果你不努力，你就要失败。（警告）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 明天你将得到我的答复。（允诺）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 告诉你，总有一天他会为此而遗憾的。（警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading. 我读完之后，就把这本书给他。（允诺）He shall be punished. 他将会得到应有的惩罚。（威胁）You shall do as I tell you. 你应该按我告诉你的那样做。（命令）3. shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，意为“……好吗？”。Shall we begin our lesson? 我们可以开始上课好吗？When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 他什么时候可以离开医院？Shall I turn on the light? 我打开灯好吗？Shall he come to see you? 他会来看你吗？4. shall用于第三人称，在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该，必须”。The Olympic Games shall be held every four years. 奥运会每四年举行一次。Students shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 试卷全部收回后学生才能离开座位。The members of our club shall wear uniforms. 我们俱乐部的成员必须统一穿制服。5. should表示劝告、建议、命令，意为“应当，应该，可以”。 You should be more patient. 你应该更耐心些。You should do it better next time. 你下次应做的更好一些。Should I open the window? 我可以打开窗户吗？6. should表示推测、推论或可能性，意为“可能；该，按道理说该”。Li Lei’s sister should be around ten years old. 李雷的妹妹可能十岁左右。She should be a teacher. 她大概是位老师。He should have finished the work by now. 这时他可能已经把那项工作做完了。He should be home now. 按理说现在他该到家了。7. should多用于疑问句中，表示惊讶、难以相信或不应该的事，意为“竟然，竟会”。The boy should do such a thing. 那个男孩竟然做这样的事情。Why should she tell a lie? 她为何竟然说谎？8. should用于条件状语从句中，表示不确定性，意为“万一”。既可表示可以实现的假设，又可表示不能实现的假设。If I should see him, I will tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 万一明天下雨，会议就延期。9. should表示谦逊、婉转的语气，用于提出建议、意见或请求等。I should advise you to say less and do more. 我想劝你少说多做。I should say it would be better to delay the meeting. 我看最好还是推迟这次会议。10. should多用于虚拟语气。①“should+have+过去分词”表示过去本应该干某事而实际上未干，意为“本应该干……”，其否定式意为“本不应该干…”，而实际上干了。含有责备、内疚等之意。She should have helped you a lot. 她本应该帮你许多的。He should have come earlier. 他本该来的更早一些。You shouldn’t have lent him money in the past. 你过去本不应该把钱借给他。You shouldn’t have kept him waiting for so long a time. 你本不应该让他等这么久。②用于表示坚持、命令、建议等的动词后（如insist; order, command; advise, suggest, propose, recommend; demand, desire, require, request）的宾语从句中，谓语应由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。（即：一坚持二命令四建议四要求。）He suggested that I (should) accept the job. 他建议我应该接受这份工作。My teacher demanded that we should finish our homework on time.老师要求我们按时完成作业。The doctor advises that we should do more exercise. 医生建议我们应该多做运动。③在lest, for fear that, in case等引起的从句中，谓语用“should+动词原形”构成。She cleans the glass with care for fear that she should break it. 她小心擦杯子唯恐打破了。④用在expect, think, believe等词的宾语从句中，表示惊讶、怀疑、不满等情绪。I never expect that he should have come here. 我从没想到他竟会来这儿。⑤用于advice, suggestion, proposal, order, demand, wish等词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语应由“should+动词原形”构成，should可省略。My suggestion/advice is that we (should) go there at once.我的建议是我们应该马上去那儿。Her demand is that we (should) help her. 她的要求是我们应该帮助她。The advice that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow.推迟那项计划的建议将在明天讨论。She refused the demand that he (should) do the work alone.她拒绝了他单独做那项工作的请求。It is my wish that that you (should) do so. 我希望你能这样做。 = 6 \* GB3 ⑥在if引导的虚拟语气的条件从句中，若含有should, 可以省略if而把should提前，构成倒装。Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there. 如果明天下雨，我就不去那儿。(=If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.)11. ought to没有人称、数和时态的变化，其后接动词原形，意为“应该，应当”，表示责任、义务、劝告等，有时含有责备的意味，语气上比should强。否定式为ought not to或oughtn’t to。You ought to take care of your parents. 你应该照顾你的父母。We ought to help each other in our work. 在工作上我们应该互相帮助。He ought not (oughtn’t) to tell her the news. 他不应该把消息告诉她。You ought not to leave her alone. 你不应该让她独自在家。归纳：shall意为“将要；应（该），必须” should意为“应当，应该，可以；可能，该，按道理说该；竟然，竟会” ought to意为“应当，应该”练习：1) I ___________ be 18 years old next month.2)—The room is so dirty. ___________ we clean it?—Ok.3) The fine _______________ be paid in cash.4) You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _______________ be so rude to a lady.5)—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.—They ____________ be ready by 12:00.6) This printer is of good quality. If it _____________ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.7)—What does the sign over there read?—“No person ______________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.”8)—Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.—You ________________ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.9) It is strange that their team ________________ win the first prize.10) Don’t worry, you _________________ get the answer this afternoon.11) If you ______________ change your mind, please let us know.12) I think you _________________ eat less junk food.13) _____________ you be fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.14) —I’m sorry. I ___________________________ (not shout) at you the other day.—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.15) My mom suggests that we ________________ (eat) out for a change this weekend.(答案：1. shall; 2. Shall; 3. shall; 4. should; 5. should; 6. should; 7. shall; 8. shan’t; 9. should; 10. shall; 11. should; 12. should; 13. Should; 14. shouldn’t have shouted 15. should eat)五、will的用法1. 表示意愿、意图和决心，意为“要，愿意”。I’ll do my best. 我将尽我最大的努力。Will we buy a car? 我们愿意买辆汽车吗？I will never do such a thing again. 这样的事我绝不愿意再干了。2. 用于疑问句中，表示邀请，请求、建议（用于第二人称）。Will you give me a piece of paper? 你可以给我一张纸吗？3. will有时表“难免、毕竟 ”。Boys will be boys. 男孩毕竟是男孩。4. 表示责任、义务，意为“必须，一定”。You’ll report to me afterwards. 你随后必须向我报告。You will do it at once. 你必须马上做这件事。5. 可以表示能力，功能，意为“能，能够”。This tree will live for three months without water. 这棵树没有水能活三个月。The bottle will hold a pint of milk. 这只瓶能装一品脱牛奶。6. 可以表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等，意为“经常，总是，老是”。Fish will die out of water. 鱼总是一出水就死。Mary will read for hours at a time. 玛丽常常一连读书好几个小时。Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水面上。The door will not open. 这门就是打不开。7. 可以表示猜测，意为“可能，大概”。That will be the postman ringing. 按铃的可能是邮递员。8. will和shall 的区别①will可以表示“（主语的）意志、意愿、允诺、命令、决心”等，通用于所有人称。They will get enough money from me. 他们会从我这里得到足够的钱。I will do the work no matter how hard it is. 不管这项工作有多困难我都要做。②shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人“我”对主语句子的命令、允诺或威胁等。He shall go at once. 他必须立刻就去。You shall have the book as soon as he returns it. 那本书只要他一还来你就可以拿去。③shall用于第一、三人称，will (won’t) 用于第二人称的疑问句可以表示征求意见，或劝告、邀请、请求等。Shall I close the door? 我能关上门吗？Shall she take charge of the matter? 让她负责这件事吗？Will you have some coffee? 喝点咖啡好吗？归纳：will意为“要，愿意；难免、毕竟；必须，一定；能，能够；经常，总是，老是；可能，大概”练习：1)—Write to me when you get home.—I ______________.2) She _____________ listen to records, alone in her room for hours. We just won’t interrupt her, for we know this is her usual way to stay in peace. A. might B. must C. will D. should3)—Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. — I ______________.　A. I don’t B. I won’t C. I can’t D. I haven’t4) —These books are too heavy for me to carry.—I ____________ give you a hand.5) We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, _____________ you?6) That, I think, ______________ be all that I want to say.7) Only in summer ___________ the ice melt.(答案：1. will; 2. will; 3. won’t; 4. will 5. will; 6. will; 7. will)六、would的用法1. 用于过去时中，表示主观愿望或意志，意为“愿意”。I told him that I would go along with him. 我告诉他我愿意和他一起。She said she would take care of the child. 她说她愿意照顾那孩子。The man would not let me enter the hall. 那人不让我进入大厅。I would like to see Miss Green. 我想见一下格林小姐。2. 用于第二人称，表示请求或征求意见，比will更为客气。Would you tell me the way to the post office? 你能告诉我去邮局的路吗？Would you mind my opening the door? 你介意我打开门吗？Would you take a seat? 请坐，好吗？3. 表示过去的习惯，后跟动词原形，意为“总是，老是”。He would sit near the fire for hours on winter evenings.在冬天的晚上，他在火炉旁一坐就是几个小时。When I was a child, I would go swimming with other children in summer.小时候，我在夏天总会同别的孩子一起去游泳。4. 表示推测，意为“大概，也许”。This would be the book you are looking for. 这也许就是你在找的那本书。That would be in the spring of 1995. 那大概是1995年的春天。5. would rather 的用法would rather表示“宁愿”时，后接动词原形或从句。后接从句时，该从句要用虚拟语气，指与现在或将来的事实相反时谓语动词用一般过去时；指与过去事实相反时谓语动词用过去完成时。I would rather (not) go with him. 我宁愿（不）同他一起去。I’d rather you told me the truth right now. 我宁愿你现在就把真实情况告诉我。I’d rather you had been present at the meeting. 我宁愿你参加了那个会议。归纳：would意为“愿意；总是，老是；大概，也许”练习：1) During their stay in Britain, they _____________ get on a bus at the weekend and let it take them anywhere it went, exploring the beautiful countryside.2) I’d rather you _________________ (come) next Saturday.3) When we worked in the same office, we _______________ often have coffee together.4) I ____________________ (not make) such a foolish mistake if I had been a little more careful.5) I can’t thank you ___________ much because without your help I __________ have won the first prize.(答案：1. would; 2. came; 3. would; 4. wouldn’t have made; 5. too, wouldn’t)七、need和dare的用法need和dare既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词。1. need作情态动词时，直接跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句；作实义动词时有人称、时态和数的变化。其用法归纳如下：情态动词用法：①need do sth.②needn’t do sth.③—Need I…?—Yes, you must.—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.实义动词用法：①need sth./sb.②need to do sth.③don’t need sth (sb.)./to do sth.④—Do I need…?—Yes, you do./No, you don’t.We need hurry. 我们需要快点。（作情态动词）We needn’t hurry. 我们不需要快点。（作情态动词）Need you go soon? 你需要马上走吗？（作情态动词）They need some new books. 他们需要一些新书。（作实义动词）He needs to finish his homework first. 他需要先完成他的作业。（作实义动词）We don’t need money. 我们不需要钱。（作实义动词）Does he need to know it? 他需要知道这些吗？（作实义动词）2. dare作情态动词时，直接跟动词原形；作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定句、疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。其用法归纳如下：情态动词用法：①dare do sth.②daren’t do sth.③—Dare I…? —Yes, you dare./No, you daren’t.实义动词用法：①dare to do sth.②don’t dare to do sth.③—Do I dare…?—Yes, you do./No, you don’t. He dare jump off the high wall. 他敢跳下这堵高墙.（作情态动词）He dares to jump off the high wall. 他敢跳下这堵高墙.（作实义动词）Do you dare (to) jump off the high wall? 你敢跳下这堵高墙吗？（作实义动词）How dare she do like that? 她怎么敢那样做？（作情态动词）How does she dare (to) do like that? 她怎么敢那样做？（作实义动词）3.“need not+ have+过去分词”和“did not need to+动词原形”。 “need not+have+过去分词”，表示过去“本不必做某事”而事实上做了；“did not need to+动词原形”，表示过去“不必做某事”而事实上也没做。 She need not have come yesterday. 她昨天本不必来的。（但却来了。） She didn’t need to come yesterday. 她昨天不必来。（实际上也没来。） He needn’t have watered the trees because it might rain soon. 他本不需要给树浇水的，因为天不久就会下雨了。（实际上浇水了。） He didn’t need to water the trees because his sister had already watered them.他不需要给树浇水，因为她妹妹浇过了。（实际上他也没浇。）4. need doing sth.=need to be done 意为“需要干某事”。The room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫。练习：1)— ____________ I finish the work today? 我需要今天完成工作吗？—Yes, you ________________. 是的，你必须。—No, you _________________. 不， 你不必。2) I need ___________________ (buy) a pen.3) The flowers need __________________________ (water).4) He ____________________________ the meeting, so he stayed at home. 他不必参加会议，因此他呆在家里。5) He ______________________________ the meeting, but he still went there.他本不必参加会议的，但他仍然去了。6) He needs to go there, ___________ he?/He need go there, ____________ he?7) She _______________________________________ at night. 夜间她不敢一个人出去。8) After the glasses fell to the ground and broke, the little boy ________________ his grandma about that.A. dare not tell B. dare not telling C. dare not to tell D. didn’t dare tell9) —What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?—Well, it ______________ be big—that’s not important.A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t10)—Well, I forgot to bring my dictionary here yesterday. —Actually you ______________ it here. You were not allowed to use it. A. needn’t bring B. needn’t have brought C. didn’t need to bring D. don’t have to bring(答案：1. Need, must, needn’t; 2. buy/to buy; 3. watering/to be watered 4. didn’t need to attend; 5. needn’t have attended; 6. doesn’t, needn’t 7. dare not go out alone/doesn’t dare to go out alone;8. D; 9. B; 10. C)八、used to的用法1. used to只有过去时一种形式，意为“过去常常”，暗示此习惯或状态现在已不存在。He used to smoke a lot, but now he no longer smokes. 他以前吸烟很凶的，但现在戒烟了。There used to be a school here. 从前这里有一所学校。She doesn’t get up so early as she used to. 她不象以前起的那么早了。2. used to的疑问句、否定句、反疑疑问句及简略答语均有两种形式。疑问句：Used you to live there? Did you use to live there? 你过去常常住在那儿吗？否定句：I usedn’t to go there. I didn’t use to go there. 我过去不常去那儿。反疑疑问句及简略答语：She used to be good at English, didn’t she/ usedn’t she? 她过去擅长英语，不是吗？ Did you use to live there? Yes, I did./No, I didn’t. Used you to live there? Yes, I used to./No, I usedn’t to. 你过去常常住在那儿吗？是的，我过去常常住在那儿。不，我过去不常住在那儿。3. be used to do sth., be used to doing sth.和used to do sth.的区别：①be used to do sth. 意为“被用来干某事”。Stone is used to build bridges and roads. 石头被用来造桥修路。Knives are used to cut things. 小刀被用来切割东西。②be used to doing sth. 意为“习惯于做某事”。My grandfather is used to walking in the park. 我爷爷习惯于在公园散步。She is used to going to bed late. 她习惯于晚睡。He is used to working hard. 他习惯于辛勤地工作。③used to do sth.意为“过去常常……”，隐含现在已不的意思。She used to go to bed late. 她以前常常迟睡。She used to work hard. 他从前工作很努力。4. used to和would的区别：①would只能表示过去的习惯性动作，不表示状态；而used to二者皆可。He would take a walk near the forest in the evening. 他晚间常在森林附近散步。He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening. 以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步。She used to be a quiet girl. 她过去是个安静的女孩。②used to强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在不怎样了”的含义；而would则单纯表示过去的习惯性动作。He used to be a very strong man. 他以前是个身体很强壮的人。She isn’t what she used to be. 她跟过去不一样了。We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.我们每天晚上坐在院子里，听他的故事。③would常常有时间状语加以限制；而used to不能跟表示确定时间段的状语连用。One day a week he would spend the whole day in silence. 每周有一天他会一言不发。When he was a child, he would often go skating. 当他是个孩子的时候，他总是常常去滑冰。④used to可用于无人称句和存在句，而would不行。There used to be a park here. 以前这里有一个公园。练习：1) She used to ____________ with her parents, but now she is used to ___________ with her classmates at school. (live)2) A knife is often used to _________________ (cut) things.3) There used to be a river here, _____________________?4) _____________________________ a lot of small houses on both sides of the street. 在大街的两边过去常常有许多小房子。5) The old man ______________________ in the park after supper every day. 每天晚饭后那位老人总是在公园里散步。(答案：1. live, living; 2. cut; 3. usedn’t there/ didn’t there 4. There used to be; 5. would walk)九、had better 的用法1. had better意为“最好”，没有人称的变化，后接动词原形。We had better go now. 我们最好现在就走。You had better go there by bus. 你最好乘公共汽车去那里。2. 否定式为had better not。You had better not give the book to him. 你最好别把书给他。You’d better not refuse the job. 你最好别拒绝这份工作。3. 反意疑问句用had/hadn’t来构成。You had better go there by bus, hadn’t you? 你最好乘公共汽车去哪里，好吗？You’d better not refuse the job, had you? 你最好别拒绝这份工作，好吗？练习：1) You __________________________ the last bus. 你最好不要错过末班车。2) We had better go before it rains, ___________ we?3) You had better not quit the job, _______________ you?4)—Had he better go there at once?—Yes, he _________.—No, he ___________.(答案：1. had better not miss; 2. hadn’t; 3. had; 4. had, hadn’t)十、情态动词+have+过去分词情态动词的完成时表示对过去已发生事情的推测、责怪、后悔、遗憾等。时间是过去的，动作是已完成的。①“must+have+过去分词”表示对过去事情做出的肯定判断，意为“准是/一定干了某事”。She must have received my books. 她一定收到我的书了。②“can/could+have+过去分词”有两种用法：一是用于肯定句表示“本可以干某事（而事实上没有干）”；二是用于疑问句或否定句表示推测，意为“可能干了某事”或“不可能干了某事”。My mother came here by bus, but she could have taken a taxi. 我妈妈坐公交车来这儿，但她本可以坐出租车来。 She can’t have been to your house. 她不可能去过你家。The girl couldn’t have walked there. 那个女孩不可能步行去那里。③“should/ought to+have+过去分词”表示过去“本应该干某事（而事实上没有干）”；其否定式意为“本不应该干某事（而事实上干了）”，含有自责或责备的语气。You should (ought to) have asked for my permission. 你本应该先得到我的许可的。You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have kept the books in the damp place.你本不应该把书放在潮湿的地方。④“needn’t+have+过去分词”表示“本不必干某事（而实际上已经干了）”。You needn’t have woken me up. 你本不必把我叫醒的。I needn’t have gone to work today. 我今天本不必去上班的。⑤“may/might+have+过去分词”表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测，意为“可能/或许干了某事”。might的语气比may弱，这种结构常用于肯定句和否定句。He may/might have known the truth. 他可能知道了真相。I haven’t seen them for weeks. They may/might have gone on holiday. 我有好几个星期没看见他们了，他们可能度假去了。⑥“would+have+过去分词”表示“本来会干某事”，但事实并非如此。They would have come, but we didn’t invite them. 他们本来会来的，但我们没有邀请他们。练习：1) It ____________________________ last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。2) I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She ___________________ at the meeting.今天早上在会议室里我没有看见她，她不可能在会议上发言。3) He __________________________ the exam, but he was too careless.他本可以通过考试的，但他太粗心了。4) Mr. White __________________________ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.怀特先生本应该8:30来参加会议的，但他没有出现。5)—Your cat are too fat. 你的猫太胖了。—Yes, I _____________________ it too much food. 是的，我本不应该给它太多的食物。6) As you worked late yesterday, you _____________________ this morning.因为你昨天工作地晚，今天早上你本不必来的。7) He ____________________________ you more help, even though he was busy.他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。8) I ____________________________ you all about the boy’s story, but you didn’t ask me.我本来会告诉你关于这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。(答案：1. must have rained 2. can’t have spoken 3. could have passed 4. should have arrived 5. shouldn’t have given 6. needn’t have come 7. might have given 8. would have told)